scholarly journals A Review on Current COVID-19 Vaccines and Evaluation of Particulate Vaccine Delivery Systems

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1086
Author(s):  
Sarthak M. Shah ◽  
Hashem O. Alsaab ◽  
Mutasem M. Rawas-Qalaji ◽  
Mohammad N. Uddin
Keyword(s):  
Mucosal Immunity ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Dosage Forms ◽  
Cold Chain ◽  
World Population ◽  
Health It ◽  
Routes Of Administration ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Current Production

First detected in Wuhan, China, a highly contagious coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), also known as COVID-19, spread globally in December of 2019. As of 19 September 2021, approximately 4.5 million people have died globally, and 215 million active cases have been reported. To date, six vaccines have been developed and approved for human use. However, current production and supply capabilities are unable to meet global demands to immunize the entire world population. Only a few countries have been able to successfully vaccinate many of their residents. Therefore, an alternative vaccine that can be prepared in an easy and cost-effective manner is urgently needed. A vaccine that could be prepared in this manner, as well as can be preserved and transported at room temperature, would be of great benefit to public health. It is possible to develop such an alternative vaccine by using nano- or microparticle platforms. These platforms address most of the existing vaccine limitations as they are stable at room temperature, are inexpensive to produce and distribute, can be administered orally, and do not require cold chain storage for transportation or preservation. Particulate vaccines can be administered as either oral solutions or in sublingual or buccal film dosage forms. Besides improved patient compliance, the major advantage of oral, sublingual, and buccal routes of administration is that they can elicit mucosal immunity. Mucosal immunity, along with systemic immunity, can be a strong defense against SARS-CoV-2 as the virus enters the system through inhalation or saliva. This review discusses the possibility to produce a particulate COVID vaccine by using nano- or microparticles as platforms for oral administration or in sublingual or buccal film dosage forms in order to accelerate global vaccination.

Preservation of sperm within the mouse cauda epididymidis in salt or sugars at room temperature

Zygote ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tetsuo Ono ◽  
Eiji Mizutani ◽  
Chong Li ◽  
Teruhiko Wakayama
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Polar Body ◽  
Methylation Status ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Oocyte Activation ◽  
Male Gametes ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Cell Embryo ◽  
Cauda Epididymidis ◽  
Second Polar Body

SummaryThe development of preservation techniques for male gametes at room temperature might allow us to store them in a simple and cost-effective manner. In this study, we studied the use of pure salt or sugar to preserve the whole cauda epididymidis, because it is known that food can be preserved in this way at room temperature for long periods. Mouse epididymides were placed directly in powdered salt (NaCl) or sugars (glucose or raffinose) for 1 day to 1 year at room temperature. Spermatozoa were recovered from the preserved organs after being rehydrated with medium and then isolated sperm heads were microinjected into fresh oocytes. Importantly, the oocyte activation capacity of spermatozoa was maintained after epididymal storage in NaCl for 1 year, whereas most untreated spermatozoa failed to activate oocytes within 1 month of storage. Pronuclear morphology, the rate of extrusion of a second polar body and the methylation status of histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9me3) in those zygotes were similar to those of zygotes fertilized with fresh spermatozoa. However, the developmental ability of the zygotes decreased within 1 day of sperm storage. This effect led to nuclear fragmentation at the 2-cell embryo stage, irrespective of the storage method used. Thus, although the preserved sperm failed to allow embryo development, their oocyte activation factors were maintained by salt storage of the epididymis for up to 1 year at room temperature.

scholarly journals Buccal and Sublingual Vaccines: A Review on Oral Mucosal Immunization and Delivery Systems

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1177
Author(s):  
Valeria Trincado ◽  
Rikhav P. Gala ◽  
Javier O. Morales
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Mucosal Immunity ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Medical Personnel ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Mucosal Immunization ◽  
Routes Of Administration ◽  
Mucosal Delivery ◽  
Effective Immune Response ◽  
The Common

Currently, most vaccines available on the market are for parental use; however, this may not be the best option on several occasions. Mucosal routes of administration such as intranasal, sublingual, and buccal generate great interest due to the benefits they offer. These range from increasing patient compliance to inducing a more effective immune response than that achieved through conventional routes. Due to the activation of the common mucosal immune system, it is possible to generate an effective systemic and local immune response, which is not achieved through parenteral administration. Protection against pathogens that use mucosal entry routes is provided by an effective induction of mucosal immunity. Mucosal delivery systems are being developed, such as films and microneedles, which have proven to be effective, safe, and easy to administer. These systems have multiple advantages over commonly used injections, which are simple to manufacture, stable at room temperature, painless for the patient since they do not require puncture. Therefore, these delivery systems do not require to be administered by medical personnel; in fact, they could be self-administered.

scholarly journals Overview and Future Potential of Fast Dissolving Buccal Films as Drug Delivery System for Vaccines

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 388-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Nasir Uddin ◽  
Amanda Allon ◽  
Monzurul A Roni ◽  
Samir Kouzi
Keyword(s):  
Delivery System ◽  
Mucosal Immunity ◽  
Dosage Form ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Route Of Administration ◽  
Original Form ◽  
Sublingual Administration ◽  
First Pass Effect ◽  
Routes Of Administration ◽  
First Pass

Vaccination is considered one of the most successful public health interventions of the modern era. Vaccines are categorized based on the antigen used, delivery system and the route of administration. Traditional vaccines are produced from the dead, attenuated or inactivated pathogens that cause disease. However, newly developed vaccines are DNA based, liposome based, and virus like particle (VLP) based which are more effective and specific to some malignant diseases. The delivery system of vaccines has been advanced along with time as well. New delivery systems such as nanoparticles, liposomes, or cells (for DNA) has been proven to develop a more efficient vaccine. Most vaccines are administered via intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous (SQ) or oral (PO) route. However, these routes of administration have limitations and side effects. An alternative route could be oral cavity administration such as buccal or sublingual administration using film dosage form as delivery vehicle. In this article, we thoroughly reviewed the possibility of developing a quickly soluble film-based delivery system for vaccine administration. We reviewed the different types of new vaccines and vaccine formulations such as VLP based, liposome, bilosome, particulate, and summarized their suitability for use in a film dosage form. Quickly soluble film dosage form is the most optimized form of buccal administration. A film dosage form applied in the buccal cavity has several advantages: they can avoid first pass effect, they are easy to administer and prepare, and they are more cost effective. Since there is no first pass effect, only a small quantity of the vaccine is needed. Vaccines in their original form or in a nano or microparticulate form can be used in a film. The film can also be developed in multilayers to protect the vaccine from degradation by saliva or swallowing. Films are easy to prepare, administer, and can be used for systemic and local action. In addition, most of the current vaccines use mostly the parenteral route of administration, which has some major drawbacks such as poor induction of mucosal immunity, less patient compliant, less potent, high cost and cumbersome production process. Sublingual and buccal vaccine delivery can be good alternatives as they are easier to prepare and safer than parenteral administration routes. The buccal and sublingual administration have the advantage to produce both systemic and mucosal immunity.  

Strategic planning in grassland farming: Principles andapplications

1997 ◽  
pp. 191-197
Author(s):  
W.J. Parker ◽  
N.M. Shadbolt ◽  
D.I. Gray
Keyword(s):  
Strategic Planning ◽  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Key Performance Indicators ◽  
Strategic Plans ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Farm Business ◽  
Pastoral Farming ◽  
Financial Environment

Three levels of planning can be distinguished in grassland farming: strategic, tactical and operational. The purpose of strategic planning is to achieve a sustainable long-term fit of the farm business with its physical, social and financial environment. In pastoral farming, this essentially means developing plans that maximise and best match pasture growth with animal demand, while generating sufficient income to maintain or enhance farm resources and improvements, and attain personal and financial goals. Strategic plans relate to the whole farm business and are focused on the means to achieve future needs. They should be routinely (at least annually) reviewed and monitored for effectiveness through key performance indicators (e.g., Economic Farm Surplus) that enable progress toward goals to be measured in a timely and cost-effective manner. Failure to link strategy with control is likely to result in unfulfilled plans. Keywords: management, performance

3D printing in pharmacy

2020 ◽  
pp. 58-60
Author(s):  
Yuliya Prozherina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Drug Market ◽  
Dosage Forms ◽  
Fixed Dose ◽  
Major Step ◽  
Combination Drugs ◽  
Effective Technology ◽  
Dose Combination ◽  
Research Stage

3D printing of drugs is an innovative and cost-effective technology, which is a major step towards personalized medicine. This technology can be used for the development of controlled-release drugs; fixed-dose combination drugs, as well as for the creation of orodispersible dosage forms. The global 3D drug market is still largely at the research stage, but its rapid growth is expected in the coming decade [1].

Immunotheraphy in Allergic Diseases

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (11) ◽  
pp. 1174-1194
Author(s):  
Albert Roger ◽  
Maria Basagana ◽  
Aina Teniente-Serra ◽  
Nathalie Depreux ◽  
Yanina Jurgens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Immunotherapy ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Specific Ige ◽  
World Population ◽  
Allergen Specific Immunotherapy ◽  
Routes Of Administration ◽  
Disease Modifying Therapy ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ige Mediated ◽  
Special Case

The prevalence of allergic diseases is increasing worldwide. It is estimated that more than 30% of the world population is now affected by one or more allergic conditions and a high proportion of this increase is in young people. The diagnosis of allergy is dependent on a history of symptoms on exposure to an allergen together with the detection of allergen-specific IgE. Accurate diagnosis of allergies opens up therapeutic options. Allergen specific immunotherapy is the only successful disease-modifying therapy for IgE-mediated allergic diseases. New therapeutic strategies have been developed or are currently under clinical trials. Besides new routes of administration, new types of allergens are being developed. The use of adjuvants may amplify the immune response towards tolerance to the antigens. In this review, we analyze different antigen-specific immunotherapies according to administration route, type of antigens and adjuvants, and we address the special case of food allergy.

scholarly journals Novel Regeneration Approach for Creating Reusable FO-SPR Probes with NTA Surface Chemistry

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 186
Author(s):  
Jia-Huan Qu ◽  
Karen Leirs ◽  
Remei Escudero ◽  
Žiga Strmšek ◽  
Roman Jerala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Chemistry ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Nitrilotriacetic Acid ◽  
Antibody Fragments ◽  
Rapid Screening ◽  
Red Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Surface Regeneration ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity

To date, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors have been exploited in numerous different contexts while continuously pushing boundaries in terms of improved sensitivity, specificity, portability and reusability. The latter has attracted attention as a viable alternative to disposable biosensors, also offering prospects for rapid screening of biomolecules or biomolecular interactions. In this context here, we developed an approach to successfully regenerate a fiber-optic (FO)-SPR surface when utilizing cobalt (II)-nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) surface chemistry. To achieve this, we tested multiple regeneration conditions that can disrupt the NTA chelate on a surface fully saturated with His6-tagged antibody fragments (scFv-33H1F7) over ten regeneration cycles. The best surface regeneration was obtained when combining 100 mM EDTA, 500 mM imidazole and 0.5% SDS at pH 8.0 for 1 min with shaking at 150 rpm followed by washing with 0.5 M NaOH for 3 min. The true versatility of the established approach was proven by regenerating the NTA surface for ten cycles with three other model system bioreceptors, different in their size and structure: His6-tagged SARS-CoV-2 spike fragment (receptor binding domain, RBD), a red fluorescent protein (RFP) and protein origami carrying 4 RFPs (Tet12SN-RRRR). Enabling the removal of His6-tagged bioreceptors from NTA surfaces in a fast and cost-effective manner can have broad applications, spanning from the development of biosensors and various biopharmaceutical analyses to the synthesis of novel biomaterials.

scholarly journals Multi-Analytical Framework to Assess the In Vitro Swallowability of Solid Oral Dosage Forms Targeting Patient Acceptability and Adherence

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 411
Author(s):  
Abdul Latif Ershad ◽  
Ali Rajabi-Siahboomi ◽  
Shahrzad Missaghi ◽  
Daniel Kirby ◽  
Afzal Rahman Mohammed
Keyword(s):  
Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Dosage Forms ◽  
Oral Dosage ◽  
Surface Erosion ◽  
World Population ◽  
Swallowing Problems ◽  
Solid Oral Dosage Forms ◽  
Oral Dosage Forms

A lack of effective intervention in addressing patient non-adherence and the acceptability of solid oral dosage forms combined with the clinical consequences of swallowing problems in an ageing world population highlight the need for developing methods to study the swallowability of tablets. Due to the absence of suitable techniques, this study developed various in vitro analytical tools to assess physical properties governing the swallowing process of tablets by mimicking static and dynamic stages of time-independent oral transitioning events. Non-anatomical models with oral mucosa-mimicking surfaces were developed to assess the swallowability of tablets; an SLA 3D printed in vitro oral apparatus derived the coefficient of sliding friction and a friction sledge for a modified tensometer measured the shear adhesion profile. Film coat hydration and in vitro wettability was evaluated using a high-speed recording camera that provided quantitative measurements of micro-thickness changes, simulating static in vivo tablet–mucosa oral processing stages with artificial saliva. In order to ascertain the discriminatory power and validate the multianalytical framework, a range of commonly available tablet coating solutions and new compositions developed in our lab were comparatively evaluated according to a quantitative swallowability index that describes the mathematical relationship between the critical physical forces governing swallowability. This study showed that the absence of a film coat significantly impeded the ease of tablet gliding properties and formed chalky residues caused by immediate tablet surface erosion. Novel gelatin- and λ-carrageenan-based film coats exhibited an enhanced lubricity, lesser resistance to tangential motion, and reduced stickiness than polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)–PEG graft copolymer, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), and PVA-coated tablets; however, Opadry® EZ possessed the lowest friction–adhesion profile at 1.53 a.u., with the lowest work of adhesion profile at 1.28 J/mm2. For the first time, the in vitro analytical framework in this study provides a fast, cost-effective, and repeatable swallowability ranking method to screen the in vitro swallowability of solid oral medicines in an effort to aid formulators and the pharmaceutical industry to develop easy-to-swallow formulations.

scholarly journals Facile Green, Room-Temperature Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using Combretum erythrophyllum Leaf Extract: Antibacterial and Cell Viability Studies against Normal and Cancerous Cells

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 893
Author(s):  
Olufunto T. Fanoro ◽  
Sundararajan Parani ◽  
Rodney Maluleke ◽  
Thabang C. Lebepe ◽  
Jose R. Varghese ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gold Nanoparticles ◽  
Cell Viability ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Klebsiella Oxytoca ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Inhibition Concentration ◽  
First Time

We herein report a facile, green, cost-effective, plant-mediated synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for the first time using Combretum erythrophyllum (CE) plant leaves. The synthesis was conducted at room temperature using CE leaf extract serving as a reducing and capping agent. The as-synthesized AuNPs were found to be crystalline, well dispersed, and spherical in shape with an average diameter of 13.20 nm and an excellent stability of over 60 days. The AuNPs showed broad-spectrum antibacterial activities against both pathogenic Gram-positive (Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC14990), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Mycobacterium smegmatis (MC 215)) and Gram-negative bacteria (Proteus mirabilis (ATCC 7002), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 13822), Klebsiella oxytoca (ATCC 8724)), with a minimum inhibition concentration of 62.5 µg/mL. In addition, the as-synthesized AuNPs were highly stable with exceptional cell viability towards normal cells (BHK- 21) and cancerous cancer cell lines (cervical and lung cancer).

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