Heterosis Breeding in Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.): Gains and Provocations

Heterosis (or hybrid vigor) results in a hybrid’s phenotypic superiority over its founder parents for quantitative and qualitative traits. Hybrid vigor is defined by mechanisms such as dominant complementation, over-dominance, and epistasis. Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is an essential vegetable crop and a good source of dietary minerals, vitamins, and anthocyanins, with a high oxygen radical absorbance capacity and low caloric value. Given the economic and nutritional significance of eggplants, breeding efforts focus on developing high-yielding varieties—mostly F1 hybrids—with important traits. Studies indicate the successful exploitation of heterosis in the eggplant for a considerable improvement with respect to quantitative traits. In this direction, estimating heterosis for yield-related traits could well be useful for examining the most beneficial hybrid mix with the exploitation of top-quality hybrid. This review examines the current perception of the breeding and molecular aspects of heterosis in eggplants and cites several studies describing the mechanisms. Rendering and combining recent genomics, epigenetic, proteomic, and metabolomics studies present new prospects towards the understanding of the regulatory events of heterosis involved in the evolution and the domestication of the eggplant ideotype.

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STUDIES ON HETEROSIS FOR YIELD IN BRINJAL (Solanum melongena. L)

Horticultural Biotechnology Research ◽

10.25081/hbr.2018.v4.3492 ◽

1970 ◽

pp. 35-38

Author(s):

G. KALAIYARASI, S. RANJITH RAJA RAM, K. R. SARAVANAN

Keyword(s):

Block Design ◽

Solanum Melongena ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Shoot Length ◽

Hybrid Vigor ◽

F1 Hybrids ◽

Seedling Root ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Standard Heterosis ◽

Selection Of

Heterosis breeding is one of the most efficient tools to exploit the heterotic response for various useful traits. The Line × Tester mating design was undertaken with seven lines and three testers were evaluated along with twenty one hybrids in randomized block design to estimate the magnitude of heterosis for yield and its yield contributing characters. The best way to utilize heterosis in crop is to generate F1 hybrids having maximum heterozygocity, thereby facilitating the identification and selection of hybrid vigor. The positive significant standard heterosis for fruit yield per plant was maximum with L3 × T1 (28.94%) followed by L7 × T3 (15.73%) and L7 × T1 (15.10%) respectively. Some of the promising hybrids have showed desirable heterosis for plant height, number of fruits per plant,1000 seed weight, seedling shoot length, seedling root length and seedling dry weight.

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FEATURES OF THE WINTER WHITE CABBAGE VARIETIES GENERATIVE DEVELOPMENT

Vestnik of the Russian agricultural science ◽

10.30850/vrsn/2018/4/38-40 ◽

1970 ◽

pp. 38-40

Author(s):

R. E. Kazakhmedov ◽

М. А Magomedova

Keyword(s):

Hormonal Regulation ◽

F1 Hybrids ◽

Vegetable Crops ◽

Stem Extension ◽

Market Competitiveness ◽

White Cabbage ◽

Environmentally Safe ◽

Selection Tasks ◽

High Yielding Varieties ◽

High Yields

One of the modern selection tasks in vegetable growing is quality products improving, obtaining high yields of environmentally safe wide assortment vegetables. To the new varieties of vegetable crops including winter white cabbage are specified new requirements such as market competitiveness, resistance to unfavorable environmental conditions, heat resistance of the varieties and F1 hybrids. The article is shown investigation results about studies of exogenous treatment by solutions on the base of physiologically active compounds of hormonal nature on the started process of stem extension stage activation and flowering of winter white cabbage plants. For the first time in the Dagestan conditions has been studied the possibility of hormonal regulation of the premature stem extension stage and flowering prevention of winter white cabbage after the initiation of natural induction. In our studies with an early planting there are not more than 20% of blooming plants, most varieties showed a high propensity to premature stem extension stage and flowering. The possibility of the hormonal exogenous regulation of the unfavorable winter white cabbage flowering has been revealed. The most pronounced effect on the transition to stem extension stage and flowering were provided by auxin nature preparations. In particular, treatment with NAS at a dose of 5 mg / l significantly reduced the number of blossom plants, krezatsin (50 mg / l) had a similar effect, but it was less pronounced. The use of cabbage in winter crops makes it possible to obtain two or three yields per year from the same area. Creation and introduction into production of promising and high-yielding varieties and hybrids will allow increasing production and reducing its cost.

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Unravelling the hybrid vigor in domestic equids: the effect of hybridization on bone shape variation and covariation

BMC Evolutionary Biology ◽

10.1186/s12862-019-1520-2 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Pauline Hanot ◽

Anthony Herrel ◽

Claude Guintard ◽

Raphaël Cornette

Keyword(s):

First Generation ◽

Shape Change ◽

Morphological Integration ◽

Hybrid Vigor ◽

F1 Hybrids ◽

Shape Variation ◽

Locomotor System ◽

Domestic Horses ◽

Functional Mechanisms ◽

Underlying Processes

Abstract Background Hybridization has been widely practiced in plant and animal breeding as a means to enhance the quality and fitness of the organisms. In domestic equids, this hybrid vigor takes the form of improved physical and physiological characteristics, notably for strength or endurance. Because the offspring of horse and donkey is generally sterile, this widely recognized vigor is expressed in the first generation (F1). However, in the absence of recombination between the two parental genomes, F1 hybrids can be expected to be phenotypically intermediate between their parents which could potentially restrict the possibilities of an increase in overall fitness. In this study, we examine the morphology of the main limb bones of domestic horses, donkeys and their hybrids to investigate the phenotypic impact of hybridization on the locomotor system. We explore bone shape variation and covariation to gain insights into the morphological and functional expressions of the hybrid vigor commonly described in domestic equids. Results Our data reveal the occurrence of transgressive effects on several bones in the F1 generation. The patterns of morphological integration further demonstrate that the developmental processes producing covariation are not disrupted by hybridization, contrary to functional ones. Conclusions These results suggest that an increase in overall fitness could be related to more flexibility in shape change in hybrids, except for the main forelimb long bones of which the morphology is strongly driven by muscle interactions. More broadly, this study illustrates the interest of investigating not only bone shape variation but also underlying processes, in order to contribute to better understanding how developmental and functional mechanisms are affected by hybridization.

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AN INVESTIGATION ON HETEROSIS, GENERAL AND SPECIFIC COMBINING ABILITY FOR POD YIELD AND ITS CONTRIBUTING PARAMETERS IN OKRA [ABELMOSCHUS ESCULENTUS (L.) MOENCH]

International Journal of Advanced Research ◽

10.21474/ijar01/13270 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (08) ◽

pp. 334-341

Author(s):

Shailesh Kapadia ◽

◽

Kirti Patel ◽

P.K. Patel ◽

Mempal D. ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Combining Ability ◽

Quantitative Traits ◽

Block Design ◽

Abelmoschus Esculentus ◽

F1 Hybrids ◽

Research Centre ◽

Pod Yield ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Per Se ◽

Almost All

The heterosis and combining ability studies were conducted by utilizing modified Line X Tester mating design involving 6 Lines and 9 testers of Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench]. The breeding material involving fifty four F1 hybrids along with 15 parents with one commercial check were evaluated during Kharif 2020 in a Randomized Block Design (R.B.D.) with three replications at Research Centre of Goldking Biogene Private Limited with an aim to estimate the magnitude of heterosis and to identify the good parents and good hybrid combinations for pod yield and other quantitative traits. Among the parents GKOF-1, GKOF-5 and GOM-7 were found to be good general combiners for pod yield per plot. Among the lines GKOF-3, GKOF-4 and GKOF-6 and testers GKOM-4, GKOM-5, GKOM-7 and GKOM-9 were found to be involved in exhibiting significant sca effects for almost all characters. Among the crosses GKOF-2 X GKOM-5, GKOF-1 X GKOM-8 and GKOF-6 X GKOM-7 exhibited high per se performance for pod yield per plot. Further the cross GKOF-1 X GKOM-7, GKOF-4 X GKOM-9 and GKOF-6 X GKOM-4 revealed highest positively significant sca effects for pod yield per plot.

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The study of the nature of the inheritance of quantitative traits in F1 hybrids of winter soft wheat

BIO Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/bioconf/20201700084 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 ◽

pp. 00084

Author(s):

Olga Antoshina ◽

Julia Odnodushnova ◽

Gennadiy Fadkin ◽

Irina Kondakova ◽

Olga Fedosova

Keyword(s):

Quantitative Traits ◽

First Generation ◽

Grain Weight ◽

Soft Wheat ◽

F1 Hybrids ◽

Complex Nature ◽

Intraspecific Hybridization ◽

Quantitative Characteristics ◽

Economically Valuable Traits ◽

Ear Number

In the conditions of the south of the Nonchernozem Zone, intraspecific hybridization of winter soft wheat was carried out. When selecting parental forms used in crossing, special attention was paid to such economically valuable traits as productive tilling capacity, the number of grains and the mass of grain per spike. The true (Htru) and hypothetical heterosis (Hhyp) on the basis of “plant height”, “length of the lower internode”, “length of the upper internode”, “general tilling capacity”, “productive tilling capacity”, “spike length”, “number of spikelets”, “number of grains” and “grain weight per spike” were determined. It was established that the inheritance of quantitative traits in hybrids of the first generation was distinguished by the complex nature of distribution by types. Studies have made possible to identify 5 hybrid combinations F1, in which the effect of heterosis manifests itself simultaneously on five quantitative characteristics (ear length, number of spikelets per ear, number of grains per ear, grain weight per ear, mass grain from a plant).

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Hormone-regulated defense and stress response networks contribute to heterosis in Arabidopsis F1 hybrids

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.1519926112 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 112 (46) ◽

pp. E6397-E6406 ◽

Cited By ~ 56

Author(s):

Michael Groszmann ◽

Rebeca Gonzalez-Bayon ◽

Rebecca L. Lyons ◽

Ian K. Greaves ◽

Kemal Kazan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stress Response ◽

Pseudomonas Syringae ◽

Defense Responses ◽

Gene Activity ◽

Hybrid Vigor ◽

Superior Performance ◽

F1 Hybrids ◽

Biosynthesis Pathway ◽

Leaf Cell ◽

Basal Defense

Plant hybrids are extensively used in agriculture to deliver increases in yields, yet the molecular basis of their superior performance (heterosis) is not well understood. Our transcriptome analysis of a number of Arabidopsis F1 hybrids identified changes to defense and stress response gene expression consistent with a reduction in basal defense levels. Given the reported antagonism between plant immunity and growth, we suggest that these altered patterns of expression contribute to the greater growth of the hybrids. The altered patterns of expression in the hybrids indicate decreases to the salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis pathway and increases in the auxin [indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)] biosynthesis pathway. SA and IAA are hormones known to control stress and defense responses as well as plant growth. We found that IAA-targeted gene activity is frequently increased in hybrids, correlating with a common heterotic phenotype of greater leaf cell numbers. Reduced SA concentration and target gene responses occur in the larger hybrids and promote increased leaf cell size. We demonstrated the importance of SA action to the hybrid phenotype by manipulating endogenous SA concentrations. Increasing SA diminished heterosis in SA-reduced hybrids, whereas decreasing SA promoted growth in some hybrids and phenocopied aspects of hybrid vigor in parental lines. Pseudomonas syringae infection of hybrids demonstrated that the reductions in basal defense gene activity in these hybrids does not necessarily compromise their ability to mount a defense response comparable to the parents.

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PIF4-controlled auxin pathway contributes to hybrid vigor in Arabidopsis thaliana

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.1703179114 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 114 (17) ◽

pp. E3555-E3562 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Li Wang ◽

Li Min Wu ◽

Ian K. Greaves ◽

Anyu Zhu ◽

Elizabeth S. Dennis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Recurrent Selection ◽

Leaf Growth ◽

Hybrid Vigor ◽

Auxin Biosynthesis ◽

F1 Hybrids ◽

Auxin Signaling ◽

Crop Species ◽

Altered Expression ◽

F2 Generation ◽

Chromosome Segments

F1 hybrids in Arabidopsis and crop species are uniform and high yielding. The F2 generation loses much of the yield advantage and the plants have heterogeneous phenotypes. We generated pure breeding hybrid mimic lines by recurrent selection and also selected a pure breeding small phenotype line. The hybrid mimics are almost completely homozygous with chromosome segments from each parent. Four particular chromosomal segments from C24 and 8 from Ler were present in all of the hybrid mimic lines, whereas in the F6 small phenotype line, the 12 segments were each derived from the alternative parent. Loci critical for promoting hybrid vigor may be contained in each of these 12 conserved segments. We have identified genes with similar altered expression in hybrid mimics and F1 plants but not in the small phenotype line. These genes may be critical for the generation of hybrid vigor. Analysis of transcriptomes indicated that increased expression of the transcription factor PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR (PIF4) may contribute to hybrid vigor by targeting the auxin biosynthesis gene YUCCA8 and the auxin signaling gene IAA29. A number of auxin responsive genes promoting leaf growth were up-regulated in the F1 hybrids and hybrid mimics, suggesting that increased auxin biosynthesis and signaling contribute to the hybrid phenotype. The hybrid mimic seeds had earlier germination as did the seeds of the F1 hybrids, indicating cosegregation of the genes for rosette size and the germination trait. Early germination may be an indicator of vigorous hybrids.

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Total phenol content of different varieties of brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) and potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) growing in Bangladesh

Bangladesh Journal of Botany ◽

10.3329/bjb.v42i1.15909 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 42 (1) ◽

pp. 175-177

Author(s):

Nazma Shaheen ◽

Ali Abbas Mohammad Kurshed ◽

Kazi Muhammad Rezaul Karim ◽

Md Mohiduzzaman ◽

Cadi Parvin Banu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Solanum Tuberosum ◽

Solanum Tuberosum L ◽

Solanum Melongena ◽

Total Phenol ◽

Total Phenol Content ◽

Phenol Content ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Dietary Antioxidant ◽

Significant Difference ◽

High Yielding Varieties

The total phenol content (TPC) of different varieties of Solanum melongena L. varied from 3.16 ± 0.04 - 7.86 ± 0.33 mg GAE/g of fresh weight (FW). It also revealed that all varieties of Solanum tuberosum L. with peel contained higher TPC than without peel. Comparison between mean TPC of different varieties Solanum tuberosum L. with and without peel on FW basis by independent sample the t-test showed a significant difference (p = 0.003) in TPC. Findings of present study indicate that BARI Begun-8, high yielding varieties of Solanum melongena and Solanum tuberosum with peel are good sources of polyphenols and therefore may contribute as a source of dietary antioxidant. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v42i1.15909 Bangladesh J. Bot. 42(1): 175-177, 2013 (June)

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Physiological and molecular aspects of pod shattering resistance in crops

Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding ◽

10.17221/104/2018-cjgpb ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 55 (No. 3) ◽

pp. 87-92

Author(s):

Xiaobing Liu ◽

Bingjie Tu ◽

Qiuying Zhang ◽

Stephen J. Herbert

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Quantitative Traits ◽

Single Gene ◽

Molecular Processes ◽

Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes ◽

Pod Shattering ◽

Dehiscence Zone ◽

Pod Wall ◽

Molecular Aspects ◽

Pod Dehiscence

Pod shattering resistance is a trait acquired by crops in the process of evolution. Manipulation of physiological and molecular processes is fundamental for the improvement of shattering resistance in crops. In this review we discuss several enzymes, key hormones and their possible roles or relationships involved in pod shattering, and highlight responsible genes, quantitative traits loci (QTLs) and their implications for increased pod shattering resistance. Cell wall degrading enzymes, particularly β-glucanases and endopolygalacturonases play an important role in the process of pod dehiscence. It is not clear how and to what extent a specific hormone regulates the dehiscence zone differentiation and the dehiscence process is not clear. Resistance to shattering is highly heritable and is not controlled by a single gene. Several QTLs associated to dehiscence have been identified in crops, while the underlying genetic functions of these QTLs deserve further investigation. Further physiological analyses of the pod wall will help to understand better the pod dehiscence.

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