scholarly journals Hydroponic Lettuce Production Using Treated Post-Hydrothermal Liquefaction Wastewater (PHW)

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (13) ◽  
pp. 3605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel D. Jesse ◽  
Yuanhui Zhang ◽  
Andrew J. Margenot ◽  
Paul C. Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
Hydrothermal Liquefaction ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Source Water ◽  
Sand Filtration ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Lettuce Yield ◽  
Cadmium Lead

Post-hydrothermal liquefaction wastewater (PHW) is a byproduct of the hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) process. Previous research indicates that PHW is free of pathogens and contains nutrients needed for crop growth, but may contain metal(loid)s. This study evaluated the ability of differentially treated PHW for effective and safe hydroponic lettuce production. Water containing only hydroponic fertilizer (Source Water 1) had the highest total dry yield of all five treatments; 3.1 times higher than Source Water 2 (diluted PHW with sand filtration), 3.5 times higher than Source Water 3 (diluted PHW with sand + carbon filtration), 2.6 times higher than Source Water 4 (diluted and nitrified PHW with sand filtration), and 1.3 times higher than Source Water 5 (diluted PHW supplemented with hydroponic fertilizer). Findings also indicated that while PHW was below the US Department of Agriculture Foreign Agriculture Service maximum levels for cadmium, lead, and mercury in food, the concentration of arsenic was 1.6, 2.4, and 2.0 times higher than the maximum level for Source Waters 2, 3, and 4, respectively. There was no detectable E. coli or fecal coliforms in any of the treated PHW. While nitrogen was present in the raw PHW, only 0.03% was NO3-N and NO2-N. Diluted PHW supplemented with hydroponic fertilizer had lower lettuce yield than hydroponic fertilizer alone, indicating a potential non-nutrient inhibition of plant growth by PHW. Therefore, this research demonstrates that treated PHW does not pose a biological contamination risk for lettuce, but may entail levels of arsenic in edible leaf tissues that are in excess of safe levels. Additional treatment of PHW can benefit crop production by allowing crop utilization of a greater fraction of total nitrogen in the raw PHW.

scholarly journals Treatment of Post-Hydrothermal Liquefaction Wastewater (PHWW) for Heavy Metals, Nutrients, and Indicator Pathogens

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 854 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel D. Jesse ◽  
Paul C. Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Hydrothermal Liquefaction ◽  
Total N ◽  
Treatment Methods ◽  
Attractive Option ◽  
Us Epa ◽  
Cadmium Lead

Recycling post-hydrothermal liquefaction wastewater (PHWW) may allow the use of nutrients in the aqueous phase that may otherwise go unused. PHWW is an attractive option for use as fertilizer in systems like crop production. However, there are potential contaminants in the PHWW that may inhibit crop growth or pose a food safety risk. This study investigated the concentrations of heavy metals and nutrients in the PHWW, as well as the presence of indicator pathogens. In addition, four different water treatment methods were used: (1) dilution of raw PHWW, (2) sand filtration after dilution, (3) sand and carbon filtration after dilution, and (4) reverse osmosis after dilution. Our results indicate that the concentrations of cadmium, lead, and arsenic in raw PHWW were well below the maximum recommended concentrations set by the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) for Water Reuse. In addition, the treatment methods in this study achieved percent removals ranging from 82–100% for cadmium, 99–100% for mercury, 75–99.5% for lead, and 71–99% for arsenic. Nitrogen in raw PHWW was predominantly in the total N form, preventing it from being accessible to plants. After nitrification was induced, the concentration of NO3 + NO2 increased by 1.75 mg/L in the untreated 5% PHWW mixture, but remained unchanged or decreased for all other treatments and mixtures. There were no E. coli or coliform colonies detected in the raw PHWW, or in any PHWW mixtures. All PHWW mixtures with and without treatment are within US EPA guidelines for metals for irrigation water reuse. However, fertilizer supplementation may be required for PHWW to be suitable for crop production, as the low concentrations of NO3 + NO2 may prove challenging for growing crops.

Campylobacter in waterborne epidemics in Finland

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 39-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.-L. Hänninen ◽  
R. Kärenlampi
Keyword(s):  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Causative Agent ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Source Water ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
Faecal Contamination ◽  
E Coli ◽  
July August September

The sources for drinking water in Finland are surface water, groundwater or artificially recharged groundwater. There are approximately 1400 groundwater plants in Finland that are microbiologically at a high risk level because in most cases they do not use any disinfection treatment. Campylobacter jejuni has caused waterborne epidemics in several countries. Since the middle of the 1980s, C. jejuni has been identified as the causative agent in several waterborne outbreaks in Finland. Between 1998 and 2001, C. jejuni or C. upsaliensis caused seven reported waterborne epidemics. In these epidemics approximately 4000 people acquired the illness. Most of the outbreaks occurred in July, August , September or October. In four of them source water and net water samples were analysed for total coliforms or fecal coliforms, E. coli and campylobacters. We showed that large volumes of water samples in studies of indicator organisms (up to 5000 ml) and campylobacters (4000–20,000 ml) increased the possibility to identify faecal contamination and to detect the causative agent from suspected sources.

Use in Agriculture of Sludge from Chemical Treatment of Sewage

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 139-145
Author(s):  
G. Castillo ◽  
A. Ortega
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Chemical Treatment ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Aluminium Sulfate ◽  
Leguminous Crops ◽  
Dried Sludge ◽  
Chemical Sludge ◽  
Sludge Application

The reutilization in agriculture of the sludge produced in the chemical treatment of sewage is investigated. Aluminium sulfate (50 mg/l) and sodium hydroxide (50 and 200 mg/l) are added to domestic sewage allowing it to settle and eliminating floating materials. Three kinds of raw chemical sludge are digested and dried. Their sanitary quality is determined by two bacterial indicators (total and fecal coliforms) and one viral indicator (E. coli bacteriophage) and the fertilizing capability of digested and dry sludge by sowing leguminous crops (Phaseolus spp ) in soil with 11 tons/ha sludge application rate. Digested and dried sludge from conventional treatment in equal conditions to those of chemical sludge is used as reference. Sanitary quality results show that raw and digested chemical sludge are not recommended for use in agriculture due to their high microbiological contamination. Dry sludge could be considered for this purpose due to its low fecal organisms content. However the development of leguminous crops in soil with dry aluminium sludge application shows no seed germination. The results of leguminous growth in digested sludge of sodium hydroxide (200 mg/l) justify an additional treatment to adequate its sanitary quality for use in agriculture.

scholarly journals N-Nitrosodimethylamine Formation from Treatment of Seasonally and Spatially Varying Source Water

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2019
Author(s):  
Maxwell C. Meadows ◽  
Soni M. Pradhanang ◽  
Takahiro Fujioka ◽  
Hitoshi Kodamatani ◽  
Menu B. Leddy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
Water Type ◽  
Source Water ◽  
Treatment Techniques ◽  
Spatially Varying

N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) is a disinfection by-product (DBP) that has been classified as a probable human carcinogen in multiple risk assessments. NDMA presence in drinking water is widespread and dependent on source water, disinfectant type, precursors, and water treatment strategies. The objectives of this study were to investigate NDMA formation potential in a modeled monochloramine water treatment plant (WTP) fed by seasonally and spatially varying source water; and to optimize DBP precursor removal by combining conventional and additional treatment techniques. After NDMA analysis, it was found that NDMA formation was significantly dependent on source water type and monochloramine contact time (CT); e.g., at 24 h CT, Cork Brook produced 12.2 ng/L NDMA and Bailey Brook produced 4.2 ng/L NDMA, compared with 72 h CT, Cork Brook produced 4.1 ng/L NDMA and Bailey Brook produced 3.4 ng/L NDMA. No correlations were found between traditional DBP precursors such as total organic carbon and total nitrogen, and the formation of NDMA. The laboratory bench-top treatment system was highly effective at removing traditional DBP precursors, highlighting the need for WTPs to alter their current treatment methods to best accommodate the complex system of DBP control.

Identification of Salmonella Serovars Isolated from Live Molluscan Shellfish and Their Significance in the Marine Environment

2003 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 226-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAIME MARTINEZ-URTAZA ◽  
MONTSERRAT SACO ◽  
GUSTAVO HERNANDEZ-CORDOVA ◽  
ANTONIO LOZANO ◽  
OSCAR GARCIA-MARTIN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Marine Environment ◽  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Slight Rise ◽  
Contamination Events ◽  
Salmonella Senftenberg

A study on the presence of Salmonella spp. in live molluscs was performed, which included a description of the different serovars isolated and their relationship to the marine environment. A total of 2,980 samples of shellfish from Galicia (N.W. Spain) were tested for the presence of Salmonella spp. between September 1998 and August 2001. The overall incidence of Salmonella was 1.8% and showed a slight rise during the 3 years of the study. Mussels and oysters presented a higher incidence than clams and cockles, possibly because of their distinct growing habitat. A seasonal pattern was noted for the isolation of Salmonella spp.: 54% of the isolations were detected from September to November. That nearly 67% of the total Salmonella was isolated from shellfish with fecal coliform levels <300/100 g (the maximum level criteria in the European Communities regulations) supported the view that low levels of fecal coliforms do not necessarily indicate the absence of Salmonella. A total of nine serovars were found in the 54 Salmonella isolated. Salmonella Senftenberg was the most frequent (50%), followed by Salmonella Typhimurium (18%) and Salmonella Agona (17%). Salmonella Senftenberg was detected frequently during the year, whereas the remaining serovars were detected only on occasional contamination events.

scholarly journals Pesticide Residues on Fruits and Vegetables from Ontario, Canada, 1991–1995

2000 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 196-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian D Ripley ◽  
Linda I Lissemore ◽  
Pamela D Leishman ◽  
Mary Anne Denommé ◽  
Leonard Ritter
Keyword(s):  
Pesticide Residues ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Vegetable Samples ◽  
Azinphos Methyl ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Fruit Samples ◽  
Data Program ◽  
Goals And Objectives

Abstract For the 5-year period 1991 to 1995, 1536 vegetable and 802 fruit samples were analyzed. The purpose of this study was to determine if pesticides were present on Ontario-produced fruits and vegetables, and if so, to determine if residues violated maximum residue limits (MRLs). Overall, 31.5% of the samples had no detectable pesticide residues, whereas 68.5% contained one or more residues. Most of the residues were present at very low concentrations; 48% of the detections were <0.1 parts per million (ppm), and 86% were <1 ppm. However, violations of MRL were observed in only 3.2% of the vegetable samples and 3.1% of the fruit samples. In addition, 4.8% of the samples contained a “technical” violation, that is, there was no specified MRL for the pesticide–commodity combination and the residues exceeded 0.1 ppm. Of the detectable residues, 63% were <10% of the MRL, whereas 89% were <50% of the MRL. More fruit samples (91.4%) had a detectable residue, compared with vegetable samples (56.6%). Fruit is often treated close to harvest or post harvest to ensure that wholesome produce reaches the consumer. Forty-six percent of the samples contained 2 or more residues, and 2% of all samples had more than 5 different pesticides detected; fruit samples tended to have more multiple residues. The most frequently found pesticides were captan, the dithiocarbamate fungicides, endosulfan, azinphos-methyl, phosmet, parathion, and iprodione. These pesticides were also used in the greatest quantity for crop production. Overall, the data agree fairly closely with those reported for the U.S. Department of Agriculture Pesticide Data Program because the 2 programs have similar analytical goals and objectives.

scholarly journals An Internet-Based Simulation Model for Nitrogen Management in Agricultural Settings

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 728-736 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.J. Shaffer ◽  
B.J. Newton ◽  
C.M. Gross
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Modeling ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Fate And Transport ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
N Transformations ◽  
Early Implementation ◽  
Crop Field ◽  
Analysis Package

Complex chemical, physical, and biological processes mediate nitrogen (N) transformations and movement during agricultural production, making the optimization of fertilizer use and environmental protection exceedingly difficult. Various computer models have been developed to simulate the site-specific fate and transport of N resulting from different crop production scenarios, but these models are very complex and difficult to use for most farmers, consultants, and conservationists. In an effort to facilitate access and simplify the use of sophisticated models, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) has developed an Internet-based nitrogen analysis tool. Based on the Nitrate Leaching and Economic Analysis Package (NLEAP), the Web site allows a user to conduct multiyear N simulation modeling specific to a crop field. Servers handle much of the required data assembly and formatting, thus sparing the user�s resources. Model runs are executed on the servers and the results are transmitted to the user. This new tool is presented along with early implementation results.

scholarly journals Fecal Sludge Derived Products as Fertilizer for Lettuce Cultivation in Urban Agriculture

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (24) ◽  
pp. 7101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Surendra K Pradhan ◽  
Olufunke Cofie ◽  
Josiane Nikiema ◽  
Helvi Heinonen-Tanski
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
Ammonium Sulphate ◽  
Urban Agriculture ◽  
Poultry Manure ◽  
Mineral Fertilizer ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Fertilizer Value ◽  
Fecal Sludge ◽  
Lettuce Yield ◽  
Almost All

Fecal sludge (FS) contains a significant amount of plant nutrients. FS (treated/untreated) has been used as soil ameliorant in several countries. Use of FS-based compost on lettuce may meet reservations due to possible microbiological contamination. The objectives of this research are: (1) To determine the fertilizer value of different formulations of sawdust and fecal sludge compost (SDFS) pellets, and (2) to compare the effect of these SDFS formulations with poultry manure, commercial compost, mineral fertilizer, and non-fertilization on lettuce cultivation. The SDFS products were made by enriching, and pelletized with ammonium sulphate, mineral-NPK, or ammonium sulphate + muriate of potash + triple superphosphate. Lettuce was cultivated in a greenhouse and an open field. The result showed that the saleable fresh weight lettuce yield obtained from all SDFS pellets with/without enrichments were higher than those obtained from commercial compost, poultry manure, mineral fertilizer, or no fertilizer. Cultivation in the open field gave higher yields than those in the greenhouse. No helminth eggs were detected in composts or lettuces. Some fecal coliforms were detected in lettuces fertilized with almost all fertilizers tested, including NPK and non-fertilized control. A properly treated fecal sludge-based fertilizer can be a sustainable solution for lettuce production, which helps urban and peri-urban agriculture.

Factors contributing to the retardation of development of Obeliscoides cuniculi in rabbits

Parasitology ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Fernando ◽  
P. H. G. Stockdale ◽  
G. C. Ashton
Keyword(s):  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Subsequent Infection ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Increase With Increase ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Agriculture And Food ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between the age of infective O.cunictili larvae and the proportion that remained retarded in a subsequent infection was investigated. The proportion of retarded larvae recovered was found to depend on the length of time and the temperature at which infective larvae were stored prior to infection. At 4 °C the level of retardation was found to increase with increase in the length of storage until a maximum was reached. Further storage tended to decrease the proportion of larvae that remained retarded. These effects were found to be less marked when the larvae were stored at a higher temperature. At 17 °C the maximum level of retardation reached was lower and the process of the increase and the decrease in retardation was of shorter duration. An increase in the number of larvae from 200 to 6000/rabbit did not appreciably change the proportion that remained retarded.We are most thankful for the advice and criticisms of Dr J. D. Dunsmore. The skilled technical assistance of Mr Ted Eaton is gratefully acknowledged. This work was supported by the Ontario Department of Agriculture and Food.

scholarly journals Bioenergy production: are the objects realistic??

2008 ◽  
pp. 53-58
Author(s):  
Margit Csipkés
Keyword(s):  
Food Production ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Energy Crops ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Energy Crop ◽  
The North ◽  
National Market ◽  
Energy Plant ◽  
Energy Economy

Currently we do not have the possibility to define our energy reserves, since we do not know the magnitude of extant material resources. The known petroleum (crude) supply will be sufficient for about 100 years at the longest, and according to the latest estimates in 2008 we will reach and even exceed the maximum level of oil extraction, and after this it is going to decrease.Hungary has good givens to go upon the way of sustainable energy economy according to experts, however a coherent government policy that lasts for not just one period is essential, and a sound economic- and agricultural policy is needed as well. According to the FVM’s under-secretary in Hungary more than 1 million hectares can be disposable for energy crop production. This would mean that 20 percent of the fields would be taken away from food production and on these fields energy crops would be grown. But we also have to take into consideration that the increase in energy plant production could happen at the expense of food production. If we would like to ensure the food for Hungary’s population from national sources we have to make calculations in determining energy need. In my research I set out the objective to determine the level of that specific turnover and marginal cost which supports the profitability of grain cultivation. With these indicators it is possible to analyze the economy and competitiveness of growing energy crops in the region of the North Plain. The alternatives of using cereals and rational land use should be also considered. A developing bio-fuel program can be a solution for the deduction of excess grain that is typical in Hungary for several years in the cereals sector. The pressure on the national market caused by excess grain can be ceased or moderated, and therefore the storage problems would decrease as well.

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