scholarly journals Biomarkers of Deoxynivalenol, Citrinin, Ochratoxin A and Zearalenone in Pigs after Exposure to Naturally Contaminated Feed Close to Guidance Values

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 750
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Tkaczyk ◽  
Piotr Jedziniak ◽  
Łukasz Zielonka ◽  
Michał Dąbrowski ◽  
Piotr Ochodzki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Biomarkers Of Exposure ◽  
Exposure Experiment ◽  
Tandem Mass Spectrometric ◽  
Dose Response Study ◽  
Kinetics Of

This study applied multi-mycotoxin liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection (LC-MS/MS) methods to determine the biomarkers of exposure in urine and serum samples from a dose-response study with pigs. The 24 studied pigs were divided into three groups: a control and two experimental ones (with different levels of feed contamination). They were exposed to feed prepared from cereals contaminated with deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN), ochratoxin A (OTA) and citrinin (CIT) for 14 days. After that, both experimental groups received the same feed as the control group for the next 14 days to determine the kinetics of the disappearance of mycotoxin biomarkers. Urine samples were collected daily in the morning and blood samples—eight-times during the experiment. The study reported herein was the first prolonged exposure experiment for multiple mycotoxins like OTA and CIT in pigs. The urinary and serum levels of all biomarkers correlated well with the respective toxin intake; thereby demonstrating that they are suitable biomarkers of exposure in pigs. Urine is a good candidate to monitor DON, ZEN, OTA, CIT exposure while serum may be used to monitor DON, OTA and CIT. Additionally, OTA has even been quantified in both matrices in the experimental groups two weeks after changing the contaminated feed back to the control, this result differed from those produced by the other mycotoxins which were only quantified during the first two weeks. Therefore both matrices are suitable candidates to monitor prolonged OTA exposure in pigs.

scholarly journals Correlation between IL-10 as Cancer Biomarker and Demographic Characteristics of Colorectal Cancer Patients

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Rahin Sh Hamad ◽  
Bushra H. Shnawa ◽  
Shereen J. Al-Ali
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Interleukin 10 ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Cancer Pathogenesis ◽  
Colorectal Cancer Patients

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is classified as one of the most prevalent cancer types worldwide, with high morbidity and mortality rates. Patients of CRC have been shown to express a detectable cytokine in serum which contributes to cancer pathogenesis. Therefore, the serum interleukin 10 (IL-10) level in CRC patients was investigated in this study. Patients' medical records with CRC admitted to the Rizgary and Nanakali hospitals, Erbil, Iraq was analyzed as the study group compared to the healthy volunteers' control group. Seventy-one serum samples were collected, thirty-one from diagnosed CRC patients and forty from healthy controls. The concentrations of IL-10 in the sera were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The present finding showed that IL-10 Was significantly elevated in CRC patients' sera compared to the control group, suggesting confirmation of its usefulness for detecting CRC patients' prognosis. A non-significant Pearson correlation was detected between IL-10 serum levels and the CRC group's age, gender, and body mass index. Herein is the first study on the evaluation of IL-10 levels in CRC patients in Kurdistan, Iraq.

scholarly journals Biomonitoring Data for Assessing Aflatoxins and Ochratoxin A Exposure by Italian Feedstuffs Workers

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara De Santis ◽  
Francesca Debegnach ◽  
Elisa Sonego ◽  
Gianmarco Mazzilli ◽  
Francesca Buiarelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Statistical Difference ◽  
High Resolution Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Limit Of Quantification ◽  
Liquid Liquid Extraction ◽  
And Control

Mycotoxins exposure by inhalation and/or dermal contact is possible in different branches of industry especially where heavily dusty settings are present and the handling of dusty commodities is performed. This study aims to explore the validity of the biomonitoring as a tool to investigate the intake of mycotoxins in a population of workers operating in an Italian feed plant. Serum samples were collected for the determination of aflatoxins B1 (AFB1), AFB1-Lysine adduct and ochratoxin A (OTA). A method based on liquid–liquid extraction coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry determination was developed and fully validated. For AFB1, a high number of non-detected samples (90%) was found and no statistical difference was observed comparing workers and control group. None of the analyzed samples showed the presence of AFB1-Lysine adduct. For OTA, the 100% of the analyzed samples was positive with a 33% of the samples showing a concentration higher than the limit of quantification (LOQ), but no statistical difference was highlighted between the average levels of exposed and control groups. In conclusion, the presence of AFB1 and OTA in serum cannot be attributable to occupational exposure.

P6287Analysis of novel cardiac markers sST2 and IL-33 in chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
P Jirak ◽  
M Lichtenauer ◽  
B Wernly ◽  
V Paar ◽  
C Jung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Ejection Fraction ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Significant Elevation ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Reduced Ejection Fraction ◽  
Stress Studies ◽  
Cardiac Strain

Abstract Background Soluble (s) ST-2 has been recently evaluated as a monitoring parameter in heart failure (HF). Besides being a marker for cardiac strain and hemodynamic stress, studies also found an influence of ST2 on the immune system, above all mediated through its Janus-Face ligand IL-33, an alarmin released under stress conditions or by cellular death. In contrast to sST2, the role of IL-33 in HF is yet unknown. Objective In this project, we aimed for an analysis of the ST2/IL33 pathway in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Methods In total, 200 patients were included in the study: 59 with ischemic (ICM), 65 with dilated (DCM) cardiomyopathy (mean LVEF 38%), as well as 76 control patients without coronary artery disease or signs of heart failure. Serum samples were analyzed by use of ELISA after informed consent. Results sST2 showed a significant elevation in all HF patients (p<0.0001) compared to the control group. No significant differences in levels of sST2 were observed between ICM and DCM patients. In contrast to sST2, no differences between HF patients and control group were observed for IL-33. Furthermore, sST2 showed a significant correlation with CRP (p<0.001, r=0.28), NT-pro-BNP (p<0.0001, r=0.40) and an inverse correlation with ejection fraction (p<0.0001, r=−0.40). Additionally, sST2 showed a significant elevation in patients in NYHA stages I-II (p=0.030) and NYHA stages III-IV (p<0.01). Again, no significant correlations were observed between IL-33 and parameters mentioned above. Analysis of sST2 in heart failure Conclusions We observed a significant increase and correlation with disease severity of sST2 in chronic HFrEF patients of both ischemic and non-ischemic origin, but contrary to our expectations, no significant changes in serum levels of IL-33. Thus, a mechanism independent of ST2/IL33 axis could be responsible of sST2 secretion in HF. Further studies including acute decompensated patients could provide a better understanding of the IL-33 role in HF.

scholarly journals Can Admission S-100β Predict the Extent of Brain Damage in Head Trauma Patients?

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 612-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Schültke ◽  
V. Sadanand ◽  
M.E. Kelly ◽  
R.W. Griebel ◽  
B.H.J. Juurlink
Keyword(s):  
Brain Damage ◽  
Head Trauma ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Secondary Brain Injury ◽  
Trauma Patients ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Serum And Urine

Background:As has been shown previously, S-100β levels in serum can be a useful predictor of brain damage after head trauma. This pilot study was designed to investigate whether urine samples, which are much easier to obtain, could be used for the same purpose instead of serum samples.Methods:Ninety-six consecutive patients admitted with head trauma were recruited in the study. After exclusion of 54 patients, mostly because of significant additional trauma, S-100β levels were analyzed in serum and urine of 42 patients using a luminometric assay. A range for normal values was established based on samples from ten healthy volunteers.Results:S-100β serum levels increased proportional to the severity of the head trauma, as had been previously shown by several other groups. In many patients, initial increases in urine S-100β levels were seen later than in serum, after which the kinetics of S-100β levels in urine seemed to follow that established for serum levels. S-100β values in urine were on average about 54% lower in urine than in serum.Conclusions:S-100β levels in urine obtained on admission to the hospital are not a good indicator for the extent of brain damage. However, urine S-100β levels obtained at later time points might be a useful indicator for the development of secondary brain injury.

scholarly journals Plasma Thymus and Activation-Regulated Chemokine (TARC) As Diagnostic Marker in Pediatric Hodgkin Lymphoma

Blood ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 132 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 5312-5312
Author(s):  
Eline Zijtregtop ◽  
Waichu Wong ◽  
Friederike Meyer- Wentrup ◽  
Martha Lopez-Yurda ◽  
Raoull Hoogendijk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Hodgkin Lymphoma ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Diagnostic Marker ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Blood Biomarkers ◽  
Serum Samples

Abstract Background Pediatric classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) is a clonal disorder in an inflammatory background, also known as the microenvironment. This microenvironment is of major importance for growth and survival of the malignant Hodgkin/Reed Sternberg (HRS) cells. HRS cells and the microenvironment communicate through chemo- and cytokines. Blood biomarkers result from this active crosstalk, and may be a surrogate for lymphoma viability (Steidl et al, JCC 2011). Blood biomarkers are important because they hold the promise to be easily available and cost-effective. One promising biomarker in adult patients with cHL is the "Thymus and Activation-Regulated Chemokine, TARC (Plattell et al, Haematologica 2012). Elevated TARC levels are also described in patients with atopic dermatitis (Hijnen et al, J All Clin Immunol 2004). In adult cHL patients about 85% of patients have significantly elevated levels of TARC in pre-treatment serum or plasma compared to healthy controls (Plattell et al). So far nothing is known about TARC in pediatric cHL patients. To define its value as a diagnostic marker in pediatric cHL patients, we compared TARC levels of pediatric cHL patients with control patients. This study was IRB-approved and registered under Dutch Trial registry number 6876. Methods After providing informed consent, plasma and serum samples were collected of newly diagnosed cHL patients before start of treatment. To define normal values of TARC in children, samples were collected from non-cHL randomly selected patients from the hematology, endocrinology and oncology outpatient clinic. Baseline characteristics including history of atopic dermatitis were collected. These control patients were divided in three age groups (0-9,10-14 and 15-18 years). TARC levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (R&D systems, Human CCL17/TARC Quantikine ELISA Kit). TARC levels of the cHL patients were compared to the control group to obtain ROC curves and calculate the AUC, cross-validated sensitivity and specificity and accuracy of TARC as a diagnostic marker. We hypothesized that pediatric cHL patients had elevated pretreatment TARC levels in both serum and plasma. Analyses were done using SAS V9.4. Results Fourteen cHL patients were included with a median age of 14 (range 11-17) years. Ten (71.4%) were female. Eighty patients were included in the control group with a median age of 12 (range 10 months-18) years. Twenty-nine patients (36.3%) were included in age group 0-9, 25 (31.2%) in age group 10-14 and 26 (32.5%) in age group 15-18. Thirty-nine (48.8%) were female. Patients of the control group had a median TARC value of 71 (range 18-762) pg/ml for plasma and 318 (range 27-1300) pg/ml for serum. TARC plasma and serum levels decreased with age (Spearman correlation -0.26, 2-tailed p=0.0204), but there were no statistically significant pairwise comparisons found between the pre-specified age groups. In the eight control patients (10%) with atopic dermatitis no significantly higher plasma and serum levels were found (plasma median with eczema 97 versus 70 pg/ml without eczema (p=0.71) and serum median with eczema 643 versus 317 pg/ml (p=0.71)). Plasma was collected in 14 cHL patients, and all had elevated TARC levels, with a median plasma level of 18449 (range 1635-55821) pg/mL. Serum samples were collected in 8/14 cHL patients and all had elevated serum TARC levels. Median serum level: 46703 (range 12817-149739) pg/ml. The plasma TARC levels of cHL patients were significantly higher than those of the control group patients (p<0.001). With a cut-off of level of of 898.70 pg/ml, we obtained 100% (95% CI 73% - 100%) sensitivity and 100% (95% 94% - 100%) specificity. Serum TARC levels also were significantly higher than those of the control group patients (p<0.001), with a cut-off level of 10283.57 pg/ml, sensitivity and specificity will be 100% (95% CI 60% - 100% for sensitivity and 95% CI 94% - 100% for specificity). Conclusion All classical cHL patients had significantly higher TARC levels compared to the 80 control patients. Despite the small sample size of cHL patients, TARC was found to be a sensitive and specific diagnostic marker for pediatric cHL in both plasma and serum. Further research with a bigger sample of cHL patients is necessary to improve the accuracy of the sensitivity, as well as to investigate whether TARC is also a valuable marker for disease response during treatment in pediatric patients with cHL. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals Potential Use of Pregnancy-associated Plasma Protein-A and IMA as Biomarkers for the Early Stage of COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Belén G Sánchez ◽  
Jose M Gasalla ◽  
Manuel Sanchez-Chapado ◽  
Alicia Bort ◽  
Ines Diaz-Laviada
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Roc Curve ◽  
Troponin T ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Early Infection ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Serum Samples

Abstract BackgroundThis study has been undertaken with the urgent need for exploring reliable biomarkers for early infection of SARS-CoV-2. We performed a retrospective study analyzing the serum levels of the cardiovascular biomarkers N-terminal pro-B natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), cardiac troponin T (cTnT), Ischemia Modified Albumin (IMA) and pregnancy associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A), in 84 patients with COVID-19. MethodsPatients were divided in three groups according to their RT-qPCR and IgG values in acute infection (n=35), early infection (n=25) or control subjects (n=24). Levels of biomarkers were analyzed in patient’s serum samples by commercially available ELISA kits.ResultsMultivariate analysis and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve showed that IMA and PAPP-A, had an excellent discrimination value for the early stage of COVID-19. Serum levels of IMA in early SARS-CoV-2 infected patients were significantly higher than in the control group with an area under the ROC curve (AUC) value of 0.94 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.881- 0.999). Likewise, the serum level of PAPP-A was significantly higher in patients with early infection than in controls [AUC = 0.801 (95% CI: 0.673–0.929)]. The combined use of IMA and PAPP-A enhanced the sensitivity for total SARS-CoV-2 infected patients to 93%. ConclusionsThese results suggest that the levels of PAPP-A and IMA might be used as efficient biomarkers for the early stage of COVID-19 with high sensitivity and specificity. Importantly, when monitoring pregnancy and cardiovascular diseases by PAPP-A or IMA levels, an infection by SARS-CoV-2 should be discarded for proper interpretation of the results.

TARC and MDC Are the Only Chemokines with Highly Increased Levels in Serum of Hodgkin Lymphoma Patients.

Blood ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 108 (11) ◽  
pp. 2268-2268
Author(s):  
Marijke Niens ◽  
Lydia Visser ◽  
Ruth F. Jarrett ◽  
Gerard J. te Meerman ◽  
Sibrand Poppema ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hodgkin Lymphoma ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Immunological Mechanisms ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Eosinophilic Granulocytes

Abstract Chemokines (cytokines with chemoattractant properties) can recruit different subsets of cells and therefore play an important role in the formation and maintenance of the non-neoplastic reactive infiltrate present in Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). The infiltrate consisting of lymphocytes, plasma cells, histiocytes and eosinophilic granulocytes is the most abundant part of the tumor mass in HL and surrounds the minority of neoplastic cells, the so-called Hodgkin-Reed Sternberg (HRS) cells. Several studies have shown that HRS cells and cells in the reactive infiltrate produce multiple chemokines. Especially TARC (CCL17) and MDC (CCL22) are highly produced by HRS cells. Altered serum chemokine levels might be related to HL prognosis or disease activity, since immunological mechanisms are crucial in HL pathogenesis. So far, only TARC and IL-8 levels have been studied in the serum of HL patients. In this study serum levels of nine chemokines including, Eotaxin, Fractalkine, IP10, MCP1, MDC, Mig, MIP1a, RANTES, and TARC were examined in serum of 163 untreated HL patients and 334 healthy controls using ELISA. In a subset of nine patients we also examined serum chemokine levels after treatment. Serum levels of TARC and MDC were significantly increased in 82% and 57% of the HL patient group compared to 12% and 5% in the control group, respectively. Serum Fractalkine and Mig levels did not show a difference between patients and controls, whereas serum levels of Eotaxin, IP10, MCP1, MIP1a, and RANTES were significantly decreased in HL patients. Analysis of the different subtypes revealed that the Nodular Sclerosis (NS) cases contained increased serum TARC and MDC levels compared to the Mixed Cellularity (MC) cases (p-value= 0,000). Serum TARC levels strongly correlated with serum MDC levels (r=0.82, p<0.01). Of the nine patients with serum samples before and after treatment, seven showed decreased serum TARC and MDC levels after treatment. One patient with increased levels before treatment did not show decrease in chemokine levels after treatment and died of disease. The last patient did not have increased chemokine levels before treatment and showed similar low levels in both serum samples. The other chemokines did not show a difference in serum levels in the before and after treatment samples. This is the first study testing a broad set of chemokines in serum of HL patients. Of all chemokines tested, TARC and MDC were the only chemokines with increased serum levels in the vast majority of HL patients and these can be used to monitor treatment efficiency.

scholarly journals Serum ACE-2, angiotensin II, and aldosterone levels are unchanged in patients with COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Rieder ◽  
Luisa Wirth ◽  
Luisa Pollmeier ◽  
Maren Jeserich ◽  
Isabella Goller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Renin Angiotensin ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background The role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in COVID-19 is controversially discussed. SARS-CoV-2 enters host cells by binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system may affect susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and outcome of patients with COVID-19. Methods In this prospective single-center study, we determined the serum levels of ACE-2, angiotensin II and aldosterone in patients with COVID-19 compared to control patients presenting with similar symptoms in the emergency unit. Results We analyzed serum samples from 24 SARS-CoV-2 positive and 61 SARS-CoV-2 negative patients. SARS-CoV-2 positive and control patients did not differ in baseline patients characteristics, symptoms and clinical presentation. Mean serum concentrations of ACE2, angiotensin II, and aldosterone did not differ between the SARS-CoV-2 positive and the control group. In line with this, serum potassium as surrogate parameter for RAAS activity and blood pressure were similar in both groups. Conclusions In summary, we did not find evidence for altered RAAS activity including angiotensin II, aldosterone, or potassium levels, and blood pressure in patients with COVID-19.

scholarly journals Serum Syndecan-1 Levels and Its Relationship to Disease Activity in Patients with Crohn’s Disease

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cem Çekiç ◽  
Adnan Kırcı ◽  
Sezgin Vatansever ◽  
Fatih Aslan ◽  
Huriye Erbak Yılmaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crohn’S Disease ◽  
Crohn's Disease ◽  
Disease Activity ◽  
Activity Index ◽  
Normal Population ◽  
Disease Activity Index ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Reactive Protein

Background. Syndecan-1 (SDC-1), a member of the family of heparan sulfate proteoglycans, plays an important role in the resolution of inflammation. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between SDC-1 and disease activity in Crohn’s disease (CD).Methods. Serum samples of 54 patients with CD and 30 healthy controls were obtained. First, SDC-1 levels of the CD patients were compared to the control group. Subsequently, SDC-1 levels were analyzed in patients with CD in active and remission periods. Finally, SDC-1 efficacy in predicting disease activity was evaluated by performing correlation analysis between SDC-1 and C-reactive protein (CRP) and Crohn’s disease activity index (CDAI).Results. SDC-1 level was higher in the CD group (61.9 ± 42.6 ng/mL) compared with the control group (34.1 ± 8.0 ng/mL)p=0.03. SDC-1 levels were higher in active CD patients (97.1 ± 40.3 ng/mL) compared with those in remission (33.7 ± 13.5 ng/mL)p<0.001. A significant positive correlation was found between SDC-1 and CRP (r=0.687,p<0.001) and between SDC-1 and CDAI (r=0.747,p<0.001).Conclusion. Serum levels of SDC-1 are higher in CD compared to the normal population and can be an effective marker of disease severity.

scholarly journals The Role of MicroRNAs (miRNA 155, miRNA-146b) and Procalcitonin as Novel Markers for the Diagnosis of Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-38
Author(s):  
Dalia M. A. El-Hassib ◽  
Dina M. Abo-elmatty ◽  
Noha M. Mesbah ◽  
Sherief Abd-Elsalam ◽  
Shorouk A. Bastawisy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Serum Marker ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Bacterial Peritonitis ◽  
Infection And Inflammation

Background: MircoRNAs are endogenous, small non-coding RNA molecules that have been recognized as important modulators of gene expression. MicroRNA is considered one of the potential biomarkers of infection and inflammation. Our study aims to identify the potential role of miRNA-155, miRNA-146b, and Procalcitonin (PCT) in the early detection of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic liver patients. miRNA-155 and 146b are molecular biomarkers , while procalcitonin is a serum marker in ascites patients complicated with Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis (SBP) . Methods: This study was conducted on 199 patients, 101 of them have ascites complicated with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, and 98 patients without spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (control group). Ascitic fluid samples were collected from patients with SBP undergoing paracentesis at National Hepatology Institute in Egypt. MicroRNAs were determined in the serum using qPCR (quantitative polymerase chain reaction), while procalcitonin has been assessed in serum samples using ELISA (Enzyme-linked immune assay) technique. Results: Serum levels of miRNA-146b & miRNA-155 were significantly higher (p<0.001) in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis patients (79.2% and 97.0% respectively) than ascites patients (17.3% and 7.1%, respectively). Furthermore, the serum level of procalcitonin was significantly higher (p<0.001) in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis patients than that in ascites patients (68.3% and 27.6%, respectively). Conclusion: miRNA-155, miRNA-146b and procalcitonin can be used as early markers for the detection of SBP in hepatic patients with ascites.

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