Improving the effectiveness of secondary prevention caries in women during pregnancy

Aim. To evaluate the clinical efficacy of long-acting remineralizing medical means in the complex prevention of caries in pregnant women.Materials and methods. The study was conducted on the basis of the Department of Therapeutic Dentistry of the Kuban State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia. A total of 87 people were examined, aged 24 to 37 years, with different levels of oral hygiene 84 patients confirmed their consent to the treatment and prophylactic measures, after which three working groups were formed depending on the long-acting remineralizing agents used “Clinpro-XTVarnish” manufactured by 3MESPE, “Schmelz-versiegelungsliquid” manufactured by HUMANCHEME, “InnoDent Repair” manufactured by InnoDent LLP respectively) and 1 control group. The assessment of the dental status of pregnant women was carried out using indices: CFE, Fedorov-Volodkina oral hygiene index (HI), gingivitis index GI (Loe H., Silness J.).Results. According to the data of a clinical study, it was determined that a high quality oral cavity sanitation with concomitant use of long-acting therapeutic and prophylactic agents increases the effectiveness of preventive measures in pregnant women.Conclusions. The data obtained indicate the achievement of a long-term preventive result, which makes it possible to recommend the investigated fluorine-containing agents for remineralization of hard dental tissues in order to control the state of the oral cavity of women during pregnancy.

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EFFICIENCY OF TREATMENT OF INFLAMMATORY PERIODONTAL DISEASES IN PREGNANT WOMEN

Wiadomości Lekarskie ◽

10.36740/wlek202105103 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 74 (5) ◽

pp. 1065-1068

Author(s):

Nataliia G. Gadzhula ◽

Olena L. Cherepakha ◽

Olena V. Lezhnova

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Oral Hygiene ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Periodontal Diseases ◽

Group Versus ◽

Main Group ◽

Control Group ◽

Periodontal Tissues ◽

Prophylactic Measures ◽

Basic Treatment

The aim: To study the clinical efficciency of the proposed scheme of gingivitis treatment in women with physiological course of pregnancy. Materials and methods: Clinical approbation of the proposed complex of therapeutic and prophylactic measures was carried out in 32 pregnant women with gingivitis, aged 18 to 35 years. The efficiency of the treatment was assessed by the dynamics of the clinical picture, the index assessment of an oral hygiene and the periodontium condition in each trimester of pregnancy. Results: According to the data of performed observations, the high efficiency of the proposed treatment scheme is shown: 84.4% in the main group versus 46.9% in the control group. It has been clinically proven that the proposed scheme of inflammatory periodontal diseases treatment in terms of therapeutic efficiency exceeds the generally accepted basic treatment. Conclusions:The use of the proposed complex of therapeutic and prophylactic measures in the main group of patients contributed to the elimination of the inflammatory process in the periodontal tissues, suspended the progression of existing diseases, made it possible to prevent the emergence of new nosological forms, improved the condition of the oral hygiene, which makes it possible to recommend it for treatment of periodontal diseases in pregnant women.

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Clinical and cytological characteristic of a condition of the oral cavity at pregnant women with various types of a diabetes mellitus

Journal of obstetrics and women s diseases ◽

10.17816/jowd65645-51 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 65 (6) ◽

pp. 45-51 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ludmila Yu Orekhova ◽

Anna A Aleksandrova ◽

Ludmila A Aleksandrova ◽

Ramila S Musaeva ◽

Gulrukhsor Kh Tolibova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Oral Cavity ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Inflammatory Diseases ◽

Type I Diabetes ◽

Periodontal Diseases ◽

Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 ◽

Control Group ◽

Type I ◽

Liquid Based Cytology

Introduction. More and more researches dedicated to the communication of diseases of the oral cavity of pregnant women with diabetes. It is proved that the intensity of caries and inflammatory periodontal diseases (gingivitis and periodontitis) increase significantly during pregnancy, while the presence of comorbidities, such as diabetes, increase these indexes.Aim. The aim of the work was to study the dental status of pregnant women with diabetes.Materials and methods. The study compared women with gestational diabetes mellitus, type 1 diabetes, and type 2 diabetes, to a control group of pregnant women without diabetes. In addition to clinical research methods, liquid-based cytology of the contents of the gingival sulcus was performed.Results. The results of clinical and laboratory studies have shown that inflammatory diseases of periodontium and teeth within pregnant women with diabetes are more common than within the pregnant women without this disease. It should be noted that the frequency of occurrence and severity of these diseases in the pregnant women with type I diabetes is higher than in the other groups.Conclusion. Pregnant women with diabetes are at risk for dental disease and require more attention from dentists, endocrinologists and obstetricians. The use of liquid-based cytology method helps in the diagnosis of inflammatory periodontal diseases.

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Correlation between oral health and severity of respiratory coronavirus infection COVID-19

Эндодонтия Today ◽

10.36377/1683-2981-2021-19-1-18-22 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 18-22

Author(s):

A. V. Mitronin ◽

N. A. Apresian ◽

D. A. Ostanina ◽

E. D. Yurtseva

Keyword(s):

Oral Health ◽

Oral Cavity ◽

Oral Hygiene ◽

Chronic Infection ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Control Group ◽

Oral Diseases ◽

Average Value ◽

Coronavirus Infection ◽

Group 1

Aim. To establish the association between the presence of chronic infection in oral cavity and the severity of SARSCoV-2 infection.Materials and methods. The study was conducted among 30 people aged between18 and 22 who had had coronavirus infection from mild to severe cases. The assessment of oral health was carried out with main and additional examination methods, CFE index, PMA index, Greene, Wermillion oral hygiene index.Results. In group 1, the average value of CFE index was 4.2, in the second group – CFE index was twice higher at 7.8. PMA index in patients of group 2 was significantly higher (p> 0.01) and was at the level of 41.5%. In group 1, the PMA index was 13.3%. It was found that 17% of the respondents in the control group and 70% patients in the experimental group had an episodic exacerbation of dental diseases during COVID-19.Conclusions. The data obtained indicates a correlation between oral diseases and the severity of COVID-19. It is necessary to consider that chronic infection in the oral cavity as well as poor oral hygiene can act as a risk of complications of viral infections, in particular, of COVID-19.

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Великі акушерські синдроми – сучасні можливості профілактики

HEALTH OF WOMAN ◽

10.15574/hw.2018.132.67 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 67-72

Author(s):

T.G. Romanenko ◽

◽

O.M. Sulimenko ◽

Keyword(s):

Statistical Analysis ◽

High Risk ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Fetal Distress ◽

Placental Insufficiency ◽

Control Group ◽

Fetal Growth Retardation ◽

Prophylactic Measures ◽

Pathological Pregnancy ◽

Micronized Progesterone

The objective: was to reduce the incidence and severity of the development of «Great Obstetrical Syndromes»: miscarriage of pregnancy, placental insufficiency, fetal growth retardation and / or fetal distress, preeclampsia, premature detachment of a normally located placenta, premature delivery, by developing an algorithm for prophylaxis during pregnancy in women at high risk for their development. Materials and methods. Clinical and statistical analysis of pregnancy in 88 pregnant women with high risk of decompensation of placental insufficiency was conducted. Depending on the method of preventing complications, 2 groups were formed. The I group included 58 pregnant women who were offered the following algorithm: micronized progesterone 200 mg PV from 6 to 20 weeks of gestation; from 21 to 26 weeks of gestation and from 31 to 36 weeks; phleboprotector with ultra-micronized fractions of bioflavonoids (Flego) 15 ml per os; with subsequent appointment from 21 to 26 weeks of gestation; and from 31 to 36 weeks. Group II included 30 pregnant women who had abandoned any proposed prophylactic measures. The control group consisted of 30 healthy pregnant women. Clinical and statistical analysis of pregnancy in the study groups was conducted. During statistical processing, personal computer and software Microsoft Excel XP and Statistica 6.0 Windows, methods of descriptive statistics, correlation analysis were used. The reliability of the difference between the indicators is estimated by the Student-Fisher criterion. Results. The method of prophylaxis of «Great Obstetrical Syndromes» by sequential administration from the early stages of pregnancy of micronized progesterone with the following appointment – from the second trimester of pregnancy – showed a high efficacy of the phleboprotector, which is manifested in a significantly lower number of cases of preeclampsia in the main group of 3.5% (2) versus 50% (15) in the control group, placental insufficiency was 13.8% (8) versus 100% (30); fetal growth retardation was 5.2% (3) versus 56.7% (17); fetal distress was 3.5% (2) versus 43 , 3% (13), preterm labor 1.7% (1) versus 13.3% (4) and in the absence of premature detachment normal but located on the placenta, severe forms of preeclampsia and placental insufficiency. Conclusions. Pregnant of «Great Obstetrical Syndromes» risk groups need timely prophylactic measures to reduce the likelihood of a pathological pregnancy and improve perinatal outcomes. The proposed prophylaxis scheme significantly lowered the incidence of large obstetric syndromes and improved neonatal outcomes. Key words: great obstetrical syndromes, pathological pregnancy, placental dysfunction, phleboprotector.

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Wpływ nadwagi i otyłości na stan zdrowia jamy ustnej dzieci i młodzieży

Nowa Stomatologia ◽

10.25121/ns.2019.24.3.108 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Katarzyna Deszczyńska ◽

Paweł Piątkiewicz ◽

Renata Górska

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Body Mass Index ◽

Body Weight ◽

Oral Cavity ◽

Oral Hygiene ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Control Group ◽

Study Group ◽

Obese Children ◽

Periodontal Health

Introduction. Improper eating habits among children and adolescents often lead to overweight and obesity. Research indicates that these are risk factors for many diseases, including diseases in the oral cavity. Aim. To analyse the correlations of selected parameters of dental and periodontal health as well as oral hygiene status in overweight and obese children and adolescents versus control group. Material and methods. The study included 120 patients aged 11-18 years, who were classified into a study group with 60 overweight/obese individuals and a control group of 60 individuals with normal body weight based on BMI (Body Mass Index). Each patient underwent anthropometric measurements, such as height (cm), body weight (kg), which were used to calculate BMI (Body Mass Index). Additional measurements were taken of waist circumference (WC) and hip circumference (HC), to obtain the waist-hip ratio (WHR). Clinical examination of the oral cavity included an assessment of dentition (DMF), oral hygiene API (Approximal Plaque Index) and periodontal tissue (PD – Pocket Depth, CAL – Clinical Attachment Level, %BOP – % Bleeding On Probing) and CPITN (The Community Periodontal Index for Treatment Needs). Results. Statistically significant differences were found between patient groups with BMI ≥ 25 and BMI < 25 in the values of the following parameters: DMF p = 0.005, API p < 0.001, %BOP p < 0.001, PD p < 0.001, CPI p < 0.001. Conclusions. Overweight and obese children were found to have have worse parameters of dental and periodontal health as well as oral hygiene status compared to the group with normal weight. Our observations indicate that overweight and obesity may be potential risk factors for periodontal diseases in the study group.

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Effectiveness of a family-centered behavioral and educational counselling approach to improve periodontal health of pregnant women: a randomized controlled trial

BMC Oral Health ◽

10.1186/s12903-020-01265-6 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Pei Liu ◽

Weiye Wen ◽

Ka Fung Yu ◽

Xiaoli Gao ◽

Edward Chin Man Lo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oral Health ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Oral Hygiene ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Test Group ◽

Control Group ◽

Oral Health Promotion ◽

Periodontal Health ◽

The Mean ◽

Family Centered

Abstract Background Poor oral hygiene and high hormone levels during pregnancy can lead to a deterioration in periodontal health. This study assessed the effectiveness of a family-centered behavioral and educational counselling program on improving the periodontal health of women during pregnancy and postpartum. Methods A randomized controlled trial was conducted among pregnant women (10th-22nd gestational week) and their husbands. Participating families were randomized into test and control groups. Intervention in the test group included explanation of oral health education (OHE) pamphlets, oral hygiene instruction, individualized feedback, and proposed solutions to overcome barriers in self-care. Reinforcements were implemented in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy and six months postpartum. In the control group, only OHE pamphlets were distributed. The assessed outcomes were bleeding on probing (BOP), periodontal pocket (Poc), loss of clinical attachment (LoA), and Visible Plaque Index (VPI). The data collection was carried out at baseline (T0), in the 32nd gestational week (T1), and 12 months postpartum (T2). Results Altogether 589 pregnant women were recruited, and 369 attended all three visits (test:188; control:181). In the test group, the mean VPI score at T0 was 0.19, which decreased to 0.14 at T1 and 0.15 at T2. In the control group, the mean VPI decreased from 0.19 at T0 to 0.16 at T1, but increased to 0.22 at T2. A main effect of time and intervention and an interaction between time and intervention were detected (all p < 0.05), indicating that the intervention effect differed between T1 and T2. The test group showed a significantly greater decrease over time than the control group did. Similarly, the mean BOP% decreased more significantly over time in the test group (T0:57%, T1:46%, T2:35%) than in the control group (T0:58%, T1:52%, T2:46%). For Poc and LoA, there were improvements in both study groups at 12 months postpartum, compared with during pregnancy (p < 0.001). Conclusions Providing family-centered, behavioral, and educational counselling to pregnant women at an early stage of pregnancy and with reinforcements can improve their oral hygiene and reduce gingival inflammation. The effect can be sustained over an extended period and is greater than that of distributing oral health leaflets alone. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov, #NCT02937194. Registered 18 October 2016. Retrospectively registered, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02937194?cond=Family-centered+oral+health+promotion+for+new+parents+and+their+infants&draw=2&rank=1

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Use of Noninvasive Cerclage in Combination of Micronized Progesterone in Miscarriage Of Multifetal Pregnancy

Galician Medical Journal ◽

10.21802/gmj.2017.4.10 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 24 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Iryna Nikitina ◽

Alla Boychuk ◽

Valentina Kondratiuk ◽

Tatyana Babar

Keyword(s):

High Risk ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

The State ◽

Control Group ◽

Group I ◽

Prophylactic Measures ◽

Neonatal Adaptation ◽

Group Ii ◽

Multifetal Pregnancy ◽

Micronized Progesterone

We represent the results of the combined method of treatment and prevention of miscarriage in women with a multiple pregnancy and a high risk of the threat of termination the pregnancy because of using the obstetric unloading pessaries, combined with micronized progesterone. The efficiency of this method of treatment is evidenced by the rapid elimination of clinical symptoms of threatened abortion, accelerating the regression of ultrasound markers, reducing the number of complications in of pregnant women and reducing the time of their stay in hospital.Goal: To evaluate the effectiveness of the handling the obstetric pessary in combination with micronized progesterone at women with multifetal pregnancy and a high risk of miscarriage.Materials and methods. We analyzed 120 cases of multifetal pregnancies with signs of miscarriage within the terms from 16 to 28 weeks. The first group of the examined women was: 40 pregnant women with twins and signs of miscarriage, who in the scheme of treatment and prophylactic measures were offered to use the unloading obstetric pessaries in combination with continuous therapy by natural micronized progesterone until 36 weeks of pregnancy. The second group included 40 pregnant women with twins, who were laid seam on the cervix because of istmicocervical insufficiency and were applied short-term courses of therapy by gestagens. The control group comprised 40 pregnant women with twins at the age of 16-28 weeks of pregnancy who were conducted the therapy about the threat of miscarriage according to the current clinical protocols (Order of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine No. 624). It was carried out the analysis of the course of pregnancy, childbirth, the postpartum period and the state of neonatal adaptation in the surveyed groups.Results of the research and their discussion. In the first group, urgent childbirth occurred in 34 (85%) cases, in group II in 29 (72.5%) cases, in control group – in 25 (62.5%) cases. Cesarean delivery was performed in 7 (17.5%) patients of group I pregnant women, in 9 (22.5%) of group II patients and in 11 (27.5%) in the pregnant group. When studying the state of neonatal adaptation of newborns in the examined groups, the following results were obtained. The average weight of the newborns in group I was 3245 ±280 g, in group II 2865 ±365 g, in the control group - 2975 ±325 g (p>0.05). The evaluation of the state of newborns on the Apgar scale, respectively at the 1st and 5th minutes, was respectively: in newborns of the I group, 7.5 ± 1.4 and 8.4 ± 1.3 points, in group II - 7.3 ± 1.6 and 8.2 ± 1.1 points, in the control group – 7.2 ± 1.6 and 8.6 ± 1.2 (р 1-р 2> 0.05).Conclusions. Comprehensive prophylaxis of non-pregnancy in multiple pregnancies, combining the use of a traumatic cardiac cervix with the help of unloading obstetric pussies with progesterone preparations, allows prolonging pregnancy, preventing the development of prematurity, contributes to the improvement of perinatal indicators.

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CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS OF THERAPEUTIC AND PROPHYLACTIC MEASURES IN PREGNANT WOMEN WITH OPERATED OVARIES IN HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA

Journal of Volgograd State Medical University ◽

10.19163/1994-9480-2020-4(76)-114-116 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 76 (4) ◽

pp. 114-116

Author(s):

D.V. Demina ◽

◽

V.V. Vustenko ◽

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Preventive Measures ◽

Clinical Effectiveness ◽

Ovarian Tumors ◽

Control Group ◽

Ministry Of Health ◽

Planning Stage ◽

Surgical Interventions ◽

Prophylactic Measures ◽

Benign Ovarian Tumors

According to the literature, women with a history of ovarian surgery have reproductive health problems not only during the planning stage of pregnancy, but also during the gestational period. The aim of the study was to reduce the frequency of obstetric complications in pregnant women with operated ovaries with hyperhomocysteinemia by developing a scheme of therapeutic and preventive measures. The study included 117 pregnant women with surgical interventions for benign ovarian tumors/ovarian tumors in the presence of hyperhomocysteinemia, of which 60-the developed scheme was used (group E1) and 57-observations and treatment were carried out according to the orders of the Ministry of health of Ukraine and the Ministry of health of the DPR (group E2). The control group (group K) consisted of 30 conditionally healthy pregnant women. The analysis of the obtained results showed the effectiveness of the proposed complex of therapeutic and preventive measures in pregnant women with operated ovaries with hyperhomocysteinemia.

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ORAL HYGIENE STATE AND ITS CORRECTION OPTIONS IN CHILDREN WITH HODGKIN’S DISEASE

Ukrainian Dental Almanac ◽

10.31718/2409-0255.3.2021.08 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 63-66

Author(s):

L.F. Kaskova ◽

I.Y. Vashchenko ◽

N.V. Yanko

Keyword(s):

Oral Hygiene ◽

Hodgkin's Disease ◽

Hodgkin’S Disease ◽

Underlying Disease ◽

Permanent Teeth ◽

Control Group ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Hygienic Condition ◽

Dental Tissues ◽

Periodontal Tissues

The Hodgkin’s disease (lymphogranulomatosis, LGM) stands at the top of the list among malignant lymphomas in children. The highest rate of it occurrence coincides with childhood. LGM is most common at 4-6 and 12-14 years. The scope of scientific clinical research on odontoand parodontopathology is limited among pediatric population. The quantitative and qualitative composition of plaque, its thickness and area is primary pathogenic chain. In turn, unsatisfactory oral hygiene contributes to the development of decay and periodontal and oral mucosal disease in children with LGM. Our research aims to study the oral hygienic condition in patients with LGM during different clinical stages of the underlying disease. In order to reduce the toxic effect of LGM treatment, rational oral hygiene preventive measures shall be implemented. Matherials and methods. A total of 45 patients of both sexes in the 5-15 year age group diagnozed with lymphogranulomatosis (LGM) were examined. 243 healthy age-and-sex-matched children were included in the control group. The patients with lymphogranulomatosis (LGM I) were examined after the initial diagnosis. Group II (LGM II) consisted of patients who had completed the first polychemestry treatment cycle. Group III (LGM III) included patients who had a constant remission period (from over 6 months to 5 years). The oral hygienic condition was studied using the Pahomov’s hygienic index, the simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S by Greene and Vermilion), the PHP hygiene hygiene efficiency index (Podshadley, Haley, 1968), the modified Turesky index (1970), and API surfaces [6]. The data was statistically analyzed using Student's-Fisher's method. The Pahomov's hygienic index (PHI) in children aged 5-15 with LGM was quite different in the main and control groups (p<0.05). The score of PHI was 2.3 ± 0.05 (p<0.05) in patient group with LGM (LGM I). The Pahomov's hygienic index had increased in the children aged 5-15 diagnozed with LGM. The Pahomov’s index values from the second (LGM II) and third (LGM III) examinations were found to be quite different when compared to the control group of children of the same age (p<0.05). This PHI value was 3.39 ± 0.11 (very poor) after the second examination (LGM II) and was at 2.7 ± 0.10 (poor) during the third examination (LGM II). The satisfactory and unsatisfactory oral hygiene conditions according to the Pahomov’s index were observed in 5-15 year old children with LGM. The satisfactory and unsatisfactory oral hygiene conditions have been established using the Pahomov’s index, Green-Vermilion, Tureski, PHP, API in 5-15 year old children with LGM. The children might have completely given up on tooth brushing due to increased trauma and bleeding gums. Soft plaque is often responsible for dental decay in primary and permanent teeth in children and periodontal diseases. The analysis of the individual oral hygiene condition determined poor level of hygiene skill in patients with LGM compared to somatically healthy children. Hygienic condition and care depend on age, clinical stage of the underlying disease, the course of pathological complications in hard dental and soft oral tissues. Conclusion. Our clinical study established a poor oral hygiene condition by using different groups of dental hygiene indicators in patients with LGM. This condition particularly worsens during chemotherapy, which causes significant changes in periodontal, oral mucous and hard dental tissues. Children have low awareness of oral cavity care requirements or the specifics of selecting hygiene supplies and facilities. In those cases, the dental examination was required for raising awareness and providing oral hygiene control which was carried out among patients at different stages of the Hodgkin’s disease and it remission. Therefore, adopting such measures would provide an opportunity to increase the resistance of hard dental and periodontal tissues.

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Lead concentration in hard dental tissues – SEM/EDS analysis

Stomatoloski glasnik Srbije ◽

10.2478/sdj-2018-0002 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 65 (1) ◽

pp. 14-21

Author(s):

Irena Kuzmanović Radman ◽

Adriana Arbutina ◽

Renata Josipović ◽

Aleksandra Đeri

Keyword(s):

Mass Fraction ◽

Human Organism ◽

Control Group ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Dental Tissues ◽

Eds Analysis ◽

Single Tooth ◽

Hard Dental Tissues ◽

Experimentally Induced

Summary Introduction Currently, one of the most important ecological issues is exposure to lead in environment, since it is a metal with evident toxic effects on human organism. Hard dental tissues are suitable structures for assessing long-term effects of exposure to toxic metals. The aim of this paper was to determine the concentration of lead in hard dental tissues of a rat with experimentally induced DM using SEM/EDS analysis, after 14 and 30 days of exposing animals to lead. Material and methods The study was conducted in rats of Wistar strains divided into the three groups. The first group consisted of 8 rats (128 molars and premolars of the upper and lower jaws) with experimentally induced DM, taking lead in the course of 14 days at the concentration of 1500 ppm; the second group included 8 rats (128 molars and premolars of the upper and lower jaws) taking lead in the course of 30 days at the concentration of 1500 ppm, while the third control group consisted of 5 healthy rats (80 molars and premolars of the upper and lower jaws). Experimental animals received lead-acetate every day at the concentration of 1500 ppm via water ad libitum. In these animals, diabetes mellitus was induced by Alloxan. The teeth samples were analysed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). EDS analysis determined the mass fraction of lead and other elements in hard dental tissues. Results No lead was detected in a single tooth layer in the teeth of rats that received lead in drinking water in the course of 14 days. The average values of the mass fraction of lead, calcium, and phosphorus in enamel of teeth of rats receiving lead in the course of 30 days amounted to: lead 0.36%, calcium 15.48%, and phosphorus 10.62%. Lead was registered only in enamel. Conclusion Lead was detected in enamel only in rats receiving lead in the course of 30 days while it was not detected in teeth after the course of 14 days.

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