scholarly journals A Novel Method to Investigate the Activity Tests of Fresh FCC Catalysts: An Experimental and Prediction Process from Lab Scale to Commercial Scale

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 209
Author(s):  
Yanqing Ma ◽  
Yitao Liao ◽  
Yi Su ◽  
Dong Ji ◽  
Hongwei Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Evaluation Process ◽  
Yield Distribution ◽  
Co Catalysts ◽  
Fcc Catalyst ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Environmental Emissions ◽  
Equilibrium Catalyst ◽  
Fcc Catalysts ◽  
Unit Performance

The issues of feedstocks, product markets, and environmental emissions have continuously proposed a number of challenges for industrial evaluation of fresh fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst before its application in commercial units. In this work, a convenient method was proposed by comparing with the existing commercial equilibrium catalyst. A series of laboratory experiments for steam treatments and microactivity tests were established to collect reliable data, and the standalone catalyst or co-catalysts were assessed to show the evaluation process and the predicted unit performance. The results had deviation, but a consistent yield distribution than that of a commercial equilibrium catalyst. These evaluations and predictions would provide us with not only the view of hydrothermal stability and yield distribution at the unit level, but also the economic potential for fresh catalyst based on the existing industrial catalyst, which will provide refiners with industrial basis for further decisions.

scholarly journals Distribution of Iron on FCC Catalyst and Its Effect on Catalyst Performance

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yitao Liao ◽  
Tao Liu ◽  
Xiaohui Du ◽  
Xionghou Gao
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Pore Volume ◽  
Iron Concentration ◽  
Iron Deposition ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Fcc Catalyst ◽  
Equilibrium Catalyst ◽  
Adsorption Desorption ◽  
Fcc Catalysts ◽  
Real State

The effects of different iron contamination content on the formation of iron nodules and the performance of FCC catalysts have been studied by cyclic deactivation treatment using iron naphthenate. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, N2 adsorption-desorption, and SEM. The catalysts’ performance was evaluated by the Advanced Cracking Evaluation device. It has been found that there will be obvious nodulation on the catalyst when the iron concentration exceeds 7,400 μg/g. With the iron deposition from 53 μg/g to 11,690 μg/g, the crystal structure of zeolite will not be destroyed by iron. The surface area and pore volume of the catalyst decreased significantly; the surface area decreased from 125.3 m2/g to 91.0 m2/g, and the pore volume decreased from 0.21 cm3/g to 0.16 cm3/g. The studies also showed that the increase of iron deposition will lead to the decrease of catalytic reaction efficiency. With the iron deposition from 53 μg/g to 11,690 μg/g, the conversion decreased by 4.83%. Under the same 78 wt.% conversion, bottoms yield and coke yield increased by 2.15% and 1.31%, while gasoline yield and LCO yield decreased by 2.59% and 2.16%, respectively. The real state of the industrial iron contaminated equilibrium catalyst can be mimicked by using the cyclic deactivation method.

Interactions between the land snails Theba pisana and Cernuella virgata in the laboratory

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoff H Baker
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Land Snails ◽  
Snail Species ◽  
Agricultural Pests ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Small Scales ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Theba Pisana ◽  
Inhibitory Components

ABSTRACT Two Mediterranean snails, Theba pisana and Cernuella virgata, are agricultural pests in southern Australia. The two species are rarely found together in large numbers in the field, at small scales (<1 m2). In laboratory experiments, the presence of T. pisana reduced the survival of C. virgata, but only when food (carrot + lettuce) was provided. When C. virgata was exposed to only the mucus trails and faeces of T. pisana, produced while feeding on lettuce, both the survival and activity of C. virgata were reduced. When carrot was substituted for lettuce, there was less effect. In addition, when C. virgata was exposed to T. pisana’s faeces only, derived from access to a mix of lettuce and carrot, there was no effect on C. virgata’s survival. The observed reductions in the survival of C. virgata were stronger in autumn (the breeding season for both snail species) compared with spring. Inhibitory components within the mucus trails of T. pisana may (1) help explain the observed distribution patterns of the two species at small scales in the field and (2) provide a novel method for control of pest populations of C. virgata, in some situations.

Diffusion of Heavy Oil in SiO2 Model Catalyst and FCC Catalyst

2012 ◽  
Vol 550-553 ◽  
pp. 158-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zi Yuan Liu ◽  
Sheng Li Chen ◽  
Peng Dong ◽  
Xiu Jun Ge
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Coefficient ◽  
Pore Size ◽  
Effective Diffusion Coefficient ◽  
Pore Diameter ◽  
Effective Diffusion ◽  
Model Catalyst ◽  
Average Pore ◽  
Diffusion Factor ◽  
Fcc Catalyst ◽  
Fcc Catalysts

Through the measured effective diffusion coefficients of Dagang vacuum residue supercritical fluid extraction and fractionation (SFEF) fractions in FCC catalysts and SiO2model catalysts, the relation between pore size of catalyst and effective diffusion coefficient was researched and the restricted diffusion factor was calculated. The restricted diffusion factor in FCC catalysts is less than 1 and it is 1~2 times larger in catalyst with polystyrene (PS) template than in conventional FCC catalyst without template, indicating that the diffusion of SFEF fractions in the two FCC catalysts is restricted by the pore. When the average molecular diameter is less than 1.8 nm, the diffusion of SFEF fractions in SiO2model catalyst which average pore diameter larger than 5.6 nm is unrestricted. The diffusion is restricted in the catalyst pores of less than 8 nm for SFEF fractions which diameter more than 1.8 nm. The tortuosity factor of SiO2model catalyst is obtained to be 2.87, within the range of empirical value. The effective diffusion coefficient of the SFEF fractions in SiO2model catalyst is two orders of magnitude larger than that in FCC catalyst with the same average pore diameter. This indicate that besides the ratio of molecular diameter to the pore diameter λ, the effective diffusion coefficient is also closely related to the pore structure of catalyst. Because SiO2model catalyst has uniform pore size, the diffusion coefficient can be precisely correlated with pore size of catalyst, so it is a good model material for catalyst internal diffusion investigation.

scholarly journals The Influence of Grain Size Distribution on the Hydraulic Gradient for Initiating Backward Erosion

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willem-Jan Dirkx ◽  
Rens Beek ◽  
Marc Bierkens
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Grain Size Distribution ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Hydraulic Gradient ◽  
Concentrated Flow ◽  
Pipe Formation ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
The Stability

Backward erosion by piping is one of the processes that threaten the stability of river embankments in the Netherlands. During high river stages, groundwater flow velocities underneath the embankment increase as a result of the steepened hydraulic gradient. If a single outflow point exists or forms, the concentrated flow can entrain soil particles, leading to the formation of a subsurface pipe. The processes controlling this phenomenon are still relatively unknown due to their limited occurrence and because piping is a subsurface phenomenon. To study the initiation of piping, we performed laboratory experiments in which we induced water flow through a porous medium with a vertically orientated outflow point. In these experiments, we explicitly considered grain size variations, thus adding to the existing database of experiments. Our experiments showed that the vertical velocity needed for the initiation of particle transport can be described well by Stokes’ law using the median grain size. We combine this with a novel method to relate bulk hydraulic conductivity to the grain size distribution. This shows that knowledge of the grain size distribution and the location of the outflow point are sufficient to estimate the hydraulic gradient needed to initiate pipe formation in the experiment box.

Transformations of FCC catalysts and carbonaceous deposits during repeated reaction-regeneration cycles

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (24) ◽  
pp. 6977-6992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qandeel Almas ◽  
Muhammad Awais Naeem ◽  
Maria Auxiliadora S. Baldanza ◽  
Jessica Solomon ◽  
Jeffery C. Kenvin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Cracking ◽  
Fluid Catalytic Cracking ◽  
Carbonaceous Deposits ◽  
Fcc Catalyst ◽  
P Transformations ◽  
Fcc Catalysts

Transformations of an industrial zeolite-based fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst and its coke deposits during regeneration following FCC reactions of a representative refinery stream are investigated.

scholarly journals Novel Remanence Determination for Power Transformers Based on Magnetizing Inductance Measurements

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 4616
Author(s):  
Chen Wei ◽  
Xianqiang Li ◽  
Ming Yang ◽  
Zhiyuan Ma ◽  
Hui Hou
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulations ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Power Transformer ◽  
Power Transformers ◽  
Inrush Current ◽  
The Core ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Electro Magnetic ◽  
The Relationship

The remanence (residual flux) in the core of power transformers needs to be determined in advance to eliminate the inrush current during the process of re-energization. In this paper, a novel method is proposed to determine the residual flux based on the relationship between residual flux and the measured magnetizing inductance. The paper shows physical, numerical, and analytical explanations on the phenomenon that the magnetizing inductance decreases with the increase of residual flux under low excitation. Numerical simulations are performed by EMTP (Electro-Magnetic Transient Program) on a 1 kVA power transformer under different amounts of residual flux. The inductance–remanence curves are nearly the same when testing current changes. Laboratory experiments conducted on the same transformer are in line with the numerical simulations. Furthermore, numerical simulation results on a 240 MVA are reported to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Quantitative Characterization of Particle Shape of FCC Catalysts by Image Analysis

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1086-1087
Author(s):  
Zhengmin Li ◽  
Xingzhong Xu ◽  
Jinghe Yang ◽  
Xiuling Xu ◽  
Weijun Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Shape ◽  
Glass Slide ◽  
Oil Refinery ◽  
Quantitative Characterization ◽  
Shape Factors ◽  
Fcc Catalyst ◽  
Fluidized Catalytic Cracking ◽  
Attrition Resistance ◽  
Fcc Catalysts

In the fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) unit of oil refinery, the attrition resistance of FCC catalysts is affected by particle shape. Although some sophisticated methods, such as Fractal dimension and Fourier analysis, have been introduced to particle shape analysis, most of them are used to assess the shape of individual particle. It is difficult to be used as a means of powder quality control in the course of application and production of FCC catalysts. So three shape factors, i.e. Short/long ratio (S), Roundness (R) and Concavity (C), are applied to characterize them in three different aspects.A small quantity of FCC catalyst powders were spread on a glass slide M and a thin layer of glue was spread on another glass slide N, then all the particles on slide M were sprinkled on slide N by vibrating manually up and down, in the meantime moving back and forth more than 10 times.

scholarly journals Development of FTIR Spectroscopy Methodology for Characterization of Boron Species in FCC Catalysts

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Chunjuan Zhang ◽  
Xingtao Gao ◽  
Bilge Yilmaz
Keyword(s):  
Structural Information ◽  
Glass Ceramics ◽  
Boron Trioxide ◽  
Fcc Catalyst ◽  
Ftir Characterization ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Contaminant Metals ◽  
Fcc Catalysts

Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) has maintained its crucial role in refining decades after its initial introduction owing to the flexibility it has as a process as well as the developments in its key enabler, the FCC catalyst. Boron-based technology (BBT) for passivation of contaminant metals in FCC catalysts represents one such development. In this contribution we describe Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) characterization of boron-containing catalysts to identify the phase and structural information of boron. We demonstrate that FTIR can serve as a sensitive method to differentiate boron trioxide and borate structures with a detection limit at the 1000 ppm level. The FTIR analysis validates that the boron in the FCC catalysts studied are in the form of small borate units and confirms that the final FCC catalyst product contains no detectable isolated boron trioxide phase. Since boron trioxide is regulated in some parts of the world, this novel FTIR methodology can be highly beneficial for further FCC catalyst development and its industrial application at refineries around the world. This new method can also be applied on systems beyond catalysts, since the characterization of boron-containing materials is needed for a wide range of other applications in the fields of glass, ceramics, semiconductors, agriculture, and pharmaceuticals.

Encapsulation of heavy metals on spent fluid catalytic cracking catalyst

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 211-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Sun ◽  
X. Z. Li ◽  
M. Brungs ◽  
D. Trimm
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Cracking ◽  
Environmental Problem ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Fluid Catalytic Cracking ◽  
Leaching Tests ◽  
Weight Percentage ◽  
Spent Fcc Catalyst ◽  
Fcc Catalyst ◽  
Standard Specimens ◽  
Fcc Catalysts

Vanadium and nickel were found as major contaminants on spent FCC catalyst at levels of 3518 ppm and 3225 ppm, respectively. XPS results indicated that vanadium and nickel were in oxide form on spent FCC catalysts. Leaching tests (TCLP) showed that vanadium from spent FCC catalysts poses an environmental problem if disposed by landfill. It was found that encapsulation treatment with up to 60 wt % spent FCC catalyst in Portland cement, is an effective means of stabilization. The strength of standard specimens containing catalyst was much lower than that of standard specimens made with same weight percentage of sand.

scholarly journals Penilaian Kinerja Satuan Tugas Terbaik Menggunakan Metode MFEP Pada Kantor BPBD Kota Tanjungbalai

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-134
Author(s):  
Zainuddin Zainuddin ◽  
Nofriadi Nofriadi ◽  
Nasrun Marpaung
Keyword(s):  
Decision Support ◽  
Performance Assessment ◽  
Work Environment ◽  
Disaster Management ◽  
Task Force ◽  
System Development ◽  
Evaluation Process ◽  
Development Method ◽  
Factor Evaluation ◽  
Unit Performance

Abstract:Duty unit office Regional Disaster Management AgencyTanjungbalai Cityhave a big taskincludes looking for, helping, and save human worried lost or face danger in natural disasters. In carrying out this great task There are also duty unit  less active,  professional, and lack of sense of responsibility in work So that it affects other co-workers. This is due to the placement of the task force not in accordance with the skills he has. Therefore, the purpose of this researchis to assist the Technical Implementation Officer of Activities in determine performance duty unit appraisal best. System development method using Multi Factor Evaluation Process (MFEP). The resulting Decision Support Systemcan make it easier Activity Technical Implementing Officer in do an assessmentduty unit performance at work environment office Regional Disaster Management AgencyTanjungbalai City. Keywords:SPK;Performance assessment;PPTK; MFEP  Abstrak:Satuan Tugas (SATGAS) Kantor Badan Penanggulangan Bencana Daerah Kota Tanjungbalai mempunyai tugas besar meliputi mencari, menolong, dan menyelamatkan jiwa manusia yang dikhawatirkan hilang atau menghadapi bahaya dalam musibah bencana alam. Dalam menjalankan tugas besar tersebut ada juga Satuan Tugas (SATGAS) yang kurang aktif,  propesional, dan kurang rasa tanggungjawab dalam bekerja, sehingga mempengaruhi rekan kerja lainnya dalam melaksanakan tugasnya. Hal ini di sebabkan penempatan satgas tidak sesuai dengan skill yang dimilikinya. Oleh karana itu tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk membantu Pejabat Pelaksana Teknis Kegiatan (PPTK) dalam menantukan penilaian kinerja Satuan Tugas (SATGAS) terbaik. Metode pengembangan sistem menggunakan Multi Factor Evaluation Process (MFEP). Sistem Pendukung Keputusan yang dihasilkan dapat mempermudah Pejabat Pelaksana Teknis Kegiatan (PPTK) dalam melakukan penilaian kinerja satagas di lingkungan kerja Kantor Badan Penanggulangan Bencana Daerah Kota Tanjungbalai Kata kunci: SPK;Penilaian Kinerja;PPTK; MFEP 

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