scholarly journals Sulfur-Containing Polymers Prepared from Fatty Acid-Derived Monomers: Application of Atom-Economical Thiol-ene/Thiol-yne Click Reactions and Inverse Vulcanization Strategies

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-237
Author(s):  
Ashlyn D. Smith ◽  
Andrew G. Tennyson ◽  
Rhett C. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Elemental Sulfur ◽  
Click Reaction ◽  
Sustainable Chemistry ◽  
Synthetic Approach ◽  
Click Reactions ◽  
Polymer Precursors ◽  
High Sulfur Content ◽  
Synthetic Approaches

This paper is review with 119 references. Approaches to supplant currently used plastics with materials made from more sustainably-sourced monomers is one of the great contemporary challenges in sustainable chemistry. Fatty acids are attractive candidates as polymer precursors because they can be affordably produced on all inhabited continents, and they are also abundant as underutilized by-products of other industries. In surveying the array of synthetic approaches to convert fatty acids into polymers, those routes that produce organosulfur polymers stand out as being especially attractive from a sustainability standpoint. The first well-explored synthetic approach to fatty acid-derived organosulfur polymers employs the thiol-ene click reaction or the closely-related thiol-yne variation. This approach is high-yielding under mild conditions with up to 100% atom economy and high functional group tolerance. More recently, inverse vulcanization has been employed to access high sulfur-content polymers by the reaction of fatty acid-derived olefins with elemental sulfur. This approach is attractive not only because it is theoretically 100% atom economical but also because elemental sulfur is itself an underutilized by-product of fossil fuel refining. The thiol-ene, inverse vulcanization, and mechanistically-related thiol-yne and classic vulcanization are therefore discussed as promising routes to access polymers and composites from fatty acid-derived precursors.

Characteristics of Thiobacillus thioparus and its thiocyanate assimilation

1978 ◽  
Vol 24 (7) ◽  
pp. 804-810 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoko Katayama ◽  
Hiroshi Kuraishi
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Oxidation Product ◽  
Elemental Sulfur ◽  
Coke Oven ◽  
Potassium Thiocyanate ◽  
Cellular Fatty Acid ◽  
Hydroxy Fatty Acids ◽  
Thiobacillus Thioparus

Thiocyanate-assimilating bacterium, TK 21, was isolated from activated sludge used for the treatment of thiocyanate contained in coke-oven liquor. This organism oxidized thiosulfate and elemental sulfur, causinga decrease of pH of the medium. These facts indicated that it belongs to the genus Thiobacillus. Potassium thiocyanate (0.5 g/ℓ) was completely assimilated during 60 h. Thiosulfate inhibited the assimilation of thiocyanate but elemental sulfur did not. This bacterium did not evolve cyanide as its oxidation product after the decomposition of thiocyanate. The isolated bacterium was identified as Thiobacillus thioparus. Examination of the composition of cellular fatty acid of three strains of T. thioparus showed that they possessed 3-hydroxy fatty acids of C10 and C12; saturated straight chains of C10, C12, C15, C16, C17, and C18; mono-unsaturated straight chains of C16 and C18; and cyclopropane acid of C17.

Identification, Some Characterizations and Bioleaching Application of an Iron-Oxidizing Bacterium, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans KLipis-3-1 Isolated from Malaysia

2007 ◽  
Vol 20-21 ◽  
pp. 453-456
Author(s):  
Sei Choong Yee ◽  
Choon Ping Lim ◽  
Kim Yong Ng
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Type Strain ◽  
Gene Sequence ◽  
Elemental Sulfur ◽  
Profile Analysis ◽  
Ferric Ion ◽  
Molybdenum Blue ◽  
Gene Sequence Analysis

A strain of At. ferrooxidans was isolated from Penjom Goldmine, Kuala Lipis, Pahang, Malaysia. The 16S rRNA partial gene sequence analysis revealed that this rod-shaped bacterium with size of 0.3 x 0.8 -m is a strain of At. ferrooxidans, and was designated as At. ferrooxidans KLipis-3-1. The whole-cell FAMEs profile analysis showed that At. ferrooxidans KLipis-3-1 possesses large amounts of C18:1, C16:0 and C16:1 fatty acids with C18:1 as the predominant fatty acid. The initial specific iron-oxidizing and molybdenum blue-oxidizing activities of this bacterium were 88.85 mMh-1mg-1 and 196.86 mMh-1mg-1, respectively, which were similar to the activities observed in the type strain At. ferrooxidans ATCC 23270. However, At. ferrooxidans KLipis-3-1 has a higher resistance towards Mo6+ at concentration above 1 mM. At. ferrooxidans KLipis-3-1 has the ability to reduce ferric ion with elemental sulfur as electron donor, with the initial specific SFORase activity of 0.47 mMh-1mg-1. The bioleaching capability of At. ferrooxidans KLipis-3-1 and At. ferrooxidans ATCC 23270 with pyrite as substrate at selected parameters operated in a batch bioprocess were studied.

Platelet Aggregation in Finnish Men and Its Relation to Fatty Acids in Platelets, Plasma and Adipose Tissue

1985 ◽  
Vol 54 (03) ◽  
pp. 563-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
M K Salo ◽  
E Vartiainen ◽  
P Puska ◽  
T Nikkari
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Ω3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Induced Aggregation

SummaryPlatelet aggregation and its relation to fatty acid composition of platelets, plasma and adipose tissue was determined in 196 randomly selected, free-living, 40-49-year-old men in two regions of Finland (east and southwest) with a nearly twofold difference in the IHD rate.There were no significant east-southwest differences in platelet aggregation induced with ADP, thrombin or epinephrine. ADP-induced platelet secondary aggregation showed significant negative associations with all C20-C22 ω3-fatty acids in platelets (r = -0.26 - -0.40) and with the platelet 20: 5ω3/20: 4ω 6 and ω3/ ω6 ratios, but significant positive correlations with the contents of 18:2 in adipose tissue (r = 0.20) and plasma triglycerides (TG) (r = 0.29). Epinephrine-induced aggregation correlated negatively with 20: 5ω 3 in plasma cholesteryl esters (CE) (r = -0.23) and TG (r = -0.29), and positively with the total percentage of saturated fatty acids in platelets (r = 0.33), but had no significant correlations with any of the ω6-fatty acids. Thrombin-induced aggregation correlated negatively with the ω3/6ω ratio in adipose tissue (r = -0.25) and the 20: 3ω6/20: 4ω 6 ratio in plasma CE (r = -0.27) and free fatty acids (FFA) (r = -0.23), and positively with adipose tissue 18:2 (r = 0.23) and 20:4ω6 (r = 0.22) in plasma phospholipids (PL).The percentages of prostanoid precursors in platelet lipids, i. e. 20: 3ω 6, 20: 4ω 6 and 20 :5ω 3, correlated best with the same fatty acids in plasma CE (r = 0.32 - 0.77) and PL (r = 0.28 - 0.74). Platelet 20: 5ω 3 had highly significant negative correlations with the percentage of 18:2 in adipose tissue and all plasma lipid fractions (r = -0.35 - -0.44).These results suggest that, among a free-living population, relatively small changes in the fatty acid composition of plasma and platelets may be reflected in significant differences in platelet aggregation, and that an increase in linoleate-rich vegetable fat in the diet may not affect platelet function favourably unless it is accompanied by an adequate supply of ω3 fatty acids.

EFFECT OF GINGER, LEMURU FISH OIL SAPONIFICATION AND OLIVE OIL ON COMPOSITION FATTY ACID OF BEEF

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-39
Author(s):  
Siwitri Kadarsih
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Olive Oil ◽  
Rice Bran ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Omega 6

The objective was to get beef that contain unsaturated fatty acids (especially omega 3 and 6), so as to improve intelligence, physical health for those who consume. The study design using CRD with 3 treatments, each treatment used 4 Bali cattle aged approximately 1.5 years. Observations were made 8 weeks. Pasta mixed with ginger provided konsentrat. P1 (control); P2 (6% saponification lemuru fish oil, olive oil 1%; rice bran: 37.30%; corn: 62.70%; KLK: 7%, ginger paste: 100 g); P3 (lemuru fish oil saponification 8%, 2% olive oil; rice bran; 37.30; corn: 62.70%; KLK: 7%, ginger paste: 200 g). Konsentrat given in the morning as much as 1% of the weight of the cattle based on dry matter, while the grass given a minimum of 10% of the weight of livestock observation variables include: fatty acid composition of meat. Data the analyzies qualitative. The results of the study showed that the composition of saturated fatty acids in meat decreased and an increase in unsaturated fatty acids, namely linoleic acid (omega 6) and linolenic acid (omega 3), and deikosapenta deikosaheksa acid.Keywords : 

Click Reactions in Chemistry of Triterpenes - Advances Towards Development of Potential Therapeutics

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 636-658 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Pokorny ◽  
Lucie Borkova ◽  
Milan Urban
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activities ◽  
Synthetic Approach ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Click Reactions ◽  
Drug Candidates ◽  
The Past ◽  
Low Toxicity ◽  
New Compounds ◽  
Potential Therapeutics

Triterpenoids are natural compounds with a large variety of biological activities such as anticancer, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, antiparazitic, antiinflammatory and others. Despite their low toxicity and simple availability from the natural resources, their clinical use is still severely limited by their higher IC50 and worse pharmacological properties than in the currently used therapeutics. This fact encouraged a number of researchers to develop new terpenic derivatives more suitable for the potential clinical use. This review summarizes a new approach to improve both, the activity and ADME-Tox properties by connecting active terpenes to another modifying molecules using click reactions. Within the past few years, this synthetic approach was well explored yielding a lot of great improvements of the parent compounds along with some less successful attempts. A large quantity of the new compounds presented here are superior in both activity and ADME-Tox properties to their parents. This review should serve the researchers who need to promote their hit triterpenic structures towards their clinical use and it is intended as a guide for the chemical synthesis of better drug candidates.

Fatty Acid Profile and In Vitro Anticancer Activity of Two Marine Sponge- Associated Bacteria

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. 1273-1280
Author(s):  
Giuseppina Tommonaro ◽  
Ali M. El-Hagrassi ◽  
Walid Fayad ◽  
Carmine Iodice ◽  
Kamel H. Shaker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Colorectal Carcinoma ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
Marine Sponge ◽  
Hct116 Cell ◽  
Associated Bacteria ◽  
Sponge Associated Bacteria ◽  
Human Colorectal Carcinoma

Background: Colorectal cancer represents one of the prominent causes of mortality worldwide in men and women. The objective of this study was to search for new potential anticancer compounds, both in prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer. The anticancer potential of marine bacterial extracts against Human colorectal carcinoma cell line (HCT116) was evaluated as well as the partial identification of bioactive metabolites. Methods: All bacterial extracts were tested for their cytotoxicity against HCT116 cell line by means of MTT assay. The highly cytotoxic dichloromethane extracts of marine sponge-associated bacteria Vibrio sp. and Bacillus sp. were analyzed by GC-MS. Results: Two fractions, Vib3 and Bac3, exhibited a very interesting cytotoxicity against human colorectal carcinoma (HCT116) cell line, with a percentage of cytotoxicity of 96.04 % and 29.48 %, respectively. Discussion: The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of two major fatty acids, palmitic and oleic acids, in Vib3 fraction and fatty acid esters and phenolic compounds in Bac3 fraction. Conclusion: Based on previous literature, it may be hypothesized that the anticancer activity of bacterial extracts could be, at least partially, to the fatty acids fraction.

Content and composition of phospholipids, fatty acids and sterols in commercial natural phospholipid excipients

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luxia Zheng ◽  
Xiong Shen ◽  
Yingchun Wang ◽  
Jian Liang ◽  
Mingming Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Phospholipid Fatty Acid ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Systematic Research ◽  
Manufacturing Enterprises ◽  
The Many

Background: Phospholipids are widely used in food and pharmaceutical industry as functional excipients. In spite of the many analytical methods reported, there are very limited reports concerning systematic research and comparison of phospholipid excipients. Objective: To present a comprehensive evaluation of commercial natural phospholipid excipients (CNPEs). Methods: Seventeen batches of CNPEs from five manufacturing enterprises, isolated either from soybean or egg yolk, were investigated. The content and composition of phospholipids, fatty acids and sterols as a whole were considered as the evaluative index of CNPEs. Eight kinds of phospholipids were determined by supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), twenty-one kinds of fatty acids were determined by gas chromatography (GC) after boron trifluoride-methanol derivatization, and nine kinds of sterols were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) after separation and derivatization of the unsaponifiable matter. Cluster analysis was employed for classification and identification of the CNPEs. Results: The results showed that each kind of CNPEs had its characteristic content and composition of phospholipids, fatty acids and sterols. Seventeen batches of samples were divided into eight groups in cluster analysis. CNPEs of the same type from different source (soybean or egg yolk) or enterprises presented different content and composition of phospholipids, fatty acids and sterols. Conclusion: Each type of CNPEs had its characteristic content and composition of phospholipid, fatty acid and sterol. The compositions of phospholipid, fatty acid and sterol as a whole can be applied as an indicator of the quality and characteristics for CNPEs.

In Vitro Anticancer Activity of Virgin Coconut Oil and its Fractions in Liver and Oral Cancer Cells

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (18) ◽  
pp. 2223-2230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Poonam Verma ◽  
Sanjukta Naik ◽  
Pranati Nanda ◽  
Silvi Banerjee ◽  
Satyanarayan Naik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Oral Cancer ◽  
Anticancer Activity ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Virgin Coconut Oil ◽  
Anticancer Efficacy ◽  
Oral Cancer Cells

Background: Coconut oil is an edible oil obtained from fresh, mature coconut kernels. Few studies have reported the anticancer role of coconut oil. The fatty acid component of coconut oil directly targets the liver by portal circulation and as chylomicron via lymph. However, the anti-cancer activity of coconut oil against liver cancer cells and oral cancer cells is yet to be tested. The active component of coconut oil, that is responsible for the anticancer activity is not well understood. In this study, three different coconut oils, Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO), Processed Coconut Oil (PCO) and Fractionated Coconut Oil (FCO), were used. Objective: Based on previous studies, it can be hypothesized that fatty acids in coconut oil may have anticancer potential and may trigger cell death in cancer cell lines. Methods: Each cell line was treated with different concentrations of Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO), Processed Coconut Oil (PCO) and Fractionated Coconut Oil (FCO). The treated cells were assayed by MTT after 72 hr of incubation. The fatty acid composition of different coconut oils was analyzed by gas chromatography. Result: Different concentrations of coconut oils were used to treat the cells. Interestingly, the anticancer efficacy of VCO, PCO and FCO was not uniform, rather the efficacy varied from cell line to cell line. Only 20% VCO showed significant anticancer activity in HepG2 cells in comparison to 80% PCO against the KB cell line. Remarkably, 20% of PCO and 5% of FCO showed potential growth inhibition in the KB cell line as compared to 80% PCO in HepG2 cells. Moreover, there was a difference in the efficacy of VCO, PCO and FCO, which might be due to their fatty acid composition. Comparing the anticancer efficacy of VCO, PCO and FCO in this study helped to predict which class of fatty acids and which fatty acid might be associated with the anticancer activity of VCO. Conclusion: This study shows that VCO, PCO and FCO have anticancer efficacy and may be used for the treatment of cancer, especially liver and oral cancer.

Chlorella vulgaris as a Source of Essential Fatty Acids and Micronutrients: A Brief Commentary

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hércules Rezende Freitas
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Total Lipid Content ◽  
Dietary Quality ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Algae Biomass ◽  
Dietary Consumption ◽  
Acid Consumption

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) comprise about 35-40% of the total lipid content from green algaeChlorella, reaching up to 24% linoleic acid and 27% α-linolenic acid inC. vulgaris. Also, microalgae nutrient composition may be modulated by changes in the culture medium, increasing fatty acid and microelement concentrations in the algae biomass. PUFAs, such as α-linolenic (n-3) and linoleic (n-6) acids, as well as its derivatives, are considered essential for dietary consumption, and their ability to regulate body chemistry has been recently explored in depth. A balanced fatty acid consumption is shown to counteract the negative effects of western diets, such as chronic inflammation and glucose intolerance. In this brief commentary, technological and practical uses ofC. vulgarisare explored as means to improve dietary quality and, ultimately, human health.

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