scholarly journals Implications for Treatment Strategies in Cancer and Infectious Diseases

2021 ◽  
pp. 121-159
Author(s):  
Elena Locci ◽  
Silvia Raymond
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Treatment Management ◽  
New Therapies ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Keywords Cancer

It is widely known that severe viral infections and cancer disrupt the immune system, including T cells, a process called "immune fatigue." Overcoming immune depletion is the main goal of developing new therapies for cancer or severe viral infections. Called Tpex cells, they can maintain their function for a long time. Keywords: Cancer; Cells; Tissues, Tumors; Prevention, Prognosis; Diagnosis; Imaging; Screening; Treatment; Management

scholarly journals Overcoming Immune Depletion is the Main Goal of Developing New Therapies for Cancer or Severe Viral Infections

2021 ◽  
pp. 100-140
Author(s):  
Ricardo Gobato ◽  
Abhijit Mitra
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Treatment Management ◽  
New Therapies ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Keywords Cancer

It is widely known that severe viral infections and cancer disrupt the immune system, including T cells, a process called "immune fatigue." Overcoming immune depletion is the main goal of developing new therapies for cancer or severe viral infections. Called Apex cells, they can maintain their function for a long time. Keywords: Cancer; Cells; Tissues; Tumors; Prevention; Prognosis; Diagnosis; Imaging; Screening, Treatment; Management

Role of Common Kitchen Remedies in Prevention of Infectious Diseases with a particular perspective of Covid-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 1378-1383
Author(s):  
Kanyaka Bagde ◽  
Bharat Rathi ◽  
Renu Rathi ◽  
Prem Badwaik ◽  
Swapnali Khabde
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
The Body ◽  
Self Healing ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Common Man ◽  
Natural Way

The greatness of Ayurveda medicine is that it works on your immune system and helps to build up the body to fight against viral invasions. It is the safest, economical and natural way of self-healing. It can quickly spread among masses from rich to poor all over the country. Ayurveda has been dealing with plenty of herbs for a very long time. These herbs include some rare to prevalent herbs which we can found some in the kitchen even though if that is of any commoners. The concern is that these viral infections are very prone to attack weak immunity and take the chance to affect the country to the globe. So the prevalent herbs of Ayurveda available in the kitchen will always be helpful to get through this viral invasion. These herbs are always there to make tasty food as well as to protect the body from infectious diseases by building the immunity strong. Herbs from the kitchen are not complicated to take as a medicine. Regular use of a few herbs in the straightforward form proves its importance as a medicine. In this article a review of herbs is done which we are available in our kitchen, we are using it in our daily life, and we are getting the benefit of these which a common man might not be fully aware of about. 

scholarly journals Immune Checkpoints in Viral Infections

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1051
Author(s):  
Huiming Cai ◽  
Ge Liu ◽  
Jianfeng Zhong ◽  
Kai Zheng ◽  
Haitao Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Antiviral Therapy ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Immune Checkpoints ◽  
Chronic Viral Infections ◽  
Infected Cells

As evidence has mounted that virus-infected cells, such as cancer cells, negatively regulate the function of T-cells via immune checkpoints, it has become increasingly clear that viral infections similarly exploit immune checkpoints as an immune system escape mechanism. Although immune checkpoint therapy has been successfully used in cancer treatment, numerous studies have suggested that such therapy may also be highly relevant for treating viral infection, especially chronic viral infections. However, it has not yet been applied in this manner. Here, we reviewed recent findings regarding immune checkpoints in viral infections, including COVID-19, and discussed the role of immune checkpoints in different viral infections, as well as the potential for applying immune checkpoint blockades as antiviral therapy.

scholarly journals Cancer immunoediting: A game theoretical approach

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Tavakoli ◽  
Javad Salimi Sartakhti ◽  
Mohammad Hossein Manshaei ◽  
David Basanta
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Evolutionary Game ◽  
Equilibrium Phase ◽  
Tumor Development ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Cancer Immunoediting ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Game Theoretical Approach ◽  
First Time

The role of the immune system in tumor development increasingly includes the idea of cancer immunoediting. It comprises three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape. In the first phase, elimination, transformed cells are recognized and destroyed by immune system. The rare tumor cells that are not destroyed in this phase may then enter the equilibrium phase, where their growth is prevented by immunity mechanisms. The escape phase represents the final phase of this process, where cancer cells begin to grow unconstrained by the immune system. In this study, we describe and analyze an evolutionary game theoretical model of proliferating, quiescent, and immune cells interactions for the first time. The proposed model is evaluated with constant and dynamic approaches. Population dynamics and interactions between the immune system and cancer cells are investigated. Stability of equilibria or critical points are analyzed by applying algebraic analysis. This model allows us to understand the process of cancer development and might help us design better treatment strategies to account for immunoediting.

scholarly journals CD47 as a Potential Target to Therapy for Infectious Diseases

Antibodies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 44
Author(s):  
Lamin B. Cham ◽  
Tom Adomati ◽  
Fanghui Li ◽  
Murtaza Ali ◽  
Karl S. Lang
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Antiviral Effect ◽  
Surface Expression ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Emerging Infections

The integrin associated protein (CD47) is a widely and moderately expressed glycoprotein in all healthy cells. Cancer cells are known to induce increased CD47 expression. Similar to cancer cells, all immune cells can upregulate their CD47 surface expression during infection. The CD47-SIRPa interaction induces an inhibitory effect on macrophages and dendritic cells (dendritic cells) while CD47-thrombospondin-signaling inhibits T cells. Therefore, the disruption of the CD47 interaction can mediate several biologic functions. Upon the blockade and knockout of CD47 reveals an immunosuppressive effect of CD47 during LCMV, influenza virus, HIV-1, mycobacterium tuberculosis, plasmodium and other bacterial pneumonia infections. In our recent study we shows that the blockade of CD47 using the anti-CD47 antibody increases the activation and effector function of macrophages, dendritic cells and T cells during viral infection. By enhancing both innate and adaptive immunity, CD47 blocking antibody promotes antiviral effect. Due to its broad mode of action, the immune-stimulatory effect derived from this antibody could be applicable in nonresolving and (re)emerging infections. The anti-CD47 antibody is currently under clinical trial for the treatment of cancer and could also have amenable therapeutic potential against infectious diseases. This review highlights the immunotherapeutic targeted role of CD47 in the infectious disease realm.

scholarly journals Expansion ofCD8+CD57+T Cells in an Immunocompetent Patient with Acute Toxoplasmosis

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. García-Muñoz ◽  
P. Rodríguez-Otero ◽  
A. Galar ◽  
J. Merino ◽  
J. J. Beunza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Chronic Phase ◽  
Immune Dysfunction ◽  
Immunocompetent Patient ◽  
Acute Toxoplasmosis ◽  
Clinical Conditions ◽  
First Time

CD57+T cells increase in several viral infections like cytomegalovirus, herpesvirus, parvovirus, HIV and hepatitis C virus and are associated with several clinical conditions related to immune dysfunction and ageing. We report for the first time an expansion of CD8+CD57+T cells in a young patient with an acute infection with Toxoplasma gondii. Our report supports the concept that CD8+CD57+T cells could be important in the control of chronic phase of intracellular microorganisms and that the high numbers of these cells may reflect the continuing survey of the immune system, searching for parasite proliferation in the tissues.

scholarly journals Engineering T-Cell Activation for Immunotherapy by Mechanical Forces

2021 ◽  
pp. 553-591
Author(s):  
Elena Locci ◽  
Silvia Raymond
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
T Cell ◽  
T Cell Activation ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Cytotoxic T Cells ◽  
Cancer Therapies ◽  
Physical Barriers ◽  
Keywords Cancer ◽  
New Cancer Therapies

A groundbreaking study led by engineering and medical researchers at the California South University (CSU) shows how immune cells engineered in new cancer therapies can overcome physical barriers so that the patient's own immune system can fight tumors. This research could improve the future of millions of cancer patients worldwide. Immunotherapy, instead of using chemicals or radiation, is a type of cancer treatment that helps the patient's immune system fight cancer. T cells are a type of white blood cell that is essential for the body's immune system. Cytotoxic T cells are like soldiers searching for and destroying target invading cells. Although there has been success in using immunotherapy for some types of cancer in the blood or blood-producing organs, T cell work is much more difficult in solid tumors. Keywords: Cancer; Cells; Tissues, Tumors; Prevention, Prognosis; Diagnosis; Imaging; Screening; Treatment; Management

scholarly journals Pembrolizumab and Nivolumab in the treatment of Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Bionatura ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 942-947
Author(s):  
Camila Lissett Velastegui Gamboa ◽  
Dayanara Lissette Yánez Arcos
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Cell Lung Cancer ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Variable Region ◽  
Structural Basis ◽  
Human Antibody

Lung cancer is a disease difficult to treat and with low survival rates, especially non-smaller cell lung cancer (NSCLC). To treat cancer in advanced stages, new methods had arisen like immunotherapy. Pembrolizumab and nivolumab are IgG4 antibodies targeting programmed death cell receptor (PD-1) used for cancer immunotherapy, that blocks the protection that has cancer cells against the immune system. This antibody works binding and blocking the PD-1 membrane protein of T cells, which is responsible for cell recognition. If T cells cannot recognize the cells, then it would attack, so in this way, the immune system can be enhanced. Pembrolizumab and nivolumab have a variable region that is capable of recognizing the PD-1 receptor, and this plays an important role to kill cancer cells. The structure of the complex PD -1 and its ligand PD-L1 or PD-L2 reveals the structural basis of the PD-1. The interaction with a human antibody has been studied with antibody fragments revealing the molecular basis for the blockade of PD1 / PDL1-PDL2 interaction by pembrolizumab and nivolumab. Different studies involving immunotherapy have shown the remarkable results of pembrolizumab and nivolumab over current chemotherapy for cancer treatment making available a possible way for a new treatment for lung cancer. In a comparative analysis made between those immune checkpoint inhibitors had found the efficacy of pembrolizumab for treatment of NSCLC.

scholarly journals Trends in Cancer Immunotherapy

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. CMO.S4795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph F. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Therapeutic Vaccines ◽  
Molecular Immunology ◽  
And Function

Modulation of the immune system for therapeutic ends has a long history, stretching back to Edward Jenner's use of cowpox to induce immunity to smallpox in 1796. Since then, immunotherapy, in the form of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines, has enabled doctors to treat and prevent a variety of infectious diseases, including cholera, poliomyelitis, diphtheria, measles and mumps. Immunotherapy is now increasingly being applied to oncology. Cancer immunotherapy attempts to harness the power and specificity of the immune system for the treatment of malignancy. Although cancer cells are less immunogenic than pathogens, the immune system is capable of recognizing and eliminating tumor cells. However, tumors frequently interfere with the development and function of immune responses. Thus, the challenge for cancer immunotherapy is to apply advances in cellular and molecular immunology and develop strategies that effectively and safely augment antitumor responses.

Immunization

2010 ◽  
pp. 460-464
Author(s):  
D. Goldblatt ◽  
M. Ramsay
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Specific Antibody ◽  
The Body ◽  
Memory Cells ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Medical Interventions ◽  
Human Immune

Immunization is one of the most successful medical interventions ever developed: it prevents infectious diseases worldwide. Mechanism of effect—the basis for the success of immunization is that the human immune system is able to respond to vaccines by producing pathogen-specific antibody and memory cells (both B and T cells) which protect the body should the pathogen be encountered....

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