scholarly journals Does Chitosan Improve the Lumen of the Heart Arteries in Diabetes Mellitus?

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3S) ◽  
pp. 325-327
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Adjunctive Therapy ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
The Body ◽  
Vascular Endothelial ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Arterial Lumen ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group 2

Diabetes mellitus is known as a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia caused by impaired insulin secretion, insulin action, or both and impaired metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. Diabetic angiopathy is a chronic complication of diabetes mellitus occurs in essential blood vessels throughout the body, started by endothelial dysfunction of vascular endothelial. Chitosan increases cardiac performance due to amino polysaccharide molecules. This study aims to determine the use of chitosan as adjunctive therapy for diabetes mellitus by looking at the arterial lumen of the heart arteries . Histopathological changes were observed by seeing the blood that filled the lumen of the heart arteries. Sixteen white rats divided into two groups: group 1 as treatment groups were injected by streptozotocin and group 2 as a treatment group was injected streptozotocin and giving chitosan. Data collection of coronary arteries was performed with a score of 3 >75 %, between 25%-75% given two scores, and < 25% were given rating 1. The results of paired t-test can be significant value between the observation of the blood that filled the lumen of the blood vessel of the heart (p:<0,005) indicating there is a significant difference between diabetic rats with streptozotocin that given chitosan compare with diabetic rats were not given chitosan. It can be concluded that chitosan as adjunctive therapy for diabetes mellitus can improve the lumen of the heart arteries.

scholarly journals Ekstrak air daun ceplikan (Ruellia tuberosa L.) serta pengaruhnya terhadap kadar glukosa darah dan gambaran histologis pankreas tikus putih (Rattus norvegicus) diabetes mellitus

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 64
Author(s):  
Taufan Hendra Tandri ◽  
Wiryatun Lestariana ◽  
Fatma Zuhrotun Nisa
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Glucose Level ◽  
Glucose Level ◽  
Rattus Norvegicus ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Group I ◽  
Significant Difference

Background: Effective control of blood glucose and activities of antioxidant are key factors that prevent diabetes mellitus (DM) and its complications. There are lots of herbal plants that have those both effects. Ceplikan leaves (Ruellia tuberosa L.) is a traditional medicine which is empirically used to lower blood glucose level. Instead of antioxidant compound, there is assumed other compound in ceplikan leaves that has side effect to pancreatic beta cells.Objective: To identify the effect of ceplikan leaves extract to blood glucose level and pancreas histology description in white diabetic rats (Rattus norvegicus).Method: Thirty subjects of Wistar strain male white rats of 2-3 months old and of 150-200 grams weight were made diabetic with aloxan and randomly divided into 5 groups. Group I consisted of diabetic rats with aquadest, group II with glibenclamide, and Group III-V were given extract of ceplikan leaves in different concentrations that were 1.6 mg, 3.2 mg, and 6.4mg, respectively. Treatment was given orally per day within 30 days. Level of blood glucose was measured in the day of 0, 3, 4, and 30. Statistical analysis used repeated measures and t-test.Result: The supply of ceplikan leaves extract could reduce level of blood glucose of diabetic rats, although the decrease was insignificant. Average diameter of wider Langerhans island occurred to the group of diabetic rats that were given extract of ceplikan leaves dosage 6.4 mg. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in changes of blood glucose level before and after experiment in diabetic rats. Pancreas histological description of rats showed that there was improvement as indicated by greater quantity of Langerhans Island and wider diameter of Langerhans Island.Conclusion: Ceplikan leaves was safe and efficacious, so that self-medication of DM using ceplikan leaves could be sustained through formal approach.

scholarly journals The Effectiveness of Purslane Extract Provision on Liver of White Rats (Rattus norvegicus) with High Fat Diet

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 608-613
Author(s):  
Yuli Susana ◽  
Lucia Tri Suwanti ◽  
Lianny Nangoi
Keyword(s):  
Rattus Norvegicus ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Fatty Degeneration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Portulaca Oleracea ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean

Most animal owners provide fatty food with high cholesterol level that exceeds the needs of their pets. The pattern of giving a high-fat diet causes interference with the cholesterol synthesis in the body. It can damage the liver by causing fatty degeneration, hepatic cirrhosis, and eventually necrosis of the liver. The purpose of the current study was to determine the effectiveness of Purslane extract (Portulaca oleracea L.) on the liver histopathological image of white rats (Rattus norvegicus) with a high-fat diet. The current study used an experimental method with a completely randomized design on 20 males white mouses (Rattus norvegicus) divided into five treatment groups. There were two control groups, the first group received standard feed (Pellet) and Carboxymethyl Cellulose Sodium 1%, while the second was given standard feed and a high-fat diet. Three treatment groups which included P1, P2, P3 were given standard feed, a high-fat diet, and purslane extract solution with 54 mg/day, 108 mg/day, and 216 mg/day, respectively. Research results from the mean rank of fatty degeneration which was measured using the Kruskal Wallis test presented significant differences, and the results from the mean of fatty degeneration using the Mann Whitney test did not indicate any significant difference. Liver cell necrosis from the two tests presented a significant difference. Purslane extract (Portulaca oleracea L.) was confirmed to be effective in reducing or decreasing hepatocyte cell damage after receiving a high-fat diet.

scholarly journals The Assay of Blood Plasma’s Malondialdehyde (MDA) Activity in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rat Given Yellow Velvet Leaf Extract (Limnocharis flava)

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-162
Author(s):  
Yithro Serang ◽  
Ainun Nur Hammi
Keyword(s):  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
The Body ◽  
Diabetic Rat ◽  
Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substance ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
One Way Anova

It has been well-known that Genjer or yellow velvet leaf (Limnocharis flava) has a potential as an alternative source to natural antioxidants. Antioxidants, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, tannins, and others are substances which can block the presence of free radicals coming into the body. It has also been examined to be beneficial in treating metabolic syndrome diseases such as diabetes, as it improves insulin’s performance. The objective of this study is to examine the antioxidant effect of yellow velvet leaf’s ethanolic extract (Limnocharis Flava) on blood plasma’s MDA activity in alloxan-induced diabetic rats (Rattus novergicus) in three different doses. The testing animals were randomly divided into five groups, each group consisted of 6 white rats. Group 1 was the negative control and given CMC Na 0.5%, while group 2 was a positive control and given glibenclamide 0.45 mg, group 3 was yellow velvet leaf’s ethanolic extract of 32.5 mg/kg, group 4 was yellow velvet leaf’s ethanolic extract of 65 mg/kg, group 5 was yellow velvet leaf’s ethanolic extract of 130 mg/kg. Previously, all groups were induced with alloxan through intra peritoneal injection. Ethanol extract was provided once on the day of 7th, 14th, and 21st. The observed parameters were blood plasma’s MDA activity in the alloxan-induced diabetic rats (Rattus novergicus). Blood plasma’s MDA activities were assessed by using Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substance (TBARs) method. Then, data were collected and analyzed by using One Way ANOVA followed by a Post hoc test. The results showed that the mean values of MDA levels in the testing groups of 1,2,3,4 and 5 were 9.30 ± 0.462, 2.17 ± 0.121, 6.11 ± 0.381, 4.07 ± 0.327, and 2.75 ± 0.121, respectively. One Way ANOVA test showed a significant difference in the blood plasma’s MDA levels among the groups (p = 0,000). It is concluded that the blood plasma’s MDA levels in alloxan-induced diabetic rats can be lowered by the yellow velvet leaf’s ethanolic extract (Limnocharis Flava). Therefore, it can be employed as a traditional treatment for diabetes.

scholarly journals The Antioxidant Effect of Curcumin and Rutin on Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Experimentally Induced Periodontitis in Hyperglycemic Wistar Rats

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 1332
Author(s):  
Gilda M. Iova ◽  
Horia Calniceanu ◽  
Adelina Popa ◽  
Camelia A. Szuhanek ◽  
Olivia Marcu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Gingival Tissue ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Experimentally Induced

Background: There is a growing interest in the correlation between antioxidants and periodontal disease. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of oxidative stress and the impact of two antioxidants, curcumin and rutin, respectively, in the etiopathology of experimentally induced periodontitis in diabetic rats. Methods: Fifty Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into five groups and were induced with diabetes mellitus and periodontitis: (1) (CONTROL)—control group, (2) (DPP)—experimentally induced diabetes mellitus and periodontitis, (3) (DPC)—experimentally induced diabetes mellitus and periodontitis treated with curcumin (C), (4) (DPR)—experimentally induced diabetes mellitus and periodontitis treated with rutin (R) and (5) (DPCR)—experimentally induced diabetes mellitus and periodontitis treated with C and R. We evaluated malondialdehyde (MDA) as a biomarker of oxidative stress and reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), GSH/GSSG and catalase (CAT) as biomarkers of the antioxidant capacity in blood harvested from the animals we tested. The MDA levels and CAT activities were also evaluated in the gingival tissue. Results: The control group effect was statistically significantly different from any other groups, regardless of whether or not the treatment was applied. There was also a significant difference between the untreated group and the three treatment groups for variables MDA, GSH, GSSG, GSH/GSSG and CAT. There was no significant difference in the mean effect for the MDA, GSH, GSSG, GSH/GSSG and CAT variables in the treated groups of rats with curcumin, rutin and the combination of curcumin and rutin. Conclusions: The oral administration of curcumin and rutin, single or combined, could reduce the oxidative stress and enhance the antioxidant status in hyperglycemic periodontitis rats.

scholarly journals Thromboelastometric evaluation of horses submitted to experimental thrombosis and jugular thrombectomy

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (8) ◽  
pp. 677-686 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dietrich Pizzigatti ◽  
Daniele S. Gonçalves ◽  
Thays C. Trentin ◽  
Regina K. Takahira ◽  
Ana L.G. Alves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Count ◽  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Alpha Angle ◽  
Fogarty Catheter ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Α Angle

Abstract: Jugular thrombosis in horses occurs commonly in iatrogenic situations, secondary to endotoxemic clinical condition and disseminated vascular coagulation, potentially leading to death. Thus, hemostatic evaluation becomes necessary and extremely important for monitoring the risks of systemic hypercoagulability and for the efficiency of allopathic and surgical treatment. This paper describes the hemostatic behavior in experimental jugular thrombosis of ten healthy equines, subsequently submitted to two thrombectomy techniques and receiving heparin sodium as anti-rethrombosis therapy. These animals were evaluated for 20 days by thromboelastometry (TEM), platelet count, hematocrit and fibrinogen, at four moments: pre-induction to phlebitis (D0-MPF); three days after thrombophlebitis induction (D3-MFM); 6 days after, - moment of thrombophlebitis - (D9-MT); and 54 (D16) and 126 (D19) hours after thrombectomies (PTM). Thrombectomy was performed via a Vollmar Ring (group 1, n=5) and Fogarty catheter (group 2, n=5). All the animals received heparin (150 UI/kg, SC) every 12 hours, for ten days after the respective thrombectomies. Through the blood samples were evaluated TEM, activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and prothrombin time (PT), dosing of fibrinogen, hematocrit and platelet count at the abovementioned moments. For comparison between groups and moments the t test was applied at 5% significance level. No significant difference was verified between treatment groups at any of the moments. There were reductions in clotting time (CT) and clot formation time (CFT), with increase in maximum lysis (ML) until the moment D9-MT. Evaluation through INTEM® reagent presented prolongations of CT and CFT with reduction of α angle and ML starting from D16 and D19. Similarly, aPTT presented significant differences between moments pre- (D0, 3 and 9) and post- (D16 and 19) anticoagulant and surgical treatment. The platelet numbers were diminished at moments D16 and D19. In evaluation with EXTEM® reagent, prolongation of CT and CFT occurred only between the moments D0 vs. D3 and vs. D9. O PT did not present significant differences. The results obtained demonstrate that experimental jugular thrombophlebitis leads to local clinical alterations, with impairment of tissue and of the extrinsic coagulation pathway (EXTEM® ), but without evidence of systemic hypercoagulability status, since there was no increase of the alpha angle or maximum clot firmness (MCF). Furthermore, TEM was shown useful and more sensitive than conventional coagulation tests (PT, aPTT and fibrinogen) for the monitoring of anticoagulant therapy, as demonstrated in other works.

scholarly journals Miniplate 1.5 fixation for the repair of mandibular osteotomies in cats

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adelina Maria da Silva ◽  
Wilson Machado de Souza ◽  
Patrícia de Athayde Barnabé ◽  
Marion Burkhardt de Koivisto ◽  
Nair Trevizan Machado de Souza
Keyword(s):  
Radiolucent Line ◽  
The Body ◽  
Bone Union ◽  
Dental Occlusion ◽  
Mandibular Fractures ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Osteotomy Line ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Adult Cats ◽  
Group 1

Purpose: To evaluate the application of the maxillofacial miniplate 1.5 in the repair of unilateral mandibular osteotomies in cats. Methods: Twelve adult cats were divided into two groups. In group 1 (n=6), the osteotomy was performed in the body of the mandible, behind the 1st molar. In group 2 (n=6), the osteotomy was performed between the 4th premolar and 1st molar. The osteotomy was fixed with a titanium miniplate 1.5. Oral alimentation was reinitiated 24 hours after surgery. Cats were euthanized at 12 weeks postoperative. Results: Radiographs taken 1 week after surgery showed a radiolucent line. The osteotomy line was not more visible on the radiographs taken at 12 weeks postoperative. Macroscopic examination confirmed alignment and bone union of operated hemimandibles. Histological examination showed formation of woven bone within the osteotomy line. The percentage of bone tissue at these areas was measured by the histometry. There was no statistically significant difference between the values of group 1(75.07 ± 5.99) and group 2 (74.76 ± 8.54) (Mann-Whitney's test p= 0.469). Conclusion: We concluded that the use of miniplate 1.5 for the fixation of mandibular osteotomy in cats provided the main goals in the treatment of mandibular fractures: bone union, normal dental occlusion and immediate return to oral alimentation.

scholarly journals The Effect of Aloe Vera Extract to Extensive Lesion and Expression of Transforming Growth Factor (TGF-β) on Alkaline Chemical Trauma Cornea Model

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Fahcreza ◽  
Elsa Iskandar ◽  
Rachmat Hidayat ◽  
Petty Purwanita ◽  
Anang Tribowo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Aloe Vera ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
In Cells

Abstract Background: Chemical trauma to the cornea is an emergency condition of the eye that requires early diagnosis and good treatment. Alkaline have ability to saponify fatty acids in cells and cell membranes which can make penetration into the stroma and destroy proteoglycans and collagen in cells. Aloe vera (AV) contains several active substances that are reported to have anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and wound healing effects. AV has been reported to accelerate the healing process of corneal epithelial defects by increasing fibroblast proliferation, collagen production and growth factor production. This study aims to determine the difference between the effect of aloe vera extract with a concentration of 10%, 20%, 40% and BSS on the healing of extensive corneal lesions in white wistar rats alkaline trauma models. Method: This study was an experimental study with a pre and posttest only with control group design in vivo approach to 30 Wistar white rats which were divided into 5 treatment groups for 3 days. Comparative analysis of effectiveness using the ANNOVA test or the Kruskal Wallis test and continued by the post hoc test. Results: Based on the one way ANOVA test there was a statistically significant difference in effectiveness between the five treatment groups on the percentage of corneal wound healing area and TGF-β expression with an assessment of p = 0,000 each. The administration of alloevera (AV) concentration of 20% had a significant difference in percentage of healing of corneal lesions and TGF-β expression compared with other treatment groups with p = 0,000 each. Large differences in the area of corneal lesions in the 40% AV group were -0.45 in the BBS group, 0.146 in the 10% AV group, 0.493 in the 20% AV group. The difference in the AV group 10% was 0.30 in the BBS group, -064 in the AV group 20%, and -0.14 in the AV group 40%. However, TGFβ expression in the normal control group that did not receive treatment was 54.94 (53.21-56-12). TGFβ levels in the BSS group were 10.44, the 10% aloe vera group was 25.43, 47.99 for the 20% aloe vera group and 37.95 for the 40% aloe vera group. Conclusion: There is a difference between the effect of aloe vera extract with concentrations of 10%, 20%, 40% and BSS on the extensive healing of corneal lesions in white wistar rats with alkaline chemical trauma models.

Abstract WP380: Thyrotoxicosis is Associated With Worse In-Hospital Mortality in Patients With Ischemic Stroke

Stroke ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sakiru O Isa ◽  
Olajide Buhari ◽  
Hameem Changezi
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Hospital Mortality ◽  
Length Of Hospital Stay ◽  
The Body ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
History Of ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Time Of Presentation ◽  
Group 1

Introduction: Hyperthyroidism increases the basal metabolic rate and affects most systems in the body. Patients with hyperthyroidism have been shown to have a higher incidence of ischemic stroke. There is a paucity of information regarding its effects on the short-term outcomes of patients admitted with ischemic stroke. Hypothesis: Hyperthyroidism is associated with worse in-hospital outcomes in patients admitted for ischemic stroke. Methods: We queried the National Inpatient Sample to identify adult patients(aged 18 and above) admitted for ischemic stroke between January 2011 and December 2014. We compared those with a history of hyperthyroidism (group 1) and thyrotoxicosis on admission (group 2) with the rest of the patients (group 3). The main outcome was in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes included the length of hospital stay and cost of hospitalization. We used the logistic regression model and adjusted for baseline characteristics and co-morbidities. Results: There were 643,786 patients in the study, 0.44% had a history of hyperthyroidism, and 0.01% had thyrotoxicosis at the time of presentation. The odd of mortality in group 1 compared to group 3 was 0.89, 95% CI 0.75-1.05, p=0.16 while in group 2 compared to group 3, it was 2.42, 95% CI 1.29-4.52, p<0.006. The mean length of stay was also longer in group 2 with a mean difference of 8.06, 95% CI 4.74 - 11.39, p<0.0001. Conclusion: From the study, there was no significant difference in in-hospital mortality between patients with previously diagnosed hyperthyroidism and those without diagnosed hyperthyroidism. Patients who had thyrotoxicosis on admission, on the other hand, had worse outcomes compared to patients without thyrotoxicosis.

scholarly journals PSX-32 Prediction of energy requirements for maintenance and growth of female Korean black goats

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 453-454
Author(s):  
Jinwook Lee ◽  
Sang Hoon Lee ◽  
Sung Soo Lee ◽  
Dong Kyo Kim
Keyword(s):  
Growth Phase ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Improving Accuracy

Abstract The consumption of goat has changed from medicinal to meat in Korea. Thus, the population of Korean black goats (KBG) are continuously increased in recent years. However, the nutrition requirement of KBG has not been clearly defined. Therefore, this study was conducted to predict the energy requirements for maintenance and growth of female Korean black goats during their growth and pregnancy phases. Fifty female goats (18.7±0.27 kg) in their growth phase with an average age of 5 months were stratified by weight and randomly assigned into 5 groups. They were fed 5 diets varying in metabolic energy (ME) [2.32 (G1), 2.49 (G2), 2.74 (G3), 2.99 (G4), and 3.24 (G5) Mcal/kg] until they were 9-month-old. After natural breeding, 50 female goats (30.7±0.59 kg) were stratified by weight and randomly assigned into 5 groups. They were fed 5 diets varying in ME [2.32 (P1), 2.43 (P2), 2.55 (P3), 2.66 (P4), and 2.78 (P5) Mcal/kg]. The average feed intake ranged between 1.5 and 2.0% of the body weight (BW), and there was no significant difference between the treatment groups with goats in growth or pregnancy phases. Average daily gain (ADG) in diet demand during the growth phase increased with an increasing ME density and ranged from 46 to 69 g/d (P &lt; 0.01). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) improved with the ME density during the growth phase (P &lt; 0.01). The intercept of the regression equation between ME intake and ADG indicated that energy requirement for maintenance of goats during growth and pregnancy phases was 103.53 kcal/BW0.75 and 102.7 kcal/BW0.75, respectively. These results may serve as a basis for the establishment of goat feeding standards in Korea. Further studies are required to assess the nutrient requirement of goats using various methods for improving accuracy.

scholarly journals Inhibition of Corneal Neovascularization by Subconjunctival Injection of Fc-Endostatin, a Novel Inhibitor of Angiogenesis

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junko Yoshida ◽  
Robert T. Wicks ◽  
Andrea I. Zambrano ◽  
Betty M. Tyler ◽  
Kashi Javaherian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Angiogenesis Inhibitor ◽  
Corneal Neovascularization ◽  
Subconjunctival Injection ◽  
Vascular Endothelial ◽  
Vessel Length ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Vessel Growth ◽  
Endothelial Growth Factor ◽  
Clinical Potential

We assessed the antiangiogenic effects of subconjunctival injection of Fc-endostatin (FcE) using a human vascular endothelial growth factor-induced rabbit corneal neovascularization model. Angiogenesis was induced in rabbit corneas through intrastromal implantations of VEGF polymer implanted 2 mm from the limbus. NZW rabbits were separated into groups receiving twice weekly subconjunctival injections of either saline; 25 mg/mL bevacizumab; 2 mg/mL FcE; or 20 mg/mL FcE. Corneas were digitally imaged at 5 time points. An angiogenesis index (AI) was calculated (vessel length (mm) × vessel number score) for each observation. All treatment groups showed a significant decrease in the vessel length and AI compared to saline on all observation days (P<0.001). By day 15, FcE 2 inhibited angiogenesis significantly better than FcE 20 (P<0.01). There was no significant difference between FcE 2 and BV, although the values trended towards significantly increased inhibition by BV. BV was a significantly better inhibitor than FcE 20 by day 8 (P<0.01). FcE was safe and significantly inhibited new vessel growth in a rabbit corneal neovascularization model. Lower concentration FcE 2 exhibited better inhibition than FcE 20, consistent with previous FcE studies referencing a biphasic dose-response curve. Additional studies are necessary to further elucidate the efficacy and clinical potential of this novel angiogenesis inhibitor.

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