Antibody-Based Targeted Interventions for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Skin Cancers

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-186
Author(s):  
Suresh Madheswaran ◽  
Neelakshi Mungra ◽  
Fleury A.N. Biteghe ◽  
Jean De la Croix Ndong ◽  
Afolake T. Arowolo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Light Activation ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Drug Conjugates ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Skin Cancers

Background: Cutaneous malignancies most commonly arise from skin epidermal cells. These cancers may rapidly progress from benign to a metastatic phase. Surgical resection represents the gold standard therapeutic treatment of non-metastatic skin cancer while chemo- and/or radiotherapy are often used against metastatic tumors. However, these therapeutic treatments are limited by the development of resistance and toxic side effects, resulting from the passive accumulation of cytotoxic drugs within healthy cells. Objective: This review aims to elucidate how the use of monoclonal Antibodies (mAbs) targeting specific Tumor Associated Antigens (TAAs) is paving the way to improved treatment. These mAbs are used as therapeutic or diagnostic carriers that can specifically deliver cytotoxic molecules, fluorophores or radiolabels to cancer cells that overexpress specific target antigens. Results: mAbs raised against TAAs are widely in use for e.g. differential diagnosis, prognosis and therapy of skin cancers. Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs) particularly show remarkable potential. The safest ADCs reported to date use non-toxic photo-activatable Photosensitizers (PSs), allowing targeted Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) resulting in targeted delivery of PS into cancer cells and selective killing after light activation without harming the normal cell population. The use of near-infrared-emitting PSs enables both diagnostic and therapeutic applications upon light activation at the specific wavelengths. Conclusion: Antibody-based approaches are presenting an array of opportunities to complement and improve current methods employed for skin cancer diagnosis and treatment.

How Mohs Surgery Transformed Into a First-Line Treatment of Skin Cancer

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rob Bobotsis ◽  
Lyn Guenther
Keyword(s):  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Surgical Margins ◽  
Line Treatment ◽  
First Line ◽  
Mohs Surgery ◽  
The Real ◽  
Skin Cancers ◽  
Widespread Acceptance ◽  
First Line Treatment

Mohs surgery is considered ideal treatment for many types of skin cancers. Developed by Dr Frederic Edward Mohs (1910-2002), Mohs surgery allows all surgical margins to be viewed microscopically, ensuring no cancer cells go unremoved, yet it failed to achieve immediate acceptance when first introduced in the 1940s. A catalyst to the widespread acceptance of Mohs surgery occurred with the work of dermatologic colleagues who reported excellent results without using the paste. It suggested the real innovation of Mohs surgery lay in its microscopic control and not the paste, the discontinuation of which removed all the problems associated with its use.

scholarly journals Mechanistic Basis and Therapeutic Strategies in Immune Evasion in Cancer

2021 ◽  
pp. 414-457
Author(s):  
Elena Locci ◽  
Silvia Raymond
Keyword(s):  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
Pigment Cells ◽  
Acral Lentiginous Melanoma ◽  
Skin Cancers ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Keywords Cancer ◽  
Mechanistic Basis ◽  
Colored Spot

One of the most popular types of skin cancer is acral lentiginous melanoma, which usually appears as an irregular, prominent growth on the palms of the hands, feet, or under the nails. In fact, the symptoms of this cancer, which is a prominent colored spot on the skin, slowly begin to appear. In the first stage, malignant cells remain inside the tissue for months or years. The lesion then acts aggressively and appears on the skin as it exits the epidermis. Experts say this type of melanoma can grow rapidly and penetrate deep into the skin. Unlike other skin cancers that occur due to overexposure to the sun, acral melanoma has nothing to do with it. In appearance, these types of cancer spots are more than 6 mm in size and can be brown, blue-gray, black or red. Early in the onset of the disease, the melanoma may have a smooth surface, but over time it becomes thicker and has a dry, uneven surface. Bleeding and sores on the cancerous spot are also possible in some cases. Now that we know that this type of cancer is not caused by the sun's rays, then what is the reason for its occurrence? Experts say our skin has natural pigments. However, melanoma linginosis develops when some malignant pigment cells begin to proliferate in the primary layers of the epidermis. Scientists do not yet know for sure why pigment cells become malignant, but it may be rooted in genetic mutations. When a doctor diagnoses skin cancer in a person, he or she removes the cancerous spots. This process can be more complicated depending on the size of the cancer cells. If the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes, the healing process will take longer. As with other cancers, early detection of skin cancer can speed up the healing process. Therefore, after seeing any spots or colored spots on the palms of your hands, feet or under your nails, see a specialist immediately. Keywords: Cancer; Cells; Tissues; Tumors; Prevention; Prognosis; Diagnosis; Imaging; Screening; Treatment; Management

scholarly journals Advances in the Understanding of Skin Cancer: Ultraviolet Radiation, Mutations, and Antisense Oligonucleotides as Anticancer Drugs

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 1516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laikova ◽  
Oberemok ◽  
Krasnodubets ◽  
Gal’chinsky ◽  
Useinov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Antisense Oligonucleotides ◽  
The Body ◽  
Rapid Progression ◽  
Tumor Focus ◽  
Skin Cancers ◽  
Initial Tumor ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Artificial Uv

Skin cancer has always been and remains the leader among all tumors in terms of occurrence. One of the main factors responsible for skin cancer, natural and artificial UV radiation, causes the mutations that transform healthy cells into cancer cells. These mutations inactivate apoptosis, an event required to avoid the malignant transformation of healthy cells. Among these deadliest of cancers, melanoma and its ‘younger sister’, Merkel cell carcinoma, are the most lethal. The heavy toll of skin cancers stems from their rapid progression and the fact that they metastasize easily. Added to this is the difficulty in determining reliable margins when excising tumors and the lack of effective chemotherapy. Possibly the biggest problem posed by skin cancer is reliably detecting the extent to which cancer cells have spread throughout the body. The initial tumor is visible and can be removed, whereas metastases are invisible to the naked eye and much harder to eliminate. In our opinion, antisense oligonucleotides, which can be used in the form of targeted ointments, provide real hope as a treatment that will eliminate cancer cells near the tumor focus both before and after surgery.

scholarly journals Targeted Delivery of Cell Penetrating Peptide Virus-like Nanoparticles to Skin Cancer Cells

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bee Koon Gan ◽  
Chean Yeah Yong ◽  
Kok Lian Ho ◽  
Abdul Rahman Omar ◽  
Noorjahan Banu Alitheen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Cell Penetrating Peptide ◽  
Cell Penetrating

scholarly journals Immunotherapy in skin cancers - A narrative review

2022 ◽  
Vol 0 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
V. T. Anjali ◽  
Feroze Kaliyadan
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Host Immunity ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Skin Cancers ◽  
Target Cancer ◽  
Melanoma Skin

Immunotherapy, in the context of cancers, involves the use of various drugs to stimulate the immune system to target cancer cells. Immunotherapy is being increasingly used for cutaneous malignancies, especially melanoma. Immunity plays an important part in protection against cancer. One of the factors limiting the effectiveness of host immunity is improper recognition of cancer cells. Sometimes, despite recognizing the cancer cells as abnormal, the immune response, for various reasons might not be strong enough to deal effectively with the cancer cells. Immunotherapy basically tries to address the two points mentioned above by improving the capacity of the immune system to recognize and effectively destroy cancer cells. In skin cancers, immunotherapy is best established for melanomas, but is increasingly being used for non-melanoma skin cancers too. This article reviews some of the general concepts about immunotherapy in cancer and discusses in detail, the available options and future possibilities in the applications of immunotherapy in skin cancer.

Role of exosomes in diagnosis and therapy of prostate cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-405
Author(s):  
Fabrizio Fontana ◽  
Olga A. Babenko
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Diagnosis And Therapy ◽  
The Future ◽  
Important Direction ◽  
Potential Biomarkers

Aim of this letter is to attract the attention of journal readers to the study of exosomes as an important direction in the development of Oncology, in particular, in the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer. Exosomes are produced by tumor cells and regulate proliferation, metastasis, and the development of chemoresistance. Their extraction from biological fluids allows further use of these vesicles as potential biomarkers of prostate cancer. In the future, exosomes can be successfully used in the delivery of drugs and other anti-tumor substances to cancer cells.

Design, 22-step synthesis, and evaluation of highly potent D-ring modified and linker-equipped analogs of spongistatin 1

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Leighton ◽  
Linda M. Suen ◽  
Makeda A. Tekle-Smith ◽  
Kevin S. Williamson ◽  
Joshua R. Infantine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Functional Group ◽  
Human Cancer ◽  
Natural Sources ◽  
Spongistatin 1 ◽  
Human Cancer Cell Lines ◽  
Drug Conjugates ◽  
Attractive Candidate ◽  
Complex Fragment ◽  
Antibody Drug

With an average GI50 value against the NCI panel of 60 human cancer cell lines of 0.12 nM, spongistatin 1 is among the most potent anti-proliferative agents ever discovered rendering it an attractive candidate for development as a payload for antibody-drug conjugates and other targeted delivery approaches. It is unavailable from natural sources and its size and complex stereostructure render chemical synthesis highly time- and resource-intensive, however, and its development requires more efficient and step-economical synthetic access. Using novel and uniquely enabling direct complex fragment coupling alkallyl- and crotylsilylation reactions, we have developed a 22-step synthesis of a rationally designed D-ring modified analog of spongistatin 1 that is equipotent with the natural product, and have used that synthesis to establish that the C(15) acetate may be replaced with a linker functional group-bearing ester with only minimal reductions in potency.<br><div><br></div>

ANDROID APPLICATION FOR DETECTION OF SKIN CANCER USING EXPERT SYSTEM

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yogi Udjaja
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Expert System ◽  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
System Application ◽  
Ultraviolet Rays ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Android Application ◽  
Abnormal Growth ◽  
Skin Cells

Skin cancer is an abnormal growth of human skin that can damage skin cells. By knowing the symptoms of skin cancer as early as posssible, it is helpful in preventing the spread of cancer cells and treatment. There are many factors that cause skin cancer, but in general the cause is exposure to ultraviolet rays from the sun.  Therefore, an expert system application is required to detect skin cancer.  By using backward chining and probalility methode; which data is in form of someone’s risk factor and clinical sympthoms, then the application will provide temporary diagnosis.  This application is built in an android platfrom because in its development android is more used than other platforms. The accuracy obtained from this application is 96.67%.

Targeted Delivery of Natural Bioactives and Lipid-nanocargos against Signaling Pathways Involved in Skin Cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Kashif Iqubal ◽  
Aiswarya Chaudhuri ◽  
Ashif Iqubal ◽  
Sadaf Saleem ◽  
Madan Mohan Gupta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Skin Pigmentation ◽  
Wnt Signaling Pathway ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Radiation Chemical ◽  
Cell Leukemia Virus Type ◽  
Human T Cell

: At present, skin cancer is a widespread malignancy in human beings. Among diverse population types, Caucasian populations are much more prone in comparison to darker skin populations due to the comparative lack of skin pigmentation. Skin cancer is divided into malignant and non-melanoma skin cancer, which is additionally categorized as basal and squamous cell carcinoma. The exposure to ultraviolet radiation, chemical carcinogen (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, arsenic, tar, etc.), and viruses (herpes virus, human papillomavirus, and human T-cell leukemia virus type-1) are major contributing factors of skin cancer. There are distinct pathways available through which skin cancer develops, such as the JAKSTAT pathway, Akt pathway, MAPKs signaling pathway, Wnt signaling pathway, to name a few. Currently, several targeted treatments are available, such as monoclonal antibodies, which have dramatically changed the line of treatment of this disease but possess major therapeutic limitations. Thus, recently many phytochemicals have been evaluated either alone or in combination with the existing synthetic drugs to overcome their limitations and have found to play a promising role in the prevention and treatment. In this review, complete tracery of skin cancer, starting from the signaling pathways involved, newer developed drugs with their targets and limitations along with the emerging role of natural products alone or in combination as potent anticancer agents and their molecular mechanism involved has been discussed. Apart from this, various nanocargos have also been mentioned here, which can play a significant role in the management and treatment of different types of skin cancer.

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