scholarly journals Benchmarking Catalysts for Formic Acid/Formate Electrooxidation

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (16) ◽  
pp. 4756
Author(s):  
Scott J. Folkman ◽  
Jesús González-Cobos ◽  
Stefano Giancola ◽  
Irene Sánchez-Molina ◽  
José Ramón Galán-Mascarós
Keyword(s):  
Formic Acid ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Platinum Group Metal ◽  
Catalyst Stability ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Peak Current Density ◽  
Catalytic Systems ◽  
Onset Potential ◽  
Fuel Cycles ◽  
Production And Consumption

Energy production and consumption without the use of fossil fuels are amongst the biggest challenges currently facing humankind and the scientific community. Huge efforts have been invested in creating technologies that enable closed carbon or carbon neutral fuel cycles, limiting CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. Formic acid/formate (FA) has attracted intense interest as a liquid fuel over the last half century, giving rise to a plethora of studies on catalysts for its efficient electrocatalytic oxidation for usage in fuel cells. However, new catalysts and catalytic systems are often difficult to compare because of the variability in conditions and catalyst parameters examined. In this review, we discuss the extensive literature on FA electrooxidation using platinum, palladium and non-platinum group metal-based catalysts, the conditions typically employed in formate electrooxidation and the main electrochemical parameters for the comparison of anodic electrocatalysts to be applied in a FA fuel cell. We focused on the electrocatalytic performance in terms of onset potential and peak current density obtained during cyclic voltammetry measurements and on catalyst stability. Moreover, we handpicked a list of the most relevant examples that can be used for benchmarking and referencing future developments in the field.

Catalysts for hydrogenation of CO2 into components of motor fuels

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Yu.V. Bilokopytov ◽  
◽  
S.L. Melnykova ◽  
N.Yu. Khimach ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Catalyst Stability ◽  
Co2 Conversion ◽  
Active Components ◽  
Synthesis Conditions ◽  
Hydrogenation Of Co2 ◽  
Mesoporous Zeolites ◽  
Motor Fuels

CO2 is a harmful greenhouse gas, a product of chemical emissions, the combustion of fossil fuels and car exhausts, and it is a widely available source of carbon. The review considers various ways of hydrogenation of carbon dioxide into components of motor fuels - methanol, dimethyl ether, ethanol, hydrocarbons - in the presence of heterogeneous catalysts. At each route of conversion of CO2 (into oxygenates or hydrocarbons) the first stage is the formation of CO by the reverse water gas shift (rWGS) reaction, which must be taken into account when catalysts of process are choosing. The influence of chemical nature, specific surface area, particle size and interaction between catalyst components, as well as the method of its production on the CO2 conversion processes is analyzed. It is noted that the main active components of CO2 conversion into methanol are copper atoms and ions which interact with the oxide components of the catalyst. There is a positive effect of other metals oxides additives with strong basic centers on the surface on the activity of the traditional copper-zinc-aluminum oxide catalyst for the synthesis of methanol from the synthesis gas. The most active catalysts for the synthesis of DME from CO2 and H2 are bifunctional. These catalysts contain both a methanol synthesis catalyst and a dehydrating component, such as mesoporous zeolites with acid centers of weak and medium strength, evenly distributed on the surface. The synthesis of gasoline hydrocarbons (≥ C5) is carried out through the formation of CO or CH3OH and DME as intermediates on multifunctional catalysts, which also contain zeolites. Hydrogenation of CO2 into ethanol can be considered as an alternative to the synthesis of ethanol through the hydration of ethylene. High activation energy of carbon dioxide, harsh synthesis conditions as well as high selectivity for hydrocarbons, in particular methane remains the main problems. Further increase of selectivity and efficiency of carbon dioxide hydrogenation processes involves the use of nanocatalysts taking into account the mechanism of CO2 conversion reactions, development of methods for removing excess water as a by-product from the reaction zone and increasing catalyst stability over time.

scholarly journals Advances in Enzyme and Ionic Liquid Immobilization for Enhanced in MOFs for Biodiesel Production

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 3512
Author(s):  
Reem Shomal ◽  
Babatunde Ogubadejo ◽  
Toyin Shittu ◽  
Eyas Mahmoud ◽  
Wei Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Ligands ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Catalyst Stability ◽  
Promising Candidate ◽  
Catalytic Systems ◽  
Highly Porous Materials ◽  
High Tunability ◽  
Catalytic Sites ◽  
Metal Organic ◽  
Highly Porous

Biodiesel is a promising candidate for sustainable and renewable energy and extensive research is being conducted worldwide to optimize its production process. The employed catalyst is an important parameter in biodiesel production. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), which are a set of highly porous materials comprising coordinated bonds between metals and organic ligands, have recently been proposed as catalysts. MOFs exhibit high tunability, possess high crystallinity and surface area, and their order can vary from the atomic to the microscale level. However, their catalytic sites are confined inside their porous structure, limiting their accessibility for biodiesel production. Modification of MOF structure by immobilizing enzymes or ionic liquids (ILs) could be a solution to this challenge and can lead to better performance and provide catalytic systems with higher activities. This review compiles the recent advances in catalytic transesterification for biodiesel production using enzymes or ILs. The available literature clearly indicates that MOFs are the most suitable immobilization supports, leading to higher biodiesel production without affecting the catalytic activity while increasing the catalyst stability and reusability in several cycles.

scholarly journals The role of maize hybrids in current trends of bioethanol production

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-29
Author(s):  
Valentina Nikolić ◽  
Slađana Žilić ◽  
Milica Radosavljević ◽  
Marijana Simić
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Alternative Fuel ◽  
Bioethanol Production ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Fuel Production ◽  
Gasoline Demand ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Production And Consumption

Bioethanol is a biofuel that is mostly used as a replacement for fossil fuels worldwide with yearly production reaching nearly 110 billion liters in 2019. Trends of producing this alternative fuel are rising and maize is considered as one of the best renewable raw materials for the production of fuel ethanol due to the high content of starch in the grain. Taking into account that Serbia is one of the most prominent maize producers in Europe, the surpluses of this crop could be directed towards bioethanol production. Even though there is no organized production and consumption of bioethanol as an automotive fuel in Serbia, the Serbian Government has recently introduced some new regulations regarding biofuels. However, due to the reduction of economic activities since the onset of COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, the global demand for crude oil has fallen sharply, negatively affecting the gasoline demand, and thus for bioethanol, which makes the future of this alternative fuel production notably uncertain.

scholarly journals   Biofuels: policies and impacts

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (No. 8) ◽  
pp. 372-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Janda ◽  
L. Kristoufek ◽  
D. Zilberman
Keyword(s):  
Computable General Equilibrium ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Reduced Form ◽  
Cge Models ◽  
Fiscal Incentives ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Social Environmental

This paper provides a general overview of the technological, social, environmental, economical, and policy considerations related to biofuels. While the biofuel production and consumption exhibited significant increase over the first decade of the new millennium, this and further increases in biofuel production are driven primarily by government policies. Currently available first generation biofuels are not economically viable in the absence of fiscal incentives or high oil prices (with a few exceptional cases, especially in the case of the most developed Brazilian sugarcane production of ethanol). Also the environmental impacts of biofuels as an alternative to fossil fuels are quite ambiguous. The literature review of the most recent economic models dealing with biofuels and their economic impacts provides a distinction between structural and reduced form models. The discussion of structural models centres primarily on computable general equilibrium (CGE) models. The review of reduced models is structured toward the time series analysis approach to the dependencies between prices of biofuels, prices of agricultural commodities used for the biofuel production and prices of the fossil fuels.  

scholarly journals Facile Synthesis of a Tailored-Designed Au/Pt Nanoanode for Enhanced Formic Acid, Methanol, and Ethylene Glycol Electrooxidation

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Islam M. Al-Akraa ◽  
Yaser M. Asal ◽  
Ahmad M. Mohammad
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Liquid Fuel ◽  
Surface Coverage ◽  
Co Adsorption ◽  
Catalytic Performance ◽  
Onset Potential ◽  
Anodic Reactions

The recent revolution in nanoscience and global energy demand have motivated research in liquid fuel cells (LFCs) due to their enhanced efficiency, moving flexibility, and reduced contamination. In line with this advancement, a glassy carbon (GC) electrode was modified with platinum (PtNPs) and gold (AuNPs) nanoparticles to fabricate a nanosized anode for formic acid, methanol, and ethylene glycol electrooxidation (abbreviated, respectively, to FAO, MO, and EGO), of the key anodic reactions of LFCs. The deposition sequence of the catalyst’s layers was important where the Au/Pt/GC electrode (in which PtNPs were directly deposited onto the GC surface followed by AuNPs—surface coverage ≈ 32%) exhibited the best catalytic performance. The catalytic performance of the Au/Pt/GC anode excelled (at least threefold) its value obtained at the Pt/GC anode with regard to FAO and EGO, if the oxidation peak currents were compared. This enhancement got reduced to 1.4 times in the case of MO, but the large decrease (− 220 mV) in the onset potential of MO provided compensation. The role of AuNPs in the Au/Pt/GC catalyst was principal in boosting its catalytic performance as it immunized the underlying PtNPs against CO poisoning which is associated with the release of CO as an intermediate during the oxidation. Interestingly, AuNPs succeeded in interrupting the contiguity of the Pt surface sites required for CO adsorption during FAO, MO, and EGO and, thus, presage preventing the deterioration of the catalytic performance of their corresponding LFCs.

Contested imaginaries and the cultural political economy of climate change

Organization ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 659-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Levy ◽  
André Spicer
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Political Economy ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Energy System ◽  
State Agencies ◽  
Sustainable Lifestyles ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Cultural Political Economy ◽  
Shared Understandings

This article analyses the evolving cultural political economy of climate change by developing the concept of ‘climate imaginaries’. These are shared socio-semiotic systems that structure a field around a set of shared understandings of the climate. Climate imaginaries imply a particular mode of organizing production and consumption, and a prioritization of environmental and cultural values. We use this concept to examine the struggle among NGOs, business and state agencies over four core climate imaginaries. These are ‘fossil fuels forever’, ‘climate apocalypse’, ‘techno-market’ and ‘sustainable lifestyles’. These imaginaries play a key role in contentions over responses to climate change, and we outline three main episodes in the past two decades: the carbon wars of the 1990s, an emergent carbon compromise between 1998–2008 and a climate impasse from 2009 to the present. However, climate imaginaries only become dominant when they connect with wider popular interests and identities and align with economic and technological aspects of the energy system to constitute ‘value regimes’.

scholarly journals How Long Can Neoliberalism Withstand Climate Crisis?

2020 ◽  
pp. 12-19
Author(s):  
Julius Alexander McGee ◽  
Patrick Trent Greiner
Keyword(s):  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Production Processes ◽  
Fossil Fuel Consumption ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Human Labor ◽  
Climate Crisis ◽  
Collaborative Efforts

The climate crisis is proving to be antithetical to the neoliberal machines that define current forms of social organization. Reducing fossil fuel consumption, the largest contributor to climate change, requires collaborative efforts. These efforts must take into consideration the foundational role of fossil fuels in modern economies. Yet, renewables lack many of the characteristics that have made fossil fuels so desirable in production processes, limiting their ability to expropriate human labor. At the same time, climate catastrophes, such as wildfires and hurricanes, disrupt the infrastructural momentum of fossil fuel economies, destabilizing the mechanisms of capital accumulation that derive from the production and consumption of these fuels. All of these problems have come to a head in the recent crises in Chile and California.

scholarly journals Ecological taxes in some European countries

2004 ◽  
Vol 49 (162) ◽  
pp. 209-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanja Filipovic
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eu Directive ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Previous Decade ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
The Eu

Production and consumption of fossil fuels is one of the major causes of the green house effect, which is in economics known as a form of ecological externality. Fiscal solution, as one way of internalization of externalities, is based on polluters-pay principle and the imposition of tax on emission. Although the implementation of ecological tax was intensified during the previous decade, fiscal revenues are modest and account for only 5% of the total fiscal revenues of the European Union. Taxes on energetic products, accounting for 76%, are dominant among ecological taxes. Since the EU Directive 82/92 imposes minimum excise rates on oil products, during the last decade Central Eastern European countries have increased excise rates on fossil fuels and fully engaged in the field of ecological policy.

scholarly journals Relationship between the energy and the environment at the current stage of energy market development

2021 ◽  
Vol 311 ◽  
pp. 05003
Author(s):  
Yulia Anatolyevna Antokhina ◽  
Galina Yuryevna Peshkova ◽  
Elena Grigoryevna Bondar
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Nuclear Facilities ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Reduce Emissions

The authors analyzed the current situation related to the global consumption of fossil fuels, as well as environmental problems caused by their extraction, production and consumption. The official statistical data were used, reflecting the volumes of export of fossil raw materials from the Russian Federation, the directions of raw materials flows, characterizing the demand for oil, gas, peat coal in international trade. The authors note that negative factors caused by currency fluctuations, pandemic and other factors did not lead to global changes in the fossil fuel market. The article presents the provisions of international documents adopted in order to prevent climate warming by reducing greenhouse gas emissions. In addition, attention is focused on distribution of responsibility between the developed and developing countries of the world. The authors analyzed the measures implemented in the territory of the Russian Federation, and identified positive trends to reduce emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere. Wherein, the article reflects the environmental risks associated with use of alternative energy sources and nuclear facilities, the assessment of which must be carried out during commissioning the corresponding facilities.

Fossil Fuels

2020 ◽  
pp. 21-41
Author(s):  
Azra N. Tutuncu
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Environmental Risks ◽  
Foreseeable Future ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Different Types

While experts agree that some fossil fuels will be left in the ground due to economic costs, environmental risks, or political concerns, these resources are likely to remain the primary source of energy for generating electricity, heating and cooling, and transportation for the foreseeable future. This chapter provides an overview of the different types of fossil fuels and their histories, production and consumption trends, and future opportunities and challenges for the fossil fuel sector. Its purpose is to provide a technical background for social scientists working on energy issues.

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