3,5-Dinitrosalicylic Acid Adsorption Using Granulated and Powdered Activated Carbons

Some nitroaromatic compounds are found in wastewater from industries such as the weapons industry or the wine industry. One of these compounds is 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS), widely used in various tests and frequently found as an emerging pollutant in wastewater and to which the required attention has not been given, even though it may cause serious diseases due to its high toxicity. This study investigated the adsorption of DNS using granulated activated carbon (GAC) and powdered activated carbon (PAC) at different temperatures. The results show that in equilibrium, the adsorption takes place in more than one layer and is favorable for the removal of DNS in both GAC and PAC; The maximum adsorption capacity was obtained at 45 °C, with values of 6.97 mg/g and 11.57 mg/g, respectively. The process is spontaneous and exothermic. In addition, there was a greater disorder in the solid-liquid interface during the desorption process. The predominant kinetics using GAC (7.14 mg/g) as an adsorbent is Elovich, indicating that there are heterogeneous active sites, and when PAC (10.72 mg/g) is used, Pseudo-second order kinetics predominate, requiring two active sites for DNS removal. External mass transfer limitations are only significant in GAC, and ATR-FTIR studies in PAC demonstrated the participation of functional groups present on the adsorbent surface for DNS adsorption.

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PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ACTIVATED CARBON FROM OIL PALM EMPTY FRUIT BUNCH WASTES USING ZINC CHLORIDE

Jurnal Teknologi ◽

10.11113/jt.v74.4876 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 74 (11) ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Riry Wirasnita ◽

Tony Hadibarata ◽

Abdull Rahim Mohd Yusoff ◽

Zainab Mat Lazim

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Zinc Chloride ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Active Sites ◽

Activated Carbons ◽

Chemical Activation ◽

Proximate Analysis ◽

Infrared Spectrometry ◽

Empty Fruit Bunch

An oil palm empty fruit bunch-derived activated carbon has been successfully produced by chemical activation with zinc chloride and without chemical activation. The preparation was conducted in the tube furnace at 500oC for 1 h. The surface structure and active sites of activated carbons were characterized by means of Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The proximate analysis including moisture content, ash content, bulk density, pH, and pH at zero charge was conducted to identify the psychochemical properties of the adsorbent. The results showed that the zinc chloride-activated carbon has better characteristics compared to the carbon without chemical activation.

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Removal of Ni (II) from Aqueous Solution by Adsorption onto Activated Carbon Prepared from Lapsi (Choerospondias axillaris) Seed Stone

Journal of the Institute of Engineering ◽

10.3126/jie.v9i1.10680 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 166-174 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Rajeshwar M. Shrestha ◽

Margit Varga ◽

Imre Varga ◽

Amar P. Yadav ◽

Bhadra P. Pokharel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Aqueous Solution ◽

Activated Carbon ◽

Activated Carbons ◽

Low Cost ◽

Chemical Characterization ◽

Maximum Adsorption Capacity ◽

Adsorption Data ◽

Optimum Ph ◽

Nickel Adsorption

Activated carbons were prepared from Lapsi seed stone by the treatment with H2SO4 and HNO3 for the removal of Ni (II) ions from aqueous solution. Two activated carbon have been prepared from Lapsi seed stones by treating with conc.H2SO4 and a mixture of H2SO4 and HNO3 in the ratio of 1:1 by weight for removal of Ni(II) ions. Chemical characterization of the resultant activated carbons was studied by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Boehm titration which revealed the presence of oxygen containing surface functional groups like carboxyl, lactones and phenols in the carbons. The optimum pH for nickel adsorption is found to be 5. The adsorption data were better fitted with the Langmuir equations than Freundlich adsorption equation to describe the equilibrium isotherms. The maximum adsorption capacity of Ni (II) on the resultant activated carbons was 28.25.8 mg g-1 with H2SO4 and 69.49 mg g-1 with a mixture of H2SO4 and HNO3. The waste material used in the preparation of the activated carbons is inexpensive and readily available. Hence the carbons prepared from Lapsi seed stones can act as potential low cost adsorbents for the removal of Ni (II) from water. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v9i1.10680Journal of the Institute of Engineering, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 166–174

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Phenol adsorption on high microporous activated carbons prepared from oily sludge: equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-019-55794-4 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

N. Mojoudi ◽

N. Mirghaffari ◽

M. Soleimani ◽

H. Shariatmadari ◽

C. Belver ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Pore Volume ◽

Activated Carbons ◽

Ph Value ◽

Chemical Activation ◽

Bet Surface Area ◽

Polluted Water ◽

Oily Sludge ◽

Maximum Adsorption Capacity ◽

Adsorption Desorption

AbstractThe purpose of this study was the preparation, characterization and application of high-performance activated carbons (ACs) derived from oily sludge through chemical activation by KOH. The produced ACs were characterized using iodine number, N2 adsorption-desorption, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The activated carbon prepared under optimum conditions showed a predominantly microporous structure with a BET surface area of 2263 m2 g−1, a total pore volume of 1.37 cm3 g−1 and a micro pore volume of 1.004 cm3 g−1. The kinetics and equilibrium adsorption data of phenol fitted well to the pseudo second order model (R2 = 0.99) and Freundlich isotherm (R2 = 0.99), respectively. The maximum adsorption capacity based on the Langmuir model (434 mg g−1) with a relatively fast adsorption rate (equilibrium time of 30 min) was achieved under an optimum pH value of 6.0. Thermodynamic parameters were negative and showed that adsorption of phenol onto the activated carbon was feasible, spontaneous and exothermic. Desorption of phenol from the adsorbent using 0.1 M NaOH was about 87.8% in the first adsorption/desorption cycle and did not decrease significantly after three cycles. Overall, the synthesized activated carbon from oily sludge could be a promising adsorbent for the removal of phenol from polluted water.

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The interaction of metallic ions onto activated carbon surface using computational chemistry software

Adsorption Science & Technology ◽

10.1177/0263617420919234 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 38 (5-6) ◽

pp. 191-204

Author(s):

AL Paredes-Doig ◽

A Pinedo-Flores ◽

J Aylas-Orejón ◽

D Obregón-Valencia ◽

MR Sun Kou

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Metal Ions ◽

Electron Density ◽

Activated Carbons ◽

Surface Acidity ◽

Chemical Activation ◽

Carbon Surface ◽

Maximum Adsorption Capacity ◽

Metallic Ions ◽

Oxidized Activated Carbon

Activated carbon was prepared from the seeds of aguaje palm ( Mauritia flexuosa L.f.) by a chemical activation with phosphoric acid. This activated carbon was used for adsorbing metal ions: Pb(II), Cd(II), and Cr(III). To understand the mechanism of adsorption of these heavy metals (Cr, Cd, and Pb), the activated carbon surface was oxidized with nitric acid (1 M) increasing the oxygenated surface groups showing an increasing in their adsorption capacities of these metals. The oxidized activated carbon slightly increased the maximum adsorption capacity to 5–7%. The order of adsorption for unoxidized and oxidized activated carbons was Pb> Cd> Cr. This experimental information was corroborated by molecular modeling program Hyperchem 8 based adsorption mainly on two factors: the electron density and orbitals—highest occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital.Activated carbons were characterized by adsorption/desorption of N2, obtaining an increase of microporous surface area for oxidized activated carbon. An increase of surface acidity and a reduction of isoelectric points were observed in oxidized activated carbon. According to these results, the adsorption of metal ions is favored in contact with an oxidized activated carbon, which has more amount of phenolic and carboxylic functional groups. Similarly, decreasing the isoelectric point indicates that the surface has a higher negative charge. The surface information was corroborated by Hyperchem, which indicates that the surface of the oxidized activated carbon has a higher electron density, indicating a larger amount of electrons on its surface, which means the surface of oxidized activated carbon charges negatively and thereby attracts metal ions.

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Potential Use of Waste Activated Sludge Hydrothermally Treated as a Renewable Fuel or Activated Carbon Precursor

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25153534 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (15) ◽

pp. 3534

Author(s):

J. A. Villamil ◽

E. Diaz ◽

M. A. de la Rubia ◽

A. F. Mohedano

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Activated Sludge ◽

Activated Carbons ◽

Chemical Activation ◽

Hydrothermal Carbonization ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Waste Activated Sludge ◽

Maximum Adsorption Capacity ◽

Porous Network ◽

Good Potential

In this work, dewatered waste activated sludge (DWAS) was subjected to hydrothermal carbonization to obtain hydrochars that can be used as renewable solid fuels or activated carbon precursors. A central composite rotatable design was used to analyze the effect of temperature (140–220 °C) and reaction time (0.5–4 h) on the physicochemical properties of the products. The hydrochars exhibited increased heating values (up to 22.3 MJ/kg) and their air-activation provided carbons with a low BET area (100 m2/g). By contrast, chemical activation with K2CO3, KOH, FeCl3 and ZnCl2 gave carbons with a well-developed porous network (BET areas of 410–1030 m2/g) and substantial contents in mesopores (0.079–0.271 cm3/g) and micropores (0.136–0.398 cm3/g). The chemically activated carbons had a fairly good potential to adsorb emerging pollutants such as sulfamethoxazole, antipyrine and desipramine from the liquid phase. This was especially the case with KOH-activated hydrochars, which exhibited a maximum adsorption capacity of 412, 198 and 146 mg/g, respectively, for the previous pollutants.

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Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies on methylene blue adsorption by Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim shell activated carbon

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology ◽

10.2478/pjct-2019-0044 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 21 (4) ◽

pp. 89-97 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Yuqi Wang ◽

Yanhui Li ◽

Heng Zheng

Keyword(s):

Methylene Blue ◽

Activated Carbon ◽

Kinetic Studies ◽

Bet Surface Area ◽

Maximum Adsorption Capacity ◽

Koh Activation ◽

Order Kinetic ◽

Freundlich Isotherms ◽

Adsorbent Surface ◽

Trichosanthes Kirilowii

Abstract New kind of adsorbent was produced from Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim shell. The KOH activation technology for preparation of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim shell activated carbon (TKMCK) was optimized. Using methylene blue as the sample adsorbate, the adsorption behavior was systematically investigated in terms of the activation agent and temperature, the adsorption temperature and time, the initial adsorbate pH and concentration, as well as the dosage of adsorbent. Surface physical morphology of the TKMCK prepared was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while the functional groups were determined with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. Kinetic studies indicated that the adsorption process was more consistent with the pseudo-second-order kinetic. Both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were employed to fit the adsorption data at equilibrium, with the former giving a maximum adsorption capacity of 793.65 mg/g at 323 K. BET surface area of as-prepared TKMCK was 657.78 m2/g.

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Adsorptive removal of bulky dye molecules from water with mesoporous polyaniline-derived carbon

Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology ◽

10.3762/bjnano.11.47 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

pp. 597-605 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hyung Jun An ◽

Jong Min Park ◽

Nazmul Abedin Khan ◽

Sung Hwa Jhung

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Pyrolysis Temperature ◽

Van Der Waals Interactions ◽

Maximum Adsorption Capacity ◽

Dye Molecules ◽

Mesopore Volume ◽

Adsorptive Removal ◽

Different Temperatures ◽

Acid Red 1 ◽

Purification Of Water

Polyaniline-derived carbon (PDC) was obtained via pyrolysis of polyaniline under different temperatures and applied for the purification of water contaminated with dye molecules of different sizes and charge by adsorption. With increasing pyrolysis temperature, it was found that the hydrophobicity, pore size and mesopore volume increased. A mesoporous PDC sample obtained via pyrolysis at 900 °C showed remarkable performance in the adsorption of dye molecules, irrespective of dye charge, especially in the removal of bulky dye molecules, such as acid red 1 (AR1) and Janus green B (JGB). For example, the most competitive PDC material showed a Q 0 value (maximum adsorption capacity) 8.1 times that of commercial, activated carbon for AR1. The remarkable adsorption of AR1 and JGB over KOH-900 could be explained by the combined mechanisms of hydrophobic, π–π, electrostatic and van der Waals interactions.

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Study of atrazine adsorption kinetics by using an activated carbon synthesised from water hyacinth

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/201911600015 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 116 ◽

pp. 00015

Author(s):

Pawinee Deetae ◽

Patthranit Wongpromrat

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Carbon Content ◽

Surface Area ◽

Adsorption Kinetics ◽

Chemical Treatment ◽

Water Hyacinth ◽

Active Sites ◽

Activated Carbons ◽

Pseudo Second Order ◽

Kinetics Of

In this work, atrazine, one of the most widely used herbicides in Thailand, was removed from water by activated carbon synthesized from water hyacinth. Before adsorption, 3 types of activated carbons used as adsorbents were prepared by different chemical treatment methods; untreated activated carbon (AC), HCl-treated activated carbon (HCl-AC) and NaOH-treated activated carbon (NaOH-AC). After pyrolysis, NaOH-AC became ash, so it was not suitable for using as an adsorbent. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and CHNS methods were used to characterised 2 other adsorbents and the results showed that HCl treatment could improve the surface area and carbon content. This led to the better performance of HCl-AC for removing atrazine from water comparing to AC confirming by the adsorption experiments. In addition, the adsorption kinetics of HCl-AC, the best adsorbent in this research, was investigated by fitting with 4 kinetics models. The results showed that pseudo-second-order was the best kinetics model describing that the atrazine adsorption of HCl-AC was limited by adsorption and 2 active sites of adsorbent were required for adsorbing 1 molecule of atrazine.

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Efficient Removal of Cr(VI) from Water by Biochar and Activated Carbon Prepared through Hydrothermal Carbonization and Pyrolysis: Adsorption-Coupled Reduction Mechanism

Water ◽

10.3390/w11061164 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 1164 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Anh Tuan Vo ◽

Van Phuong Nguyen ◽

Abdelkader Ouakouak ◽

Aileen Nieva ◽

Bonifacio T. Doma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Adsorption Process ◽

Activated Carbons ◽

Tectona Grandis ◽

Hydrothermal Carbonization ◽

Surface Element ◽

Maximum Adsorption Capacity ◽

Solution Ph ◽

Prepared Material ◽

Pre Treatment

Three carbonaceous porous materials (biochar and activated carbon) were developed from the Tectona grandis tree sawdust. The applied process of two-stage preparation included pre-treatment through hydrothermal carbonization at 190 °C and subsequent pyrolysis at 800 °C. Two chemical activating agents (K2CO3 and ZnCl2) were used to prepared activated carbons (K2CO3-AC and ZnCl2-AC), respectively. They were characterized by textural property, morphology, and surface element components and applied to remove Cr(VI) from solution at various solution pH values and initial Cr(VI) concentrations. Results showed that the textural parameters (SBET and VTotal) of the prepared material were 1757 m2/g and 1.027 cm3/g for Zn-Cl2-AC, 1013 m2/g and 0.418 cm3/g for K2CO3-AC, and 792 m2/g and 0.345 cm3/g for biochar. The adsorption process reached the highest efficiency at pH 3.0. The Langmuir maximum adsorption capacity indicated the decreasing order: ZnCl2-AC (127 mg/g) > K2CO3-AC (103 mg/g) > biochar (83.5 mg/g). The removal mechanism of Cr(V) from solution was regarded as an adsorption-coupled reduction, namely (1) partial reduction of Cr(VI) into Cr(III) during the adsorption process and (2) adsorption of the Cr(VI) anions through electrostatic attraction and pore filling and the reduced Cr(III) cations through complexation, Cπ–cation interaction, cation exchange, and pore filing. Therefore, the prepared biochar and activated carbon can server as promising adsorbents to efficiently remove both Cr(VI) and Cr(III) from water.

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Preparation of Activated Carbon for the Removal of Pb (II) from Aqueous Solutions

Journal of Nepal Chemical Society ◽

10.3126/jncs.v28i0.8114 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 28 ◽

pp. 94-101 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Rajeshwar Man Shrestha ◽

Raja Ram Pradhananga ◽

Margit Varga ◽

Imre Varga

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Metal Ion ◽

Activated Carbons ◽

Low Cost ◽

Chemical Characterization ◽

Batch Process ◽

Chemical Society ◽

Ion Concentration ◽

Maximum Adsorption Capacity ◽

Removal Of Metal Ions

The present study deals with the use of activated carbons prepared from Lapsi seed stone as adsorbents for the removal of Pb (II) ions from aqueous solution. Two series of carbon have been prepared from Lapsi seed stones by treating with conc. H2SO4 and a mixture of H2SO4 and HNO3 in the ratio of 1:1 by weight for removal of metal ions. Chemical characterization of the resultant activated carbon was studied by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Boehm titration which revealed the presence of oxygen containing surface functional groups like carboxylic, lactonic, phenolic in the carbons. The effect of pH and initial metal ion concentration on the adsorption was studied in a batch process mode. The optimum pH for lead adsorption is found to be equal to 5. The adsorption data were better fitted with the Langmuir equations than Freundlich adsorption equation to describe the equilibrium isotherms. The maximum adsorption capacity of Pb (II) on the resultant activated carbons was 277.8 mg g-1 with H2SO4 and 423.7 mg g-1 with a mixture of H2SO4 and HNO3. The waste material used in the preparation of the activated carbons is inexpensive and readily available. Hence the carbons prepared from Lapsi seed stones can act as potential low cost adsorbents for the removal of Pb (II) from water. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v28i0.8114 Journal of Nepal Chemical Society Vol. 28, 2011 Page: 94-101 Uploaded Date: May 24, 2013

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