Weight Loss after 12 Weeks of Exercise and/or Nutritional Guidance Is Not Obligatory for Induced Changes in Local Fat/Lean Mass Indexes in Adults with Excess of Adiposity

The objectives of this secondary analysis are (1) to investigate the differential effects of exercise training modalities–high-intensity interval training (HIIT), resistance training (RT), combined training (CT = HIIT + RT), and/or nutritional guidance (NG) alone–on local fat/lean mass indexes in adults with excess of adiposity; (2) to identify the individual patterns of response based on either a clinical criterion of weight loss (≥5%) and/or technical error (TE) of measurement of local fat/lean mass indexes; and (3) to assess the individual change for body composition parameters assigned either to HIIT, RT, CT, and/or NG groups utilizing a TE. A 12-week trial was conducted in 55 participants randomized to one of the four interventions. The primary outcome was clinical change in body weight (i.e., weight loss of ≥5%). Secondary outcomes included change in ratio of android and gynoid fat mass, as well as local fat and lean mass indexes (arms, trunk, and legs), before and after intervention. The main findings from the current analysis revealed that (i) after 12 weeks of follow-up, significant decreases in several body composition indexes were found including body weight, arm, trunk, and legs fat mass, and android and gynecoid fat mass were observed in HIIT, RT, and CT groups (p < 0.05); (ii) a significant proportion of individuals showed a positive response following 12 weeks of training, led by the HIIT group with 44% and followed by RT with 39% in 9 indexes; (iii) the HIIT group showed lowest rates of adverse responders with (6%); and (iv) the individual patterns of response utilizing clinically meaningful weight loss were not necessarily associated with the corresponding individual training-induced changes in body composition indexes in adults with excess of adiposity. Overall, the study suggests that HIIT has an important ability to reduce the prevalence of non-response to improve body composition indexes.

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Effects of Resistance Exercise and Protein on Body Composition Following Weight Loss

Journal of Clinical Exercise Physiology ◽

10.31189/2165-6193-7.2.25 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 25-32

Author(s):

Wayne Westcott ◽

Amanda Colligan ◽

Kelly Lannutti ◽

Rita La Rosa Loud ◽

Samantha Vallier

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Body Composition ◽

Body Weight ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Lean Mass ◽

Weight Maintenance ◽

Meal Replacement ◽

Waist Girth ◽

Maintenance Program ◽

Weight Loss Study

Background: Research indicates that weight loss programs are effective for reducing body weight temporarily, but weight maintenance studies have been almost uniformly unsuccessful in preventing weight regain. Methods: Subjects who completed a 6-month weight loss study were invited to continue with a weight maintenance program. The weight loss study examined the effects of exercise (20 min strength, 20 min aerobics, twice weekly) and nutrition (1,200 to 1,800 kcal·d−1, 2 daily meal replacement protein shakes) on body weight and body composition. Weight loss program completers experienced improvements (P < 0.05) in body weight, percent fat, fat mass, lean mass, waist girth, and hip girth. Subjects who participated in the weight maintenance program performed the same strength and aerobic exercise protocol, but discontinued caloric restriction and decreased daily meal replacement protein shakes from 2 to 1. Results: After 6 months on the weight maintenance program, participants experienced improvement (P < 0.05) in percent fat, fat mass, lean mass, waist girth, and hip girth, with no significant change in body weight. A subgroup of subjects who continued the weight maintenance program for an additional 3 months experienced additional improvement (P < 0.05) in percent fat, fat mass, lean mass, waist girth, and hip girth, with no significant change in body weight. Conclusion: These findings indicated that a postdiet weight maintenance program incorporating 2 weekly resistance and aerobic exercise sessions coupled with a daily meal replacement protein shake was effective for avoiding weight regain and for improving body composition, with concurrent fat mass decrease and lean mass increase.

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Body weight at 10 years of age and change in body composition between 8 and 10 years of age were related to survival in a longitudinal study of 39 Labrador retriever dogs

Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica ◽

10.1186/s13028-019-0477-x ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 61 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Johanna Christina Penell ◽

David Mark Morgan ◽

Penny Watson ◽

Stuart Carmichael ◽

Vicki Jean Adams

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Body Weight ◽

End Of Life ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Lean Mass ◽

Coat Colour ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Time Varying ◽

Cohort Study Design ◽

Changes Over Time

Abstract Background Overweight and obesity have been adversely associated with longevity in dogs but there is scarce knowledge on the relation between body composition and lifespan. We aimed to investigate the effects of body composition, and within-dog changes over time, on survival in adult Labradors using a prospective cohort study design. The dogs had a median age of 6.5 years at study start and were kept in similar housing and management conditions throughout. The effects of the various predictors, including the effect of individual monthly-recorded change in body weight as a time varying covariate, were evaluated using survival analysis. Results All dogs were followed to end-of-life; median age at end-of-life was 14.0 years. Body composition was measured annually with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometer (DEXA) scans between 6.2 and 17.0 years. All 39 dogs had DEXA recorded at 8, 9 and 10 years of age. During the study the mean (± SD) percent of fat (PF) and lean mass (PL) was 32.8 (± 5.6) and 64.2 (± 5.5) %, respectively, with a mean lean:fat ratio (LFR) of 2.1 (± 0.6); body weight (BW) varied from 17.5 to 44.0 kg with a mean BW change of 9.9 kg (± 3.0). There was increased hazard of dying for every kg increase in BW at 10 years of age; for each additional kg of BW at 10 years, dogs had a 19% higher hazard (HR = 1.19, P = 0.004). For the change in both lean mass (LM) and LFR variables, it was protective to have a higher lean and/or lower fat mass (FM) at 10 years of age compared to 8 years of age, although the HR for change in LM was very close to 1.0. For age at study start, older dogs had an increased hazard. There was no observed effect for the potential confounders sex, coat colour and height at shoulders, or of the time-varying covariate. Conclusions These results suggest that even rather late-life control efforts on body weight and the relationship between lean and fat mass may influence survival in dogs. Such “windows of opportunity” can be used to develop healthcare strategies that would help promote an increased healthspan in dogs.

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Treatment of acromegaly has substantial effects on body composition. A long-term follow-up study.

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/eje-21-0900 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Peter Wolf ◽

Sylvie Salenave ◽

Emmanuel Durand ◽

Jacques Young ◽

Peter Kamenicky ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Lean Mass ◽

Individual Therapy ◽

Sensitivity Index ◽

Igf I ◽

The Individual ◽

The Impact

Background: Acromegaly is associated with changes in body composition. Long-term changes following acromegaly treatment and the impact of different treatments have been less investigated. Methods: We performed a retrospective study in 201 patients with acromegaly. Body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). To investigate specific effects of treatment vs ageing, changes in body composition were compared in a group of patients evaluated both at the time of active and controlled disease (A>C; n=31) and in another group of patients evaluated two times while the disease was controlled (C>C; n=32). Results: In the whole cohort, IGF-I correlated with fat (r=-0.369;p<0.001) and lean mass (r=0.383;p<0.001). Patients from A>C and C>C groups were comparable for age, sex, BMI and follow-up duration (p=n.s.). Reduction in IGF-I levels was associated with an increase in fat mass and a decrease in lean mass in the A>C group, which was four and eight times more pronounced compared to the C>C group (fat mass: +39±34 vs +10±15%, p<0.001; lean mass: -8±8 vs -0.2±6%, p<0.001, respectively). Changes in fat mass were negatively associated with IGF-I (r=-0.450; p=0.011) and independent of the individual therapy. The daily dose of pegvisomant correlated with fat mass (r=0.421;p=0.002) and insulin sensitivity index (r=-0.466;p<0.001). Conclusions: Treatment of acromegaly strongly impacts body composition until biochemical disease remission, characterized by an increase in fat mass and a decrease in lean mass. These changes are closely associated with the normalization of IGF-I. Thereafter, body composition changes are similar to what is observed with ageing.

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AB0795 DYNAMIC CHANGES IN QUANTITATIVE INDICES OF BODY COMPOSITION BY DUAL-ENERGY X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY IN PATIENTS WITH EARLY RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS ON DIFFERENT THERAPEUTIC REGIMENS

Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases ◽

10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-eular.3115 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 80 (Suppl 1) ◽

pp. 1422.2-1422

Author(s):

Y. Gorbunova ◽

T. Popkova ◽

T. Panafidina ◽

N. Demin ◽

E. Nasonov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Body Weight ◽

Combination Therapy ◽

Body Fat ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Lean Mass ◽

Dual Energy ◽

X Ray ◽

Lean Muscle Mass ◽

Group I

Background:A redistribution of body fat (abdominal obesity) is quite common in RA patients. Such parameters as body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference do not distinguish or quantify fat and lean (muscle) mass. For that purpose, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is usually used.Objectives:to compare quantitative body composition in patients with early RA at baseline and after 24 weeks of therapy with different regimens.Methods:The study included 37pts (31 women /6 men) with early RA (ACR/EULAR criteria, 2010), 57 [46.5, 62,0] years old, naïve to treatment with glucocorticoids and disease-modifying anti-rheumatics (DMARDs). Pts were seropositive for IgM RF (76%) and anti-CCP (92%), with highly active RA (DAS28 5,5 [5,1; 6,0]; SDAI 32,4 [22,4; 42], CDAI 29,0 [19,7; 39,5]) scores, and median disease duration of 6.0 [5,5;15.5] months. Methotrexate (MTX) 10 [10-15] mg/week subcutaneously was initiated in all included patients as first line therapy for 12 weeks. By this time point therapy was reviewed in 19 patients (51%) due to MTX inefficacy and adalimumab (ADA) at 40 mg once every 2 weeks was added on top of MTX. DXA scan (HOLOGIC, USA) was used to measure body composition at baseline and after 6mths of treatment with the protocol assessing total body, body fat and lean muscle mass.Results:Based on therapeutic regimens at week 24 all study subjects were divided into 2 groups: Group I (n=18) receiving MTX monotherapy, Group II (n=19) – the combination of MTX and ADA (Table 1). Group I patients had lower body weight, lean and fat mass vs patients from Group II (62 kg vs. 73.7 kg; 40.6 kg vs. 49.7 kg; 21.0 kg vs. 25.8 kg, respectively (p<0.05 in all cases) at baseline. 24 weeks of combination therapy eventuated in body weight gain (73.7 kg vs. 75.8 kg), accumulation of fat (25.8 kg vs. 28.1 kg) and unchanged lean tissue mass. In contrast, patients on MTX monotherapy managed to increase their lean mass (40.6 kg vs. 41.6 kg) without gaining in total fat mass.Table 1.IndicesI group (n=18),monotherapy МТII group (n=19),combination therapy (MTX, ADA)baseline24 weeksΔ,%baseline24 weeksΔ,%Body fat mass, kg21,0 [17,2;26,2]**23,4 [17,5;29,7]+1125,8 [18,4;35,0]28,1 [21,4;37,9]*+9Lean mass, kg40,6 [37,3;44,7]**41,6 [38,2;46,4]***/*+2,549,7 [39,0;56,1]49,9 [41,0;57,6]0,4Total mass, kg62,0 [57,7;77,6]**64,1 [59,5;81,6]***+3,473,7 [64,5;97,9]75,8 [66,8;102,1]*+2,8*p<0,05 reliability of differences in parameters before treatment and after 6mth (Wilcoxon); **p<0.05 differences in baseline values in groups I and II (Mann-Whitney test);***p<0.05 difference in the indices between the groups by the 6mth of therapy; Δ,% difference in indices between the groups by the 6mth of therapy.Conclusion:In general, RA patients on treatment tend to gain weight by week 24. Patients who failed on MTX monotherapy by week 24 and were switched to combination therapy had higher fat mass at baseline. Mediations used for RA treatment produce multidirectional effects on quantitative parameters of body composition: MTX monotherapy triggers some increase of lean mass, while combination of MTX and bDMARD results in weight gain and increase of total and fat mass. These data need to be confirmed in large-scale studies with longer follow-up period.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

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Changes in Body Compositions and Basal Metabolic Rates during Treatment of Graves’ Disease

International Journal of Endocrinology ◽

10.1155/2018/9863050 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Min Joo Kim ◽

Sun Wook Cho ◽

Sumin Choi ◽

Dal Lae Ju ◽

Do Joon Park ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Body Weight ◽

Thyroid Hormone ◽

Muscle Strength ◽

Metabolic Rate ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Lean Mass ◽

Basal Metabolic Rate ◽

Handgrip Strength ◽

Graves Disease

Objectives. Because thyroid hormone is an important determinant of body weight and basal metabolic rate, we investigated the changes in the basal metabolic rate and body composition sequentially after treatment for Graves’ disease. Methods. A prospective cohort study was performed with six women newly diagnosed with Graves’ disease. During a 52-week treatment of methimazole, body composition, resting respiratory expenditure (REE), and handgrip strength were measured consecutively. Results. After methimazole treatment, body weight was initially increased (0–8 weeks), subsequently plateaued (8–24 weeks), and gradually decreased in the later period (24–52 weeks) despite the decreased food intake. The measured REE was 40% higher than the predicted REE at baseline, and it gradually decreased after treatment. REE positively correlated with thyroid hormone levels, peripheral deiodinase activity, and thyroid’s secretory capacity. Body compositional analyses showed that the fat mass increased during an earlier period (4–12 weeks), while the lean mass increased significantly during the later period (26–52 weeks). Consistent with the lean mass changes, muscle strength also significantly increased during the later period. Conclusions. Treatment of Graves’ disease increased body weight and fat mass transiently with decreased REE. However, long-term compositional changes moved in a beneficial direction increasing lean mass and reinforcing muscle strength, following decreasing fat percentages.

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Preseason Body Composition Adaptations in Elite White and Polynesian Rugby Union Athletes

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism ◽

10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0059 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

pp. 9-17 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Adam J. Zemski ◽

Shelley E. Keating ◽

Elizabeth M. Broad ◽

Damian J. Marsh ◽

Karen Hind ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Lean Mass ◽

Rugby Union ◽

Whole Body ◽

Body Composition Assessment ◽

Individual Level ◽

Individualized Approach ◽

The Individual ◽

Main Effects

During preseason training, rugby union (RU) athletes endeavor to enhance physical performance characteristics that are aligned with on-field success. Specific physique traits are associated with performance; therefore body composition assessment is routinely undertaken in elite environments. This study aimed to quantify preseason physique changes in elite RU athletes with unique morphology and divergent ethnicity. Twenty-two White and Polynesian professional RU athletes received dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry assessments at the beginning and conclusion of an 11-week preseason. Interactions between on-field playing position and ethnicity in body composition adaptations were explored, and the least significant change model was used to evaluate variations at the individual level. There were no combined interaction effects with the variables position and ethnicity and any body composition measure. After accounting for baseline body composition, Whites gained more lean mass during the preseason than Polynesians (2,425 ± 1,303 g vs. 1,115 ± 1,169 g; F = 5.4, p = .03). Significant main effects of time were found for whole body and all regional measures with fat mass decreasing (F = 31.1–52.0, p < .01), and lean mass increasing (F = 12.0–40.4, p < .01). Seventeen athletes (nine White and eight Polynesian) had a reduction in fat mass, and eight athletes (six White and two Polynesian) increased lean mass. This study describes significant and meaningful physique changes in elite RU athletes during a preseason period. Given the individualized approach applied to athletes in regard to nutrition and conditioning interventions, a similar approach to that used in this study is recommended to assess physique changes in this population.

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Olfaction and Changes in Body Composition in a Large Cohort of Older U.S. Adults

The Journals of Gerontology Series A ◽

10.1093/gerona/glaa085 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 75 (12) ◽

pp. 2434-2440

Author(s):

Frank Purdy ◽

Zhehui Luo ◽

Joseph C Gardiner ◽

Jayant M Pinto ◽

Eric J Shiroma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Weight Loss ◽

Body Composition ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Lean Mass ◽

Total Mass ◽

Total Body Mass ◽

Adverse Health ◽

The Difference ◽

Underlying Mechanisms

Abstract Background Poor sense of smell in older adults may lead to weight loss, which may further contribute to various adverse health outcomes. However, empirical prospective evidence is lacking. We aimed to longitudinally assess whether poor olfaction is associated with changes in body composition among older adults. Methods A total of 2,390 participants from the Health ABC Study had their olfaction assessed using the Brief Smell Identification Test in 1999–2000. Based on the test score, olfaction was defined as poor (0–8), moderate (9–10), or good (11–12). Total body mass, lean mass, and fat mass were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry annually or biennially from 1999 to 2007. Results At baseline, compared to participants with good olfaction, those with poor olfaction weighed on average 1.67 kg less (95% CI: −2.92, −0.42) in total mass, 0.53 kg less (95% CI: −1.08, 0.02) in lean mass, and 1.14 kg less (95% CI: −1.96, −0.31) in fat mass. In longitudinal analyses, compared to participants with good olfaction, those with poor olfaction had a greater annual decline in both total mass (−234 g, 95% CI: −442, −26) and lean mass (−139 g, 95% CI: −236, −43). They also tended to have a greater annual loss of fat mass (−113 g, 95% CI: −285, 59), but the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions Our results indicate poor olfaction is associated with lower body weight and greater weight loss in older adults. It is imperative for future studies to investigate potential underlying mechanisms and associated adverse health consequences.

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Social stress and recovery: implications for body weight and body composition

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.00371.2007 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 293 (5) ◽

pp. R1864-R1874 ◽

Cited By ~ 74

Author(s):

Kellie L. K. Tamashiro ◽

Mary M. N. Nguyen ◽

Michelle M. Ostrander ◽

Stacy R. Gardner ◽

Li Yun Ma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Body Composition ◽

Body Weight ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Social Status ◽

Social Stress ◽

Energy Homeostasis ◽

Body Weight Loss ◽

Male Rats ◽

Induced Changes

Social stress resulting from dominant-subordinate relationships is associated with body weight loss and altered body composition in subordinate (SUB) male rats. Here, we extend these findings to determine whether stress-induced changes in energy homeostasis persist when the social stress is removed, and the animal is allowed to recover. We examined body weight (BW), body composition, and relevant endocrine measures after one or two cycles of 14 days of social stress, each followed by 21 days of recovery in each rat's individual home cage. SUB lost significantly more BW during social housing in a visible burrow system (VBS) compared with dominant (DOM) animals. Weight loss during social stress was attributable to a decrease in adipose tissue in DOM and SUB, with an additional loss of lean tissue in SUB. During both 21-day recovery periods, DOM and SUB regained lost BW, but only SUB were hyperphagic. Following recovery, SUB had a relatively larger increase in adipose tissue and plasma leptin compared with DOM, indicating that body composition changes were dependent on social status. Control animals that were weight matched to SUB or male rats exposed to the VBS environment without females, and that did not form a social hierarchy, did not exhibit changes in body composition like SUB in the VBS. Therefore, chronic social stress causes social status-dependent changes in BW, composition and endocrine measures that persist after repeated stress and recovery cycles and that may ultimately lead to metabolic disorders and obesity.

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Influence of ADRB2 Gln27Glu and ADRB3 Trp64Arg polymorphisms on body weight and body composition changes after a controlled weight-loss intervention

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/apnm-2015-0425 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 41 (3) ◽

pp. 307-314 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Barbara Szendrei ◽

Domingo González-Lamuño ◽

Teresa Amigo ◽

Guan Wang ◽

Yannis Pitsiladis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Body Composition ◽

Body Weight ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Current Evidence ◽

Fat Percentage ◽

Endurance Strength ◽

Diet And Exercise ◽

Before And After ◽

Physical Activity Recommendations

The β-2 and β-3 adrenergic receptors (ADRB2 and ADRB3) are thought to play a role in energy expenditure and lipolysis. However, the effects of the ADRB2 glutamine (Gln) 27 glutamic acid (glutamate) (Glu) and ADRB3 tryptophan (Trp) 64 arginine (Arg) polymorphisms on weight loss remain controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of these polymorphisms on changes in weight and body composition during a controlled weight-loss program. One hundred seventy-three healthy overweight and obese participants (91 women, 82 men) aged 18–50 years participated in a 22-week-long intervention based on a hypocaloric diet and exercise. They were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups: strength, endurance, strength and endurance combined, and physical activity recommendations only. Body weight, body mass index (BMI), and body composition variables were assessed before and after the intervention. Genetic analysis was carried out according to standard protocols. No effect of the ADRB2 gene was shown on final weight, BMI, or body composition, although in the supervised male group, Glu27 carriers tended to have greater weight (p = 0.019, 2.5 kg) and BMI (p = 0.019, 0.88 kg/m2) reductions than did noncarriers. There seems to be an individual effect of the ADRB3 polymorphism on fat mass (p = 0.004) and fat percentage (p = 0.036), in addition to an interaction with exercise for fat mass (p = 0.038). After the intervention, carriers of the Arg64 allele had a greater fat mass and fat percentage than did noncarriers (p = 0.004, 2.8 kg). In conclusion, the ADRB2 Gln27Glu and ADRB3 Trp64Arg polymorphisms may influence weight loss and body composition, although the current evidence is weak; however, further studies are necessary to clarify their roles.

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European Guidelines for Obesity Management in Adults with a Very Low-Calorie Ketogenic Diet: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Obesity Facts ◽

10.1159/000515381 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 222-245

Author(s):

Giovanna Muscogiuri ◽

Marwan El Ghoch ◽

Annamaria Colao ◽

Maria Hassapidou ◽

Volkan Yumuk ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Weight Loss ◽

Body Composition ◽

Body Weight ◽

Side Effects ◽

Ketogenic Diet ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Dietary Treatment ◽

Obesity Management ◽

Weight Loss Interventions

Background: The very low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) has been recently proposed as an appealing nutritional strategy for obesity management. The VLCKD is characterized by a low carbohydrate content (<50 g/day), 1–1.5 g of protein/kg of ideal body weight, 15–30 g of fat/day, and a daily intake of about 500–800 calories. Objectives: The aim of the current document is to suggest a common protocol for VLCKD and to summarize the existing literature on its efficacy in weight management and weight-related comorbidities, as well as the possible side effects. Methods: This document has been prepared in adherence with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Literature searches, study selection, methodology development, and quality appraisal were performed independently by 2 authors and the data were collated by means of a meta-analysis and narrative synthesis. Results: Of the 645 articles retrieved, 15 studies met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed, revealing 4 main findings. First, the VLCKD was shown to result in a significant weight loss in the short, intermediate, and long terms and improvement in body composition parameters as well as glycemic and lipid profiles. Second, when compared with other weight loss interventions of the same duration, the VLCKD showed a major effect on reduction of body weight, fat mass, waist circumference, total cholesterol and triglyceridemia as well as improved insulin resistance. Third, although the VLCKD also resulted in a significant reduction of glycemia, HbA1c, and LDL cholesterol, these changes were similar to those obtained with other weight loss interventions. Finally, the VLCKD can be considered a safe nutritional approach under a health professional’s supervision since the most common side effects are usually clinically mild and easily to manage and recovery is often spontaneous. Conclusions: The VLCKD can be recommended as an effective dietary treatment for individuals with obesity after considering potential contra-indications and keeping in mind that any dietary treatment has to be personalized. Prospero Registry: The assessment of the efficacy of VLCKD on body weight, body composition, glycemic and lipid parameters in overweight and obese subjects: a meta-analysis (CRD42020205189).

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