scholarly journals Absorption and Distribution of Toltrazuril and Toltrazuril Sulfone in Plasma, Intestinal Tissues and Content of Piglets after Oral or Intramuscular Administration

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (18) ◽  
pp. 5633
Author(s):  
Hamadi Karembe ◽  
Daniel Sperling ◽  
Nathalie Varinot ◽  
Reynald Magnier ◽  
Mathieu Peyrou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Oral Formulations ◽  
Predilection Site ◽  
Suckling Piglets ◽  
Ileal Tissue ◽  
The Eu

Piglet coccidiosis due to Cystoisospora suis is a major cause of diarrhea and poor growth worldwide. It can effectively be controlled by application of toltrazuril (TZ), and oral formulations have been licensed for many years. Recently, the first parenteral formulation containing TZ in combination with iron (gleptoferron) was registered in the EU for the prevention of coccidiosis and iron deficiency anemia, conditions in suckling piglets requiring routine preventive measures. This study evaluated the absorption and distribution of TZ and its main metabolite, toltrazuril sulfone (TZ-SO2), in blood and intestinal tissues after single oral (20 mg/kg) or single intramuscular (45 mg/piglet) application of TZ. Fifty-six piglets were randomly allocated to the two treatment groups. Animals were sacrificed 1-, 5-, 13-, and 24-days post-treatment and TZ and TZ-SO2 levels were determined in blood, jejunal tissue, ileal tissue, and mixed jejunal and ileal content (IC) by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Intramuscular application resulted in significantly higher and more sustained concentrations of both compounds in plasma, intestinal tissue, and IC. Higher concentrations after oral dosing were only observed one day after application of TZ in jejunum and IC. Toltrazuril was quickly metabolized to TZ-SO2 with maximum concentrations on day 13 for both applications. Remarkably, TZ and TZ-SO2 accumulated in the jejunum, the primary predilection site of C. suis, independently of the administration route, which is key to their antiparasitic effect.

Effects of low dietary aflatoxin B1 on broiler liver concentration without and with Mycosorb® toxin binder

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.A. Moran ◽  
J. Apajalahti ◽  
A. Yiannikouris ◽  
S. Ojanperä ◽  
H. Kettunen
Keyword(s):  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Detection Limit ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Low Doses ◽  
Dietary Concentration ◽  
Liver Concentration ◽  
The Eu

SummaryA pilot study was conducted to evaluate the suitability of hepatic aflatoxin (AFB1) concentration as a biomarker to assess the in vivo efficacy of a mycotoxin binder in poultry when AFB1 dietary concentrations are low. Diets containing low doses of AFB1 without or with Mycosorb® (MTB), a mycotoxin binder, were fed to broilers from 7 to 21 days of age. The accumulation of AFB1 in liver was measured by high performance liquid chromatography with a detection limit of 5 ng/kg liver. In response to 10 and 50 µg AFB1/kg feed, hepatic AFB1 accumulation was 27 and 145 ng AFB1/kg liver, respectively. At each dietary concentration of AFB1, the inclusion of 5 g MTB/kg of feed reduced (P < 0.1 for 10 μg AFB1/kg feed and P < 0.05 for 50 μg AFB1/kg feed) hepatic AFB1 accumulation by at least 50%. These results suggest that hepatic AFB1 concentration is a suitable biomarker for evaluating mycotoxin binder efficacy in poultry fed the EU maximum dietary concentration of 10 µg of AFB1/kg feed.

Evaluation of ozonation as a method for mycotoxins degradation in malting wheat grains

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 409-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Reinholds ◽  
G. Juodeikiene ◽  
E. Bartkiene ◽  
D. Zadeike ◽  
V. Bartkevics ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Degradation Rate ◽  
High Resolution Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Tandem Mass ◽  
Triple Quadrupole ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Fusarium Mycotoxins ◽  
Wheat Grains ◽  
The Eu

The influence of ozone (O3) gas on reducing the contamination with Fusarium mycotoxins in malting wheat grains was investigated. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS) and Orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Orbitrap-HRMS) were used to determine mycotoxins in wheat grains before and 40 to 130 min after the exposure to 20 mg/l O3. Pearson’s analysis (R2=0.96-0.98) showed a good correlation between the performance efficiency of both mass spectrometry quantification techniques. The concentrations of determined mycotoxins (zearalenone (ZEA): 19.5-459 µg/kg, deoxynivalenol (DON): 3,370-4,620 µg/kg, T-2 toxin: 19.5-35.4 µg/kg, and HT-2 toxin: 258-819 µg/kg) decreased notably, depending on the duration of contact with ozone. A notable elimination of ZEA, HT-2, and T-2 in wheat grain was observed: the content of these compounds was reduced on average by 58.6, 64.6, and 62%, respectively, already after 40 min of ozonation. The effect was less pronounced in the case of DON, for which the average degradation rate reached the maximum of only 25% after 130 min exposure. We conclude that ozonation for up to 130 min was effective for reducing the content of most mycotoxins determined in this study, except for DON, in contaminated grains to concentrations below the acceptable maximum levels in wheat in accordance to the EU regulations.

scholarly journals Iron Supplementation in Suckling Piglets: How to Correct Iron Deficiency Anemia without Affecting Plasma Hepcidin Levels

PLoS ONE ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. e64022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafał R. Starzyński ◽  
Coby M. M. Laarakkers ◽  
Harold Tjalsma ◽  
Dorine W. Swinkels ◽  
Marek Pieszka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Iron Supplementation ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Suckling Piglets

WEIGHT GAIN OF KENYAN SCHOOL CHILDREN INFECTED WITH HOOKWORM, TRICHURIS TRICHIURA AND ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES IS IMPROVED FOLLOWING ONCE- AND TWICE-YEARLY TREATMENT WITH ALBENDAZOLE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 95 (6) ◽  
pp. 895-895
Author(s):  
L. S. Stephenson ◽  
M. D. Latham ◽  
E. J. Adams
Keyword(s):  
School Children ◽  
Ascaris Lumbricoides ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Parasite Burden ◽  
Placebo Treatment ◽  
Trichuris Trichiura ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Treatment Groups

Hookworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, and Trichuris trichiura each are estimated to infect ⅙ to ¼ of the world's population. Many studies show the association between infestation with these parasites and poor growth in children. Although the long-term solutions to malnutrition lie in eradicating poverty and in community-based programs to improve health care, living conditions, sanitation, water supplies, and health education, the enormous financial and logistic difficulties of implementing such improvements led these investigators to study the effectiveness of the pharmacology approach for short-term impact. Previous studies demonstrated that nearly all primary school children in the area in Kenya in which they worked had hookworm and Trichuris trichiura and half had Ascaris lumbricoides. A population-based randomly controlled trial of a once a year, twice a year, and placebo treatment with Albendazole 600 mg follow-up after 8 months demonstrated, in the two treatment groups compared with the placebo, significant decreases in the parasite burden and significant increases in weight for age, weight for height, and arm circumference with little difference between the two treatment groups. The mechanism by which such improvement in gravity occurred presumably involved altering host nutritional intake, metabolism, and excretion. These children did not have chronic diarrhea; therefore, the mechanism appears to be either increased by intake, metabolism, or both. This community chemotherapeutic approach to control these parasites and improve growth and nutrition is a practical, short-term method to improve child health in areas with a high prevalence of these parasites.

Prediction and Assessment of the Occupational Risks in the Mining Industry Using the Bayess Theorem

2021 ◽  
pp. 79-87
Author(s):  
V.V. Utyuganova ◽  
◽  
V.S. Serdyuk ◽  
A.I. Fomin ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Occupational Safety ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Mining Industry ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Cause And Effect ◽  
Occupational Risks ◽  
Trust Networks ◽  
Bayes’S Theorem ◽  
Bayes's Theorem

The analysis of existing methods for assessing occupational risks is carried out, and the need for searchinga fundamentally new approach to the assessment and prediction of risks in the mining industry is substantiated. Based on the results of the analysis of modern methods and technologies, it is established that the development of the methodology for assessment and prediction of the occupational risks using Bayes's theorem has significant advantages: simplicity and accessibility for the occupational safety specialists, reproducibility considering many factors of working conditions, as well as the possibility of preventive measures prediction and development. The application of Bayes's theorem is promising in determining cause-and-effect relationships and predicting the occupational morbidity of the employees, which is also an advantage of this methodology for managing occupational risks in the mining industry. Bayes's approaches to modeling are characterized by high performance, intuitively clear in the form of a graph. The example is given concerning the application of Bayes's theorem to assess the risk of a fatal incident taking into account the statistics on the mining industry. Also, the simplest types of Bayes’s trust networks were developed reflecting the possibility of establishing cause-and-effect relationships (both for assessment and prediction), and are the basis for further modeling.

Euroscepticism: New Factor of European Politics

2015 ◽  
pp. 40-48
Author(s):  
G. Vainshtein
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Public Attitudes ◽  
Economic Factor ◽  
The Political ◽  
European Politics ◽  
Political Climate ◽  
European Project ◽  
Electoral Support ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Eu

The phenomenon of Euroscepticism, not long ago a marginal part of the European political landscape, increasingly moves forward to the political foreground. This article explores the meaning of the notion of Euroscepticism, analyzes current peculiarities of this phenomenon, its scale and main sources, as well as differentiation of anti-integrationist political actors. While the very phenomenon existed in European politics throughout the implementation of the European project, a new characteristic of the socio-political situation in the EU is the ongoing broadening of this phenomenon's scale, the growth of its electoral support and the radicalization of its articulation forms. The strengthening of critical public attitudes towards realities of the European integration which is a feature of the contemporary socio-political climate in Europe not only has weakened the traditional pro-integrationist consensus of the political establishment, but has also led to a substantial reinforcement of more or less radical opponents of the European project within the European party-political space. This development seems to be an indicator of the European political mainstream “qualitative renewal”. Though the current growth of electoral support for Eurosceptic parties is to a great extent induced by the global financial and economic crisis, economic factor is not the main driving force of the Euroscepticism. At present, a wide range of diverse political and cultural factors increasingly determine commitment of European citizens to the EU. In some cases, these factors are crucial to the development of Euroscepticism. This fact is of significant importance, with regard to assessing the prospects for the given phenomenon, since political and socio-cultural motives of public Euroscepticism build much more sustainable basis for the Eurosceptical trend than economic ones. Issues relating to the prospects of Euroscepticism are of particular relevance, in connection with high performance of Eurosceptic politicians at the 2014 European Parliament elections. The elections result is not only strengthening of the "soft Eurosceptics'" positions, but also a sensational electoral “breakthrough” of “hard Eurosceptics” (Europhobes). While ability of Eurosceptics' direct influence on the decision-making process in the EP seems insignificant, much more important is their capacity to influence the agenda of the mainstream pro-European parties both in Europe and at home. Ultimately, the rise of the Euroscepticism makes the future of the European project more uncertain. Today (and probably, in the foreseeable future), the real purpose of European political elites may only be countering the trends of national sovereignty restoration, and maintenance of an integration process at its current level rather than its extension.

scholarly journals Changes in intracellular content of glutathione and thiols associated with γ-glutamyl cycle during sperm penetration and pronuclear formation in rat oocytes

Zygote ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 301-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroaki Funahashi ◽  
Naoya Bandoh ◽  
Shinobu Nakahira ◽  
She-Hoon Oh ◽  
Seiji Tsuboi
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Sperm Nucleus ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Intracellular Content ◽  
Sperm Penetration ◽  
Rat Eggs ◽  
Pronuclear Formation ◽  
Glutamyl Transpeptidase ◽  
Increased Activity ◽  
Sperm Decondensation

The content of glutathione and other thiols in rat eggs was examined during sperm penetration and pronuclear formation by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Reduced glutathione (GSH) content was higher in unfertilised oocytes (8.50 ± 0.29 pmol/egg) and penetrated eggs with a decondensed sperm nucleus (DSH eggs; 7.72 ± 0.56 pmol/egg) than eggs at the pronuclear stage (PN eggs; 5.93 ± 0.10 pmol/egg). The content of oxidised glutathione (GSSG) was not different among experimental groups (152.6 ± 74.1 nmol/egg in unfertilised eggs, 146.0 ± 50.0 nmol/egg in DSH eggs and 39.7 ± 17.3 nmol/egg in PN eggs). The GSSG/GSH ratio did not change during fertilisation. Although the reduced cysteinylglycine content of eggs did not change among experimental groups, the oxidised form of cysteinylglycine increased (p < 0.025) between sperm decondensation (6.9 ± 1.5 nmol/egg in unfertilised oocytes and 10.1 ± 2.1 nmol/egg in DSH eggs) and pronuclear formation (40.5 ± 11.5 nmol/egg in PN eggs). Low contents of cystine were detected during fertilisation but cysteine and γ-glutamylcysteine were not detected in any treatment groups. These results demonstrate that GSH content in rat eggs decreases between sperm decondensation and pronuclear formation, probably due to the increased activity of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase.

scholarly journals ISOLATION OF GLUCOSAMINE HCL FROM SCYLLA PARAMAMOSAIN AND DETERMINATION BY HPLC

2019 ◽  
Vol 81 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Astrid Kusuma Putri ◽  
Sugijanto Kartosentono ◽  
Noor Erma Nasution Sugijanto
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Scylla Paramamosain ◽  
Glucosamine Hydrochloride ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
A Value ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Naoh Solution

Scylla paramamosain is one of crustaceans that has economic value in Indonesia. About 40-50% of the total weight of crustaceans goes as waste after being processed to be human food. The Crustacean waste needs to be reduced in order to minimize the negative impact on the environment. Whereas products derived from crustacean shell also has medical value (e.g. Chitosan, Glucosamine HCl). Glucosamine is an amino monosaccharide acting as a substrate for the production of aggrecan and proteoglycans and thus have therapeutic activity in osteoarthritis. The present study has been aimed to prepare glucosamine hydrochloride (Glu-HCl) from S. paramamosain waste by acid hydrolysis in four treatment groups and their quantitation by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The best condition from this experiment is shell deproteination with 3% NaOH solution (w/v 1:6), at 85ºC, for 30 minutes, demineralisation with 1N HCl (w/v 1:10), at 75ºC, for 1.5 hours, depigmentation with NaClO 0.38%, at room temperature, for 1 hour, and hydrolysis with conc. HCl (w/v 1:20), at 85ºC, for 18 minutes, resulted in the yield of 6.15 ± 0.62% and quantitation by HPLC analysis of obtained glucosamine hydrochloride was 98.48 ± 0.74%. Further, this study describes the recycling of S. paramamosain waste to a value-added product which is having potential applications in the field of food and medicine.

Transfer of aflatoxins from naturally contaminated feed to milk of Nili-Ravi buffaloes fed a mycotoxin binder

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (10) ◽  
pp. 1637 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Aslam ◽  
I. Rodrigues ◽  
D. M. McGill ◽  
H. M. Warriach ◽  
A. Cowling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Daily Concentration ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Carry Over

The objectives of this study were to observe the extent of transfer of aflatoxin B1 in feed to the aflatoxin M1 metabolite in milk in Nili-Ravi buffaloes and to evaluate the efficacy of a commercial mycotoxin binder (Mycofix, Biomin Singapore) incorporated into feed to minimise this transfer. Multiparous animals (n = 28) were randomly distributed to four groups corresponding to two treatments each with two levels of aflatoxin B1. Individual animals were exposed to naturally contaminated feed providing a total of 1475 µg/day (Groups A and B) or 2950 µg/day (Groups C and D) of aflatoxin B1. Groups B and D were given 50 g of mycotoxin binder daily mixed with feed whereas Groups A and C were kept as controls. Feed samples were analysed by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography for aflatoxin B1 and milk samples were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the liver metabolite aflatoxin M1. The mean value of total daily aflatoxin M1 excretion for animals fed 2950 µg/day of aflatoxin B1 (112.6 µg/day) was almost double (P < 0.001) than the excretion in buffaloes fed 1475 µg/day (62.2 µg/day). The mean daily concentration of aflatoxin M1 in milk of animals from both treatment groups supplemented with 50 g/day of mycotoxin binder was 76.5 µg/day, nearly 22 µg lower than those without binder at 98.3 µg/day (s.e.d. = 5.99: P < 0.01). The interaction of binder and treatment was not significant i.e. the 50 g/day of binder was able to sequester aflatoxin B1 with the same efficiency in groups fed with high and low concentrations of aflatoxin B1. Carry over was (3.44%) lower (P = 0.001) in animals supplemented with 50 g/day of mycotoxin binder than those fed no binder (4.60%). Thus buffaloes are highly efficient at transferring aflatoxins in feed to the aflatoxin M1 metabolite in milk, whereas mycotoxin binder is capable of alleviating without preventing this contamination risk.

scholarly journals Differential Susceptibilities to Azithromycin Treatment of Chlamydial Infection in the Gastrointestinal Tract and Cervix

2013 ◽  
Vol 57 (12) ◽  
pp. 6290-6294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laxmi Yeruva ◽  
Stepan Melnyk ◽  
Nicole Spencer ◽  
Anne Bowlin ◽  
Roger G. Rank
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Genital Tract ◽  
Chlamydial Infection ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Differential Susceptibility ◽  
Genital Infection ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Hplc Data

ABSTRACTEvidence from animal studies suggests that chlamydiae may persist in the gastrointestinal tract (GI) and be a reservoir for reinfection of the genital tract. We hypothesize that there may be a differential susceptibility of organisms in the GI and genital tracts. To determine the effect of azithromycin on persistent chlamydial gut infection, C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice were infected orally and genitally and treated with azithromycin (Az) orally (20, 40, or 80 mg/kg of body weight), and the numbers of chlamydiae were determined from cervix and cecal tissues. The Az concentration in the cecum and cervix was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD). Az treatment cleared genital infection in both C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice; however, GI infection was not cleared with the same doses. HPLC data showed the presence of Az at both sites of infection, and significant amounts of Az were measured in treatment groups. However, no significant difference in Az levels between the cecum and the cervix was observed, indicating similar levels of Az reaching both sites of infection. These data indicate that antibiotic levels that are sufficient to cure genital infection are ineffectual against GI infection. The results suggest a reevaluation of antibiotic therapy for chlamydial infection.

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