scholarly journals Choosing Physical, Physicochemical and Chemical Methods of Pre-Treating Lignocellulosic Wastes to Repurpose into Solid Fuels

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (13) ◽  
pp. 3604 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Taylor ◽  
Hassan Alabdrabalameer ◽  
Vasiliki Skoulou
Keyword(s):  
Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Solid Fuels ◽  
Biomass Waste ◽  
True Value ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Downstream Processes

Various methods of physical, chemical and combined physicochemical pre-treatments for lignocellulosic biomass waste valorisation to value-added feedstock/solid fuels for downstream processes in chemical industries have been reviewed. The relevant literature was scrutinized for lignocellulosic waste applicability in advanced thermochemical treatments for either energy or liquid fuels. By altering the overall naturally occurring bio-polymeric matrix of lignocellulosic biomass waste, individual components such as cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin can be accessed for numerous downstream processes such as pyrolysis, gasification and catalytic upgrading to value-added products such as low carbon energy. Assessing the appropriate lignocellulosic pre-treatment technology is critical to suit the downstream process of both small- and large-scale operations. The cost to operate the process (temperature, pressure or energy constraints), the physical and chemical structure of the feedstock after pre-treatment (decomposition/degradation, removal of inorganic components or organic solubilization) or the ability to scale up the pre-treating process must be considered so that the true value in the use of bio-renewable waste can be revealed.

scholarly journals The unpredictable journeys of spreading, sustaining and scaling healthcare innovations: a scoping review

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Élizabeth Côté-Boileau ◽  
Jean-Louis Denis ◽  
Bill Callery ◽  
Meghan Sabean
Keyword(s):  
Health System ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Health Service Delivery ◽  
Bibliographic Databases ◽  
System Transformation ◽  
Full Text Review

Abstract Innovation has the potential to improve the quality of care and health service delivery, but maximising the reach and impact of innovation to achieve large-scale health system transformation remains understudied. Interest is growing in three processes of the innovation journey within health systems, namely the spread, sustainability and scale-up (3S) of innovation. Recent reviews examine what we know about these processes. However, there is little research on how to support and operationalise the 3S. This study aims to improve our understanding of the 3S of healthcare innovations. We focus specifically on the definitions of the 3S, the mechanisms that underpin them, and the conditions that either enable or limit their potential. We conducted a scoping review, systematically investigating six bibliographic databases to search, screen and select relevant literature on the 3S of healthcare innovations. We screened 641 papers, then completed a full-text review of 112 identified as relevant based on title and abstract. A total of 24 papers were retained for analysis. Data were extracted and synthesised through descriptive and inductive thematic analysis. From this, we develop a framework of actionable guidance for health system actors aiming to leverage the 3S of innovation across five key areas of focus, as follows: (1) focus on the why, (2) focus on perceived-value and feasibility, (3) focus on what people do, rather than what they should be doing, (4) focus on creating a dialogue between policy and delivery, and (5) focus on inclusivity and capacity building. While there is no standardised approach to foster the 3S of healthcare innovations, a variety of practical frameworks and tools exist to support stakeholders along this journey.

scholarly journals Design and Construction of Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis of Waste Coconut Shell for the Isolation of Pyroligneous Acid

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ratna Dewi Kusumaningtyas ◽  
Haniif Prasetiawan ◽  
Widi Astuti ◽  
Wara Dyah Pita Rengga ◽  
Dimas Rahadian Aji Muhammad
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Coconut Shell ◽  
Research Center ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Pyrolysis Process ◽  
Biomass Waste ◽  
Pyroligneous Acid

As a country with a large amount of natural resources, Indonesia should be able to convert this material into more value added product. However, most of the natural resources were sold as a raw material. Process system engineering research center is one of the solution to overcome this problem by developing an integrated and systematic technology. Through this research center, output of the research can be scaled up for large scale production and also can be commercialized to increase the community welfare. One of natural resources which has not been optimally utilized is waste coconut shell (WCS). Indonesia is the largest coconut producer in the world with areal production of 3.88 ha and 3.2 million ton of coconut products. Several problems arefacedbycoconutagroindustry,i.e.thelackofcoconutbasedproductdiversification and also the large number of WCS. WCS is one of organic waste, however it is quite hard to be decomposed by the microorganism due to its hard texture. This problem may gave high potential in the environmental pollution. In this research, WCS is going to be used as a raw material for pyroligneous acid through pyrolysis process. Pyrolysis is a method that is usually used to convert a biomass waste sources into a valuable product through thermal decomposition process without the presence of oxygen. This process will produce solid (char), liquid (bio-oil, tar and pyroligneous acid) and gas. Pyroligneous acid is commonly obtained as a side product from the production of active carbon and to date it has not been utilized economically. In the other hand, pyroligneous acid can be used as an anti-oxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-biofilm and also as an anti inflammatory. This properties are available due to the presence of organic matter and phenolic compound in the pyroligneous acid. This characteristics showedthatpyroligneousacidishighlypotentialasrawmaterialindrugsandpharmacy industries. Pyrolysis process requires high temperature which has range between 500 – 600 ∘C. In this paper, it will be discussed a pyrolysis equipment design and productionofpyroligneousacidfromWCSbyusingmicrowave-assistedpyrolysis(MAP).

Facile self-templating large scale preparation of biomass-derived 3D hierarchical porous carbon for advanced supercapacitors

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (35) ◽  
pp. 18154-18162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shijiao Song ◽  
Fangwei Ma ◽  
Guang Wu ◽  
Di Ma ◽  
Weidan Geng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Hierarchical Porous Carbon ◽  
Renewable Biomass ◽  
Corn Husk ◽  
Large Scale Preparation ◽  
Hierarchical Porous ◽  
Scale Preparation ◽  
Pre Treatment

Corn husk, a renewable biomass, has been successfully explored as a low-cost crude carbon source to prepare advanced higher-value 3D HPCs by means of KOH pre-treatment and direct pyrolysis, the synthesis route is simple, self-templating and easy to scale-up for industrialization.

Selective catalytic conversion of waste lignocellulosic biomass for renewable value-added chemicals via directional microwave-assisted liquefaction

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 1035-1047 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junfeng Feng ◽  
Jianchun Jiang ◽  
Chung-yun Hse ◽  
Zhongzhi Yang ◽  
Kui Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Catalytic Conversion ◽  
Biomass Waste ◽  
Microwave Assisted ◽  
Methyl Levulinate

Selective catalytic conversion of biomass waste for producing methyl levulinate (MLA) via directional microwave-assisted liquefaction was investigated.

scholarly journals Rapid mechanoenzymatic saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass without bulk water or chemical pre-treatment

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabien Hammerer ◽  
Shaghayegh Ostadjoo ◽  
Karolin Dietrich ◽  
Marie-Josée Dumont ◽  
Luis F. Del Rio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Enzymatic Reaction ◽  
Renewable Resource ◽  
Bulk Water ◽  
Biomass Saccharification ◽  
Crude Product ◽  
Fuels And Chemicals ◽  
Multiple Cycles ◽  
Pre Treatment

AbstractLignocellulosic material is an abundant renewable resource with the potential to replace petroleum as a feedstock for the production of fuels and chemicals. The large scale deployment of biomass saccharification is, however, hampered by the necessity to use aggressive reagents and conditions, formation of side-products, and the difficulty to reach elevated monosaccharide concentrations in the crude product. Herein we report the high efficacy of Reactive Aging (or Raging, a technique where enzymatic reaction mixtures, without any bulk aqueous or organic solvent, are treated to multiple cycles of milling and aging) for gram-scale saccharification of raw lignocellulosic biomass samples from different agricultural sources (corn stover, wheat straw, and sugarcane bagasse). The solvent-free enzymatic conversion of lignocellulosic biomass was found to proceed in excellent yields (ca. 90%) at protein loadings as low as 2% w/w, without the need for any prior chemical pre-treatment or high temperatures, to produce highly concentrated (molar) monosaccharides. This crude product of mechanoenzymatic depolymerization is non-toxic to bacteria and can be used as a carbon source for bacterial growth.

Lignocellulosic biomass for bioethanol: an overview on pretreatment, hydrolysis and fermentation processes

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bodjui Olivier Abo ◽  
Ming Gao ◽  
Yonglin Wang ◽  
Chuanfu Wu ◽  
Hongzhi Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽  
Greenhouse Effect ◽  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Agricultural Residues ◽  
High Availability ◽  
Fermentation Processes ◽  
Pre Treatment

Abstract Bioethanol is currently the only alternative to gasoline that can be used immediately without having to make any significant changes in the way fuel is distributed. In addition, the carbon dioxide (CO2) released during the combustion of bioethanol is the same as that used by the plant in the atmosphere for its growth, so it does not participate in the increase of the greenhouse effect. Bioethanol can be obtained by fermentation of plants containing sucrose (beet, sugar cane…) or starch (wheat, corn…). However, large-scale use of bioethanol implies the use of very large agricultural surfaces for maize or sugarcane production. Lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) such as agricultural residues for the production of bioethanol seems to be a solution to this problem due to its high availability and low cost even if its growth still faces technological difficulties. In this review, we present an overview of lignocellulosic biomass, the different methods of pre-treatment of LCB and the various fermentation processes that can be used to produce bioethanol from LCB.

scholarly journals A Review on Multifunctional Carbon-Dots Synthesized From Biomass Waste: Design/ Fabrication, Characterization and Applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurul Kamilah Khairol Anuar ◽  
Huey Ling Tan ◽  
Ying Pei Lim ◽  
Mohamad Sufian So’aib ◽  
Noor Fitrah Abu Bakar
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dots ◽  
Metal Ion ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Biomass Waste ◽  
Wide Range

Carbon-Dots (C-Dots) have drawn much attention in recent years owing to their remarkable properties such as high biocompatibility, low toxicity, nano-scale size, and ease of modification with good tuneable photoluminescence performance. These unique properties have led C-Dots to become a promising platform for bioimaging, metal ion sensing and an antibacterial agent. C-Dots can be prepared using the top-down and bottom-up approaches, in which the latter method is commonly used for large scale and low-cost synthesis. C-Dots can be synthesized using sustainable raw materials or green biomass since it is environmentally friendly, in-expensive and most importantly, promotes the minimization of waste production. However, using biomass waste to produce high-quality C-Dots is still a matter of concern waiting for resolution, and this will be the main focus of this review. Fundamental understanding of C-Dots such as structure analysis, physical and chemical properties of C-Dots, various synthesis methodology and type of raw materials used are also discussed and correlated comprehensively. Additionally, factors affecting the bandgap of the C-Dots and the strategies to overcome these shortcomings are also covered. Moreover, formation mechanism of C-Dots focusing on the hydrothermal method, option and challenges to scale up the C-Dots production are explored. It is expected that the great potential of producing C-Dots from agricultural waste a key benefit in view of their versatility in a wide range of applications.

Solid Lipid Nanoparticles: A Promising Drug Delivery Technology

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 509-516
Author(s):  
S. Pragati ◽  
S. Kuldeep ◽  
S. Ashok ◽  
M. Satheesh
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Solid Lipid Nanoparticles ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Colloidal Particles ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Lipid Nanoparticles ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Research Activity ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Solid Lipid

One of the situations in the treatment of disease is the delivery of efficacious medication of appropriate concentration to the site of action in a controlled and continual manner. Nanoparticle represents an important particulate carrier system, developed accordingly. Nanoparticles are solid colloidal particles ranging in size from 1 to 1000 nm and composed of macromolecular material. Nanoparticles could be polymeric or lipidic (SLNs). Industry estimates suggest that approximately 40% of lipophilic drug candidates fail due to solubility and formulation stability issues, prompting significant research activity in advanced lipophile delivery technologies. Solid lipid nanoparticle technology represents a promising new approach to lipophile drug delivery. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) are important advancement in this area. The bioacceptable and biodegradable nature of SLNs makes them less toxic as compared to polymeric nanoparticles. Supplemented with small size which prolongs the circulation time in blood, feasible scale up for large scale production and absence of burst effect makes them interesting candidates for study. In this present review this new approach is discussed in terms of their preparation, advantages, characterization and special features.

Reuse of Wastewaters in Agriculture by Means of Sprinkler Irrigation on a Farmland Area of 3000 ha – Large Scale Experience in Germany

1986 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 163-173
Author(s):  
R. Boll ◽  
R. Kayser
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Paper Briefly ◽  
Treatment Results ◽  
Sewage Farm ◽  
Western Germany ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Main Components

The Braunschweig wastewater land treatment system as the largest in Western Germany serves a population of about 270.000 and has an annual flow of around 22 Mio m3. The whole treatment process consists of three main components : a pre-treatment plant as an activated sludge process, a sprinkler irrigation area of 3.000 ha of farmland and an old sewage farm of 200 ha with surface flooding. This paper briefly summarizes the experiences with management and operation of the system, the treatment results with reference to environmental impact, development of agriculture and some financial aspects.

Use of lime for the upgrading of existing wastewater treatment systems

1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (12) ◽  
pp. 279-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Güldner ◽  
W. Hegemann ◽  
N. Peschen ◽  
K. Sölter
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Sewage Treatment Plant ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Chemical Precipitation ◽  
Fatty Acid Production ◽  
German States ◽  
Lime Solution ◽  
First Results ◽  
Pre Treatment

The integration of the chemical precipitation unit which would inject a lime solution into a series of mechanical-biological processes, including nitrification/denitrification, and the sludge treatment are the subject of this project. The essential target is the large-scale reconstruction of a mechanical-biological sewage treatment plant with insufficient cleaning performance in the new German states and the adjustment of the precipitation stage to the unsteady inflow of sewage. First results indicate that the pre-treatment performance could be improved by ≅ 20% and the discharge of concentrations of COD, BOD, N and P could be reduced and homogenized. In addition, experiments on hydrolysis and acidifiability of the pre-treatment sludge have been carried out on a laboratory level with the object of making sources of carbon readily available for denitrification. In the course of the experiment, inhibition of fatty acid production by calcareous primary sludge could not be detected. The characteristics of the sludge, such as draining and thickening were considerably improved by the adding of lime.

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