scholarly journals PENGARUH PEMBERIAN TABLET BESI DALAM MENINGKATKAN KADAR HEMOGLOBIN REMAJA UMUR PUTRI DI SEKOLAH MENENGAH ATAS LAHAT

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-139
Author(s):  
Eka Haryanti ◽  
Kamesworo - Kamesworo ◽  
Maksuk - Maksuk

ABSTRAK Latar belakang:                 Penyebab utama yang dapat menimbulkan anemia pada wanita yaitu terjadinya kehilangan darah saat menstruasi dan kurangnya zat gizi dalam pembentukan darah misalnya zat besi, protein, asam folat dan B12.  Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian tablet Fe dalam peningkatan kadar Hb pada remaja usia 15-18 tahun di SMAN 3 Lahat.                         Metode: Jenis penelitian ini adalah kuantitatif dengan desain Quasy Eksperiment One Group Pretest Postest. Sampel diambil menggunakan purposive sampling sebanyak 46 responden. Alat ukur yang digunakan adalah Hb meter.                                                     Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukan sebelum pemberian tablet Fe  didapatkan bahwa dari 46 responden, yaitu sebanyak 11 responden (24%) mengalami anemia. Pada pengukuran setelah pemberian tablet Fe dari 46 responden terdapat 5 responden (10.9%) mengalami anemia.  Uji Test Dependent menunjukan hasil signifkan  (p = 0,001). Hal ini menunjukan ada pengaruh pemberian tablet Fe dalam peningkatan kadar Hb pada remaja usia 15-18 tahun.                                Kesimpulan: Sesudah pemberian Tablet Fe menggunakan uji T maka didapatkan           (P value = 0.001), dimana P value lebih kecil dari 0.05 artinya ada perbedaan yang signifikan antara  pemberian Tablet Fe terhadap kadar Hb remaja putri di SMAN 3 Lahat. Kata Kunci: Anemia, tablet Fe, remaja   ABSTRACT Background:The main causes that can cause anemia in women are blood loss during menstruation and lack of nutrients in the formation of blood such as iron, protein, folic acid and B12. This study aims to determine the effect of giving Fe Tablets in increasing Hb levels in adolescents aged 15-18 years at Senior High School 3 (SMAN 3 ) of Lahat. Method:This type of research is quantitative with the design of Quasy Experiment One Group Pretest Postest. Samples were taken using purposive sampling as many as 46 respondents. The measuring instrument used is the Hb meter. Results: The results showed that before giving Fe tablets, it was found that of 46 respondents, 11 respondents (24%) had anemia. In the measurement after giving Fe tablets from 46 respondents there were 5 respondents (10.9%) having anemia. Test Dependent Test showed significant results (p = 0.001). This shows that there is an effect of giving Fe tablets in increasing Hb levels in adolescents aged 15-18 years. Conclusion:After giving Fe Tablet using the T test, it was obtained (P value = 0.001), where P value is less than 0.05, it means that there is a significant difference between Fe tablet administration on Hb levels of girls in Senior High School 3  (SMAN 3) of Lahat Keywords:Anemia, Fe tablets,

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 98
Author(s):  
WIDANA PRIMANINGTYAS ◽  
ANAK AGUNG ALIT KIRTI ASTUTI NARENDRA PUTRI ◽  
HENI HASTUTI

<p align="center"><strong><em>A</em></strong><strong><em>BSTRACT</em></strong></p><p><strong><em>Background</em></strong><em>: There are many literatures have reported the link between religiosity and health outcomes. Body image come as someones’ perceptions towards their body, also being influenced by religiosity. The aims of this study was to compare body image in adolescents between private (Islamic) and public (mix religion) high schools, beside the similar study in Indonesia have not yet reported. </em></p><p><strong><em>Method</em></strong><em>: This was a cross sectional design study using Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) and Duke University Religion (Durel) Index questionnaire. We used purposive sampling for sampling technique. The data collected from one private (I) and one public (II) senior high schools in Surakarta, Indonesia.  An independent-samples t test was conducted to compare the BSQ score and Durel index between both schools.  </em></p><p><strong><em>Result</em></strong><em>: Total 150 questionnaires were distributed to both schools, only 116 questionnaires filled completely. There was a significant difference in the Durel index between school I (M=25.90, SD=2.82) and II (M= 24.70, SD=1.55); t(114)= 2.84, p=0.005. But there was not a significant difference in the BSQ score between school I (M= 77.00, SD=26.16) and II (M= 79.86, SD=26.67); t(114)=-0.58, p=0.561. </em></p><p><strong><em>Conclusion</em></strong><em>: These results showed that the students who studying in a private senior high school have a higher religiosity compare to those who studying in public senior high school. The higher religiosity in private schools’ gave them lower score on BSQ compare to public schools’, but the mean differences were not statistically significant. </em><em></em></p><p><strong><em>Keywords: body image</em></strong><strong><em>;</em></strong><strong><em> adolescents</em></strong><strong><em>;</em></strong><strong><em> body shape</em></strong></p><p align="center"><strong>ABSTRAK</strong></p><p><strong>Background:</strong> Religiusitas dan hubungannya dengan <em>outcome</em> kesehatan telah dibahas dalam berbagai studi. Salah satu <em>outcome</em> kesehatan yang berhubungan dengan religiusitas adalah <em>body image</em>. Tujuan dari studi ini adalah untuk membandingkan <em>body image</em> pada remaja di sekolah menengah atas privat (Islami) dan sekolah umum (berbagai agama). Studi ini di Indonesia masih belum banyak ditemukan publikasinya.</p><p><strong>Metode</strong>: Studi ini adalah studi observasional analitik dengan pendekatan <em>cross sectional</em>. Dua kuisioner digunakan sebagai alat ukur penelitian yaitu <em>Body Shape Questionnaire</em> (BSQ) dan <em>Duke University Religion</em> (Durel) <em>Index questionnaire</em>. Teknik sampling yang digunakan adalah <em>purposive sampling</em>. Data penelitian didapatkan dari 1 sekolah menengah atas privat (I) dan 1 umum (II) di Surakarta, Indonesia. Untuk analisis data dalam studi ini digunakan <em>Independent-samples t test</em>  untuk membandingkan skor BSQ dan Durel index dari dua sekolah tersebut.</p><p><strong>Hasil</strong>: 150 kuisioner didistribusikan kepada remaja di kedua sekolah, hanya 116 kuisioner yang pengisiannya lengkap. Terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan dari skor Durel index antara sekolah I (M=25.90, SD=2.82) dan II (M= 24.70, SD=1.55); t(114)= 2.84, p=0.005. Untuk skor BSQ antara sekolah I (M= 77.00, SD=26.16) dan II (M= 79.86, SD=26.67); t(114)=-0.58, p=0.561, ditemukan perbedaan mean, namun tidak signifikan secara statistik.</p><p><strong>Kesimpulan</strong>: Hasil dari studi ini dapat menggambarkan bahwa remaja yang bersekolah di sekolah menengah atas privat mempunyai religiusitas yang lebih tinggi daripada di sekolah umum. Remaja di sekolah privat dilihat dari nilai <em>Mean</em>, mempunyai hasil <em>body image</em> yang lebih baik berdasarkan skor BSQ dibandingkan dengan sekolah umum, namun tidak signifikan secara statistik.</p><p><strong>Keywords: <em>body image</em></strong><strong><em>;</em></strong><strong> remaja</strong><strong>;</strong><strong> bentuk tubuh</strong></p>


2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
I Gusti Bagus Magitojaya ◽  
Jehosua S. V. Sinolungan ◽  
Lydia David

Abstract: Nowadays, phenomeneon of juvenile delinquency has been spreading widely. Particularly to students, they usually perform juvenile delinquency that would harm themselves and finally trouble their minds due to consquences they are going to face. This study aimed to investigate the comparison of anxiety levels among students who performed juvenile delinquency. This was an analytical observational study with a cross sectional design. Subjects were 86 students of Swadharma Mopugad High School and Swadharma Werdhi Agung Senior High School obtained by using simple random sampling. Data were analyzed by using T independent test with α=0.005. The T independent test showed a t value of 0.457 and a p value of 0.649 (> 0.005) which indicated that there was no significant difference of anxiety levels among students who performed juvenile delinquency in both high schools. Conclusion: There was no significant difference between anxiety levels of students who performed juvenile delinquency in Swadharma Mopugad Senior High School and Swadharma Werdhi Agung Senior High School.Keywords: juvenile delinquency, anxietyAbstrak: Fenomena kenakalan remaja makin meluas dewasa ini. Hal ini tentunya dapat menimbulkan kecemasan pada siswa yang melakukannya mengingat sanksi yang bisa diperoleh akibat perbuatannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbandingan kecemasan siswa yang melakukan perilaku kenakalan remaja. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analitik observasional dengan pendekatan potong lintang. Teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan yaitu simple random sampling. Subyek penelitian ialah siswa kelas XI SMA Swadharma Mopugad dan siswa kelas XI SMA Swadharma Werdhi Agung dengan jumlah total 86 siswa. Data dianalisis dengan uji T Independent (α = 0,005). Hasil uji T Independent mendapatkan nilai t sebesar 0,457, p = 0,649, yang menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbedaan tingkat kecemasan pada siswa yang melakukan kenakalan remaja di SMA Swadharma Mopugad dan SMA Swadharma Werdhi Agung. Simpulan: Tidak terdapat perbedaan tingkat kecemasan yang bermakna pada siswa yang melakukan kenakalan remaja di SMA Swadharma Mopugad dan SMA Swadharma Werdhi Agung.Kata kunci: kenakalan remaja, kecemasan


Numeracy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-108
Author(s):  
Muhsin Muhsin ◽  
Husna Husna ◽  
Putri Raisah

Mathematical learning activities are mostly carried out independently with limited guidance from the teacher. This raises the consequences of the demands for student independence in learning. Independence of student learning in the learning process will affect student learning outcomes, students who are independent in learning will enjoy working on problems independently. In fact, not all students have a sense of awareness to be independent in learning, sometimes even during the learning process, students often feel bored and lazy. This may be caused due to the lack of approaches and learning models used by educators. One solution to improve student learning independence through the Missouri Mathematics Project (MMP) learning model. The purpose of this study was to determine the increase in students' learning independence. The population in this study were all eighth grade students of Junior High School 4 Sakti. Sampling using Purposive Sampling class VIII1 was selected as an experimental class and class VIII3 as a control class. The instruments used in the form of an initial test (pretest) and final test (posttest) and a questionnaire of student learning independence. Data processing was performed using SPSS 16.0 using t-test statistics, namely independent sample T-test at a significant level of 0.05. From the results of data processing it is obtained that p-value = 0.001, because p-value <0.05 then H0 is rejected H1 is accepted. Thus it can be concluded that the application of the Missouri Mathematics project (MMP) learning model can improve the learning independence of eighth grade students of Junior High School 4 Sakti. Abstrak Kegiatan pembelajaran matematika sebagian besar dilakukan secara mandiri dengan bimbingan terbatas dari guru. Hal ini memunculkan konsekuensi adanya tuntutan kemandirian siswa dalam belajar. Kemandirian belajar siswa dalam proses belajar akan mempengaruhi hasil belajar siswa, siswa yang mandiri dalam pembelajaran akan senang mengerjakan soal secara mandiri. Pada kenyataannya tidak semua siswa memiliki rasa kesadaran untuk mandiri dalam belajar, bahkan kadang saat proses belajar berlangsung, siswa sering merasa bosan dan malas. Hal ini mungkin di sebabkan karena minimnya pendekatan dan model pembelajaran yang digunakan oleh pendidik. Salah satu solusi untuk meningkatkan kemandirian belajar siswa melalui model pembelajaan Missouri Mathematics Project (MMP). Tujuan dalam penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui peningkatan kemandirian belajara siswa. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa kelas VIII SMP Negeri 4 Sakti. Penarikan  sampel menggunakan Purposive Sampling maka terpilih kelas VIII1  sebagai kelas eksperimen dan kelas VIII3 sebagai kelas kontrol. Instrumen yang digunakan berupa tes awal (pretest) dan tes akhir (postest). Pengolahan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan bantuan SPSS 16.0 menggunakan statistik uji-t yaitu independent sampel T-test pada taraf signifikan 0,05. Dari hasil pengolahan data maka diperoleh bahwa p-value=0,001, karena p-value < 0.05 maka H0 ditolak H1 diterima. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan penerapan model pembelajaran Missouri Mathematics project (MMP) dapat meningkatkan kemandirian belajar siswa kelas VIII  SMP Negeri 4  Sakti. Kata Kunci: Kemandirian Belajar, Missouri Mathematics Project


Author(s):  
I Putu Agus Budi Sudarsana ◽  
J. Alex Pangkahila ◽  
Bagus Komang Satriyasa ◽  
Wayan Weta ◽  
I Nengah Sandi ◽  
...  

ABSTRACTThis study was conducted to determine the increase in limb muscle explosive power. The training was conducted with 5 reps of 3 sets over six weeks in the field of Tegallalang 1 Public High School starting at 17.00 WITA until completion. In this study using 2 groups, namely the 1st group given jump training up and down the stands, the 2nd group was given jump training up and down the bench. The sample for each group is 8 people who have met the requirements of the male volleyball extra-curricular participants of Tegallalang 1 Public High School. Data from leg muscle explosive results obtained from 3 jumps taken before and after training. The results obtained before and after the Group-1 training were 57.5 cm to 70.875 cm and Group-2 were 57.375 cm to 65.75 cm. Hypothesis testing uses an independent t-test at a significance limit of 0.05 (p <0.05). Based on the differences in the results of the intergroup test analysis using independent t-test obtained group-1 and group-2 for p = 0.935 which showed no significant difference before being given treatment with a p value greater than 0.05. Whereas after treatment the group-1 and group-2 were obtained at p = 0.007 which showed a significant difference between groups 1 and 2 groups with a p value smaller than 0.05. It can be concluded that jumping up and down the stands is more effective than jump training up and down the bench in increasing the explosive power of the leg muscles. For this reason, it is expected that sports coaches to apply jumping up and down the stands as an alternative in increasing athletes' explosive power.Keywords: Training jumping up and down the stands, training jumping up and down the bench, explosive muscle power.


Author(s):  
Visca Yulinda ◽  
Rita Hayati ◽  
Lingga Agustina

This study was aimed to find out  whether or not (1) there was a significant difference in speaking achievement before and after the students were taught through time token arends strategy, and (2) there was a significant difference in speaking achievement between the students who were taught through time token arends strategy and those who were not. The sample of this study was 60 eleventh grade students of SMA Negeri 5 Palembang which was chosen by using purposive sampling. It was divided into experimental and control groups, and each group had 30 students. To collect the data, pretest and posttest were given to the students. In scoring the students’ pretest and posttest, the writer used the rubric by Harris (1996). Then, the data were analyzed by using paired sample t-test and independent sample t-test in SPSS Version 24. The result of paired sample t-test showed that the p-value was lower than significance level (0.003<0.05). It means that there was a significant difference in speaking  achievement before and after the students were taught through time token arends strategy. The result of independent sample t-test showed that the p-value was lower than significance level (0.006<0.05). It means that there was a significant difference in speaking achievement between the students who were taught through time token arends strategy and those who were not. In brief, time token arends strategy is helpful in enhancing students’ speaking achievement. Keywords: Improvement, Speaking Skill, Time Token Arends


Author(s):  
Masruddin Masruddin

This research aims at finding out whether the use of course review horay method is effective or not to improve the students’ speaking skill at the eight grade students of SMP Negeri 14 Palopo. This research was conducted at SMP Negeri 14 Palopo. It applied a pre experimental method. The total number of population was 38 students from two classes in the eight grade students. This research used purposive sampling which the researcher took class VIIIA. In this research the researcher used one instrument consisted of speaking test. Speaking test was given in pretest and posttest. The result of research shows that the use of course review horay is effective in teaching speaking. It is supported by the mean score of posttest (8,55) which is higher than pretest namely (13,66). Then, the P value of t-test  was 0.00. It means that there is significant difference between the pretest and posttest


2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 104-113
Author(s):  
Andi Khemal Akbar

This study aims to investigate the difference between the students at Senior Highr School of Bone distric and Senior High School YAPIP Gowa distric in term of physical structure and to describe the difference between the students at both school in term of athletic skill. This research applied experimental design. The population of the research were all of the students at Senior Highr School 9 Bone distric and Senior Highr School YAPIP Gowa distric, meanwhile the sample were 40 male students of each school. The researcher applied random sampling technique. It shows that there is a significant difference between the physical structure of the students at both schools. The result of t-test shows that there is a significant difference in physical structure between the students of Senior Highr School 9 Bone distric and Senior Highr School YAPIP Gowa distric. In this case, the physical structure of the students at Senior Highr School 9 Bone distric is better that the students at Senior Highr School YAPIP Gowa distric. Besides, there is a significant difference regarding athletic skill. In this case, the athletic skill of the students at Senior Highr School 9 Bone distric is better that the students at Senior High School YAPIP of Gowa distric.Keywords: Physical Structure, Athletic Skill, SMAN 9 Kab. Bone, SMA YAPIP Kab. GowaAbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui ada tidaknya perbedaan struktur tubuh antara siswa SMAN 9 Kab. Bone dengan siswa SMA YAPIP Kab. Gowa, dan menjelaskan perbedaan kemampuan atletik antara siswa di kedua sekolah. Metode penelitian ini adalah jenis penelitian eksperimen. Populasi pada penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa SMAN 9 Kab Bone dan seluruh siswa SMA YAPIP Kab. Gowa. Sedangkan sampel yang digunakan adalah 40 siswa dari masing-masing sekolah. Teknik pengambilan sampel dilakukan teknik random sampeling (acak). Ada perbedaan yang signifikan antara struktur tubuh siswa di kedua sekolah. Hasil rangkuman uji – t menunjukkan bahwa ada perbedaan yang signifikan antara struktur tubuh siswa di kedua sekolah. Dalam hal ini struktur tubuh siswa SMAN 9 Kab. Bone lebih baik dibandingkan dengan struktur tubuh siswa SMA YAPIP Kab. Gowa. Selain itu, ada perbedaan yang signifikan antara kemampuan atletik siswa SMAN 9 Kab. Bone dengan siswa SMA YAPIP Kab. Gowa. Dalam hal ini kemampuan atletik siswa SMAN 9 Kab. Bone lebih baik dibandingkan dengan kemampuan atletik siswa SMA YAPIP Kab. Gowa.Kata kunci: Struktur Tubuh, Kemampuan Atletik, SMAN 9 Kab. Bone, SMA YAPIP Kab. Gowa


2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-275
Author(s):  
Ratna Sari ◽  
Dainty Maternity ◽  
Rosmiyati Rosmiyati

The effects of aromatherapy with rose oils in premenstrual pain and primary dysmenorrhea among high school girlsBackground : Dysmenorrhea is menstrual cramps during menstruation that usually occurs in the lower or back of the abdomen. In Indonesia the incidence of dysminorrhoea was 64.25%, which experienced primary dysmenorrhoea at 54.89% while the rest were secondary type sufferers. One non-pharmacological treatment that can be used to treat pain in disminore is to use rose aromatherapy.Purpose : To known The effects of aromatherapy with rose oils in premenstrual pain and primary dysmenorrhea  among high school girlsMethod: A quantitative  a quasy experimental approach with a two group pretest-posttest design. The population was all high school girls. The sampling technique used purposive sampling as many as 30 high school girls who has experienced of premenstrual pain and primary dysmenorrhea  . Bivariate analysis using independent t-test.Results: Obtained an average of pain during menstruation in the group before being given an intervention of 7,420, after intervention 3,767, pretest pain in the control group of 7,040, after in the control group of 7,053. The independent sample T-test results obtained p value 0,000 <0.05.Conclusion: There was a effects of aromatherapy with rose oils in premenstrual pain and primary dysmenorrhea  among high school girlsKeywords: Aromatherapy; Rose oils; Premenstrual pain; Primary dysmenorrheal; High school girlsPendahuluan: Dismenore adalah kram perut saat menstruasi yang biasa terjadi pada perut bagian bawah atau belakang. Di Indonesia angka kejadian disminorea sebesar 64,25%, yang mengalami dismenorea primer sebesar 54,89% sedangkan sisanya adalah penderita tipe sekunder. Salah satu pengobatan non farmakologi yang dapat digunakan untuk mengatasi nyeri pada disminore adalah dengan menggunakan aromatherapy mawar.Tujuan : Untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian minyak essensial mawar pada siswi yang mengalami dismenorea di SMA Persada Kota Bandar Lampung Tahun 2019.Metode : Penelitian kuantitatif menggunakan pendekatan quasy eksperimen dengan rancangan two group pretest-posttest design. Populasi penelitian adalah seluruh remaja putri di SMA Persada Bandar Lampung dengan sampel menggunakan purposive sampling sebanyak 30 remaja putri yang mengalami dismenore setiap menstrasi. Analisa bivariat dengan menggunakan uji t-test independent. Hasil : Diperoleh rata-rata nyeri saat menstruasi pada kelompok sebelum diberi intervensi sebesar 7,420, setelah intervensi 3,767, nyeri pretes pada kelompok kontrol sebesar 7,040, setelah pada kelompok kontrol 7,053. Hasil uji T-test sample independent diperoleh nilai p value 0,000 < 0,05.Simpulan: Ada pengaruh  nyeri dismenorea dengan pemberian minyak essensial mawar pada siswi di SMA Persada Kota Bandar Lampung Tahun 2019.


Ta dib ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-82
Author(s):  
Muhamad Holandyah ◽  
Nova Lingga Pitaloka ◽  
Wahyudiyanto Wahyudiyanto

The objectives of this study were to find out whether or not there was a significant improvement before and after the treatment on the eleventh grade students’ reading comprehension scores at one Islamic senior high school in Palembang by using Subtext strategy and to find out whether or not there was a significant difference on the eleventh grade students’ reading comprehension scores between the students who were taught by using Subtext Strategy and those who were not. In this study, Quasi Experimental Design using pretest-posttest nonequivalent groups design was used. There were 60 students taken as sample. Each class consisted of 30 students from class XI IPS 2 as control group and class XI IPS 3 as experimental group. In collecting the data, reading comprehension test was used. The test was given twice to both experimental and control groups, as a pretest and posttest. To verify the hypotheses, the data of pretest and posttest were analyzed by using independent sample t-test and paired sample t-test in SPSS program. The findings showed that the p-output from paired sample t-test (sig2-tailed) was 0.000 which was lower than 0.05 and t-value 11.399 was higher than t-table with df=29 (2.0452).  The result of p-output from independent sample t-test was 0.001 which was lower than 0.05, and the t-value 3.465 was higher than t-table with df=58 (2.0017). It means that teaching reading narrative text by using Subtext strategy had significant effect on the students’ reading comprehension scores.


Author(s):  
Dewi Sartika ◽  
Rachmanita Rachmanita

Writing is one of the four skills taught in the school which is used as communication in daily life. It is considered as a difficult subject by the eleventh grade of the senior high school students because of the limitation of the time provided and some aspects of language to be considered. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to find out whether or not there was a significant difference in students’ writing achievement of persuasive text between the students who were taught by using Self-Regulated Strategy Development and that of those who were not. By conducting a quasi-experimental investigation at senior high school level in South Sumatera, Indonesia, two classes consisting of thirty students in each class at SMA Negeri 1 Kandis were chosen as the samples by using purposive sampling method. To analyze the data, the t-test was used. The result findings showed that t-obtained (3.29) was higher than t-table (2.0017) at the significance level of p-value was lower than 0.05. It indicated that there was a significant difference in students’ writing achievement of writing persuasive text between the students who were taught by using Self-Regulated Strategy Development and that of those who were not. The students who were taught by using Self-Regulated Strategy Development had better improvement in their writing persuasive text because the students could write the persuasive text well based on the Self-Regulated Strategy Development which applied POW (pick, organize, write)  and TREE  (topic, reasons, explanation, ending).


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