scholarly journals The Evolutionary Concept of Human Death

1970 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-126
Author(s):  
Adam Świeżyński
Keyword(s):  
Laws Of Nature ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Material Structure ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Form Of Life ◽  
Cosmic Evolution ◽  
The World ◽  
Evolutionary Point ◽  
Human Death

The natural sciences reveal the existence of a constant process of cosmic evolution, in which new forms of matter emerge. The continuity of the nonorganic and biological evolutionary processes, their assignment to the laws of nature, as well as the fact that the appearance of a human being constitutes their culmination, all this shows that a human being is an element of the material structure of the world. From the evolutionary point of view, it could be argued that a human being is “the ultimate form of life,” a very interesting but, in many respects, still very mysterious idea.

Defending the Difference

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
True Nature ◽  
Natural Entities ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Methodological Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One

Dreyfus argues that there is a basic methodological difference between the natural sciences and the social sciences, a difference that derives from the different goals and practices of each. He goes on to argue that being a realist about natural entities is compatible with pluralism or, as he calls it, “plural realism.” If intelligibility is always grounded in our practices, Dreyfus points out, then there is no point of view from which one can ask about or provide an answer to the one true nature of ultimate reality. But that is consistent with believing that the natural sciences can still reveal the way the world is independent of our theories and practices.

scholarly journals The Reception of Egyptian Modernism in Indonesia: Harun Nasution on Theology of Muhammad Abduh

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 49-64
Author(s):  
D. V. Mukhetdinov
Keyword(s):  
Laws Of Nature ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Ontological Status ◽  
Human Race ◽  
High Culture ◽  
Entire Area ◽  
Intellectual Abilities ◽  
Divine Justice ◽  
The World ◽  
Interpretive Model

In the present article we are going look at the interpretation of the theology of Muhammad Abduh (1849–1905) undertaken by the Indonesian scholar Harun Nasution (1919–1998). Nasution compares Abduh’s position to neo- Mutazilism, relying on the treatise “Risālah al- Tawḥid”. Nasution carries out a step-by-step interpretation of the most popular “exoteric” work of the Egyptian thinker, proving the rationalist character of his theological system. From the point of view of Nasution, the division of the human race into the elect and commoners characteristic of Abduh is intended to confi rm the special ontological status of people endowed with high culture and advanced intellectual abilities. The elect are able to comprehend the entire area of intelligible being, which includes both God with his attributes and the created world. From this follows the limited, confi rmatory character of Revelation. It does not so much reveal to people a hitherto unfamiliar truth as confi rms (legitimizes) the knowledge already available to the Elect. Nasution believes that Abduh’s views on human freedom and divine justice are in confl ict with Asharism. Man is the source of his own actions, he is given the freedom to independently determine his own destiny. Allah Almighty rules the world through the eternal laws of nature, sunan, and prefers not to interfere in the aff airs of people directly, although he is interested in their welfare. The article concludes with critical remarks challenging the interpretive model proposed by Nasution and other neoMutazilite scholars of Abduh.

scholarly journals Metamodernism as a discourse of a new anthropological myth

2021 ◽  
pp. 191-202
Author(s):  
Ekaterina A. Nechaeva
Keyword(s):  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Axiomatic Method ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Western European ◽  
Epistemological Point

The present paper concerns the discourse of metamodernism problem as a type of the anthropological myth. The anthropological myth is considered as a project for describing reality, which models a systematic consistent idea of a human being, reality, status of reality and develops ethic, aesthetic, axiological views of a subject. The article aims to determine the peculiarities of metamodernism as a fictional discourse of the anthropological myth on the basis of XXI century European novel analysis. The analysis is carried out with the use of the comparative method, contextual description methods, axiomatic method, discourse analysis method etc. The topicality of the undertaken research is determined by the appearance of a new fictional discourse in art at the beginning of the XXI century as well as a new aesthetic paradigm, not described yet. The texts of Western European novels written in the first two decades of the XXI century reveal authors’ consistent refusal of the principles traditionally viewed as post-modernist – novels featuring a simulated nature of reality, novels problematizing the relationships between the signifying and the signified, decentralizing the subject etc. The attempts to describe a particular cultural situation as an alternative to postmodernism have been taken since the 80’s of the XX century; metamodernism acts as one of such projects for describing the modern cultural situation. The paper analyzes the interpretation models referring to XXI century art on the basis Western European novels of XXI century. The author of the paper concludes that metamodernism as a fictional discourse of the new anthropological myth reflects a different idea of the reality. Metamodernism as a cultural project aims to “return” ontology, assume the availability of reality outside the cognizing subject’s consciousness, and surpass the iconic nature of reality. From the epistemological point of view, metamodernism offers cognition of the world and “Ego” via experience of “Another Ego”.

scholarly journals PLURALISMO EPISTEMOLÓGICO NO DIREITO E NAS UNIVERSIDADES - DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/rfd.v39i1.38202

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 175
Author(s):  
Maria Cristina Vidotte Blanco Tárrega ◽  
Daniel Diniz Gonçalves
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Development Work ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Human Relations ◽  
Human Relationships ◽  
The World ◽  
New Institutions ◽  
The University ◽  
Pluralistic Perspective

RESUMO:O intento do presente trabalho é refletir sobre duas das principais instituições das sociedades atuais, o Direito e a Universidade, o que será realizado à luz de uma perspectiva pluralista epistemológica. Ambas as instituições, tal e como se nos apresentam nos tempos presentes, são construídas e moldadas para funcionar sob a égide de uma especial maneira de ver o mundo, denominada modernidade, que labora sobre paradigmas simplistas e dualistas, que hierarquizam as relações humanas, provocando dominação e marginalização. Direito e Universidade, como instituições, criações humanas, retiram sua razão de ser, sua legitimidade, de seu papel na dinâmica das relações humanas, ou seja, de sua serventia ao homem. A ontologia de qualquer instituição é servir ao criador, ao ser humano, e, como tal, deve produzir o resultado de promover a melhora de suas condições de vida. Com essa visão ontológica e ética das instituições, desvelaremos e criticaremos os fundamentos epistemológicos da modernidade, evidenciando seus males, sobretudo seu intento de uniformizar e universalizar formas de viver e de conhecer o mundo e, em um segundo momento do desenvolvimento do trabalho, proporemos alternativas, com a citada perspectiva pluralista epistemológica. Na conclusão, formulamos nossa concepção de instituição, notadamente de Direito e Universidade, enquanto criação que advoga e viabiliza a emancipação e liberação do homem. Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to discuss two major institutions of modern societies, the Law and the University, which will be held in the light of a pluralistic epistemological perspective. Both institutions, as present today, are built and shaped to operate under the auspices of a special way of seeing the world, called modernity that works on simplistic and dualistic paradigms that put in hierarchical terms human relationships, causing domination and marginalization. Law and University, as institutions, as human creations, derive their “raison d'être”, its legitimacy, its role in the dynamics of human relations, of their usefulness to man. The ontology of any institution is to serve the creator, to serve the human being, and as such, this institutions should produce a result of promoting the improvement of living conditions of humanity. With this ontological and e thical point of view about institutions, this article will reveal and criticize the epistemological foundations of modernity, showing their ailments, especially their intent to standardize and universal ways of living and seeing the world. In a second phase of development work, this paper will propose alternatives with the aforementioned epistemological pluralistic perspective. In conclusion, this work will formulate a proposal of new institutions, notably of Law and University, as institutions that advocates and enables the empowerment and liberation of man.

scholarly journals What is a concept?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ciro Hideki Artiga Watanabe ◽  
Ruth Elisabeth Vasconcellos Lopes
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Process Information ◽  
Know How ◽  
The World ◽  
Evolutionary Point

Concepts are the tools we use to understand and interact with the world around us. It is not only useful for communication; concepts are present in most (if not all) cognitive tasks we realize. When we enter a new restaurant, encounter a new animal or meet a new person we automatically start to process information received in the attempt to match them with categories we already have. From an evolutionary point of view, this is really important because if the new object is similar enough with a class we already know, it means that we know how to deal with it (or what to expect from it). However, there is much we still don't know about how concepts represent classes and the different features and functions they display in different domains of knowledge. This is an attempt to investigate the nature of representation and cognition.

THE SYSTEMIC APPROACH TO THE NATURAL SCIENCE EDUCATION

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 4-7
Author(s):  
Vincentas Lamanauskas
Keyword(s):  
Science Education ◽  
Natural Science ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Systemic Approach ◽  
General Nature ◽  
General View ◽  
Human Being ◽  
The World ◽  
Natural Science Education

A term “Natural Science(s)” most frequently associates with natural sciences such as physics, chemistry, biology, astronomy, geography, etc., i.e. inanimate and animate nature. An extensive list of sci-ences testifies to the complexity of nature and its problematic character. The senior forms of comprehensive school are taught these sciences as individual subjects with little interdependence. Thus, undivided materiali-ty of nature seems to be “disjointed” and a general view of it is lost. Trying to perceive the phenomena that surround us, we always divide the world into single dimensions (for easier perception). What would happen if a chemist saw the world in a hundred – dimensional universe (following the number of chemical ele-ments)?! How deeply and properly one part may be studied it can never disclose the wholeness (a holistic or systemic aspect). On the other hand, we try to design complex systems from the observed and perceived single-dimensional fragments (for example, periodic law, etc.). In this case, any subject of nature cannot describe the wholeness of it. Of course, the view of general nature cannot be fully displayed within the frame of one of its branches. We have lost the real world as the set of interconnected parts. The pictures of the partial worlds (a world of physics, chemistry, biology, etc.) are fragmentary, incoherent and influence our consciousness as a stream of separate pictures. Therefore, it is necessary to form a system that would comprise the knowledge accumulated by all natural sciences establishing the linkage between subjects, inte-grating the knowledge of natural sciences, creating a picture of the world and turning back to the undivided individual world. Thus, in order to clearly realize and understand our environment and nature, to perceive therein existing relations between phenomena and laws, to have orientation in nature following the latest requirements for a scientific knowledge, it is equally important both, the differentiation and integration of natural sciences: the reconstruction of the “disjoined” nature as a unified system in a more advanced level of a theoretic cognition. The task to be resolved is in no manner easy; still the solution has to necessarily be found. The emphasis is put today on one of the reasons indicating why interest in natural sciences is de-creasing. The point is that natural science education (physics, chemistry, biology, etc.) stands behind the latest academic science achievements. According to N.Lisov (2000), scientific content is a key component of the educational process that promotes general - theoretic and functional - practical literacy of a person. The necessity of systemic thinking (approach) unfolds and implements natural science education. The correlation between human being and nature becomes more and more problematic. Human being cannot be treated only as a component of biosphere. The necessary systemic development of both nature and society is considered to be examined. In other words, a mind strategy is needful in the correlation with nature, society and a technical environment. Hypothetically we can say that nature “created” human being and human being established technical (technological) environment, but the latter “turned back” to both nature and human being. How not to wander? Although every living creature, including human being, is able to keep stability (homeostasis) it has to succeed in changing (evolution) as great stability can harm any organism. The sys-temic approach is extremely important to natural science education. The acknowledgment of a single com-ponent does not afford an opportunity to perceive the whole system. A similar method could be used creating a number of systems. For example, thermodynamics (entro-py, chaos, temperature and thermal energy are fundamental characteristics of thermodynamics), cybernetics (information and management are two fundamental characteristics of cybernetics) and synergetic (a science explaining the links between the phenomena, seeking to find out the origin of new objects that produce new phenomena or disappear) can be examined only as a closely operating system. Nature study (in a broad sense) is a complex, specific subject. Human being needs to be trained to feel nature and research it what makes him able to immediately communicate with it. Nature value awareness, experience and practice impersonation are the fundamental manifestations of the interaction between human being and nature. This is one of the primary tasks of natural science education in the 21st century. Key words: science education, systemic approach, human being, general education.

Towards a Theology of Nature

1964 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-145
Author(s):  
W. A. Whitehouse
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Natural Theology ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Christian Theology ◽  
Systematic Theology ◽  
Evolutionary Aspect ◽  
Physical Universe ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject

The phrase ‘a theology of nature’ is an abbreviation for ‘a theological account of natural happenings’—happenings which are properly investigated in the first instance by appropriate ‘natural sciences’. A Christian theology of nature seeks to provide a systematic appreciation of the physical universe, its items and occurrences, from a Christian theological point of view. If it is to rank as a serious contribution to human wisdom, it must be a disciplined effort to understand in appropriate terms the object of interest. One version of the discipline would be to produce an extension of the natural sciences, to cover topics—God, freedom, immortality—which fall outside their scope by a ‘metaphysical’ science which links these topics to the subject-matter of natural sciences in a theoretical account of ‘being as such’. This would have the effect of reintroducing ‘Natural Theology’, reshaped and revitalised, into the fabric of Christian systematic theology. This project is not being advocated in this article. It is mentioned solely in order to distinguish the present topic, a ‘theology of nature’, from what is traditionally known as ‘natural theology’. The purpose of this article is to explore afresh the structure of Christian intellectual response to the wonder of the world, as it is now being analysed by science, with particular attention to the ‘evolutionary’ aspect of things, appreciation of which has radically affected modern sensibility.

scholarly journals The Cop21 Process from the Point of View of the Social Sciences

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 123
Author(s):  
Jan-Erik Lane
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Policy Implementation ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Energy Emissions ◽  
The Universe

<em>Thus far, all the debate about climate change in the myriad of UN conferences and special meetings has been about the application of the theories of the natural sciences to the global warming phenomena. Now, that there is a decision by the governments of the world countries to go ahead with a radical decarbonisation policy in the 21st century, the lessons from the social science theories must be taken into account. The COP21 project is a case of policy implementation, but implementation is difficult. Greenhouse Gases (GHG) like CO2:s stem from the anthropogenic sources of carbon emissions from the factors that drives not only the universe but also all social systems, viz. energy. This article spells out the energy-emissions conundrum of mankind.</em>

scholarly journals Personalistic Ecclesiology of Czeslaw Stanislaw Bartnik

2016 ◽  
pp. 108-115
Author(s):  
Richard Gorban
Keyword(s):  
Human Nature ◽  
Holy Spirit ◽  
Religious Commitment ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Christian Community ◽  
Personal Character ◽  
The World ◽  
The One ◽  
The Church

In this article by Richard Gorban «Personalistic Ecclesiology of Czeslaw Stanislaw Bartnik» the author considers the concept of Personalistic Ecclesiology of Czeslaw Stanislaw Bartnik, a modern Catholic philosopher and theologian, the follower of theological Personalism of Karol Wojtyla. The author found out that, according to Bartnik’s Ecclesiology, the Church consists primarily of prosopoistic constituents: the Personality of Christ, Christ, Holy Spirit, community of persons, the world of the personality and consequently becomes the Personality itself. In conformity with the Polish thinker’s interpretation, the Church is a community of personalities, founded in a real way, by means of individual relations-bonds (relatio) with the Personality of Christ as the one that performs His mission and perceives a special dimension of the subject’s existence in the process and prospects of salvation. The philosopher-personalist treats nature and peculiarities of the Church based on the idea that it is a product of religious commitment, the phenomenon of personal character. The structures of the Church and religious commitment are distinguished by prosopoistic relations (relatio), that is why the personality should be seen as not only the factor, which creates bonds with the Church, but is its fundamental structure. Based on human nature and common Christian community, the Church manifests itself as a religious-social Personality. From the point of view of realistic Universal Personalism of Stanislaw Bartnik, it takes form of a communal character, following the principles of other kinds of a community person. As long as, the Church becomes the community whole, it must realize and really fulfils its Personality, becomes truly its self, furthermore it serves and realizes not only its own existence as a personality, but the existence of a single human being in its aspirations to its own fullness.

scholarly journals Explaining multistability: postphenomenology and affordances of technologies

AI & Society ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bas de Boer
Keyword(s):  
Technology Use ◽  
Material Design ◽  
Material Structure ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Affordance Theory ◽  
Form Of Life ◽  
Technological Artifacts ◽  
The Stability

AbstractA central issue in postphenomenology is how to explain the multistability of technologies: how can it be that specific technologies can be used for a wide variety of purposes (the “multi”), while not for all purposes (the “stability”)? For example, a table can be used for the purpose of sleeping, having dinner at, or even for staging a fencing match, but not for baking a cake. One explanation offered in the literature is that the (material) design of a technology puts constraints on the purposes for which technologies can be used. In this paper, I argue that such an explanation—while partly correct—fails to address the role of the environment in which human beings operate in putting constraints on technology use. I suggest that James Gibson’s affordance theory helps highlighting how stabilities in technology use arise in the interaction between human being and environment. Building on more recent approaches in affordance theory, I suggest that the environment can be conceptualized as a “rich landscape of affordances” that solicits certain actions, which are not just cued by the environment’s material structure, but also by the normativity present in the form of life in which a human being participates. I briefly contrast the approach to affordances developed in this paper with how Klenk (2020) and Tollon (2021) have conceptualized the “affordance character” of technological artifacts, and highlight how a focus on the situated nature of affordances augments these earlier conceptualizations.

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