Results of research into affinity of promising table grape hybrid forms

2020 ◽  
pp. 39-49
Author(s):  
I.A. Kovalova ◽  
L.V. Gerus ◽  
M.G. Fedorenko
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rates ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Table Grape ◽  
Period Length ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Hybrid Form ◽  
Phenological Data ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Hybrid Forms ◽  
Sum Of Active Temperatures

Aim. To study affinity of 12 rootstock-scion combinations of new promising table grape hybrid forms with common and new Ukrainian rootstock varieties. Results and Discussion. The study results demonstrated differences between rootstock-scion combinations in the number of check seedlings after stratification and differences in survival rates of seedlings after their planting. Analysis of phenological data showed significant differences in “the vegetation period length” and “the sum of active temperatures” for all hybrid forms grafted onto Dobrynia variety. Analysis of data on promising hybrid forms in rootstock-scion combinations allowed us to confirm significant effects of rootstocks on scion varieties, which cover both bio-physiological and economic characteristics of a grafted organism. Conclusions. Estimated amounts of check grafted seedlings after stratification in all 12 variants of rootstock-scion combinations were quite high (57-92%). Survival rates of seedlings after their planting ranged from 57% to 100%. For traditional wine-growing regions, it is recommended to graft Tairian and Persei hybrid forms onto Dobrynia and Berlandieri x Riparia Kober 5BB rootstocks. Fontan hybrid form should be grafted onto Riparia x Rupestris 101-14 (reference cultivar) and Dobrynia varieties. For experimental, non-traditional regions of viticulture, it should be taken into account that vegetation period of seedlings grafted onto Dobrynia variety tends to increase by three days for Persei and Fontan hybrid forms (2%). The vegetation period of Tairian – Dobrynia rootstock-scion combination exceeded reference combination rates by seven days (5.7%). Studies of the influence of stress factors on traits of interest will be continued.

scholarly journals Особенности элитных гибридных форм винограда технического направления селекции Анапской зональной опытной станции виноградарства и виноделия

2019 ◽  
pp. 302-306
Author(s):  
Ivan Gorbunov
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Content ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Sugar Accumulation ◽  
Wine Grape ◽  
Average Yield ◽  
Hybrid Form ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
High Sugar ◽  
High Sugar Content ◽  
Hybrid Forms

Практические успехи селекции за последние годы свидетельствуют об имеющемся потенциале повышения продуктивности сортов растений. Однако идеальных сортов нет в производстве. Исходя из этого, в селекции очень важно совместить в одном генотипе высокий потенциал продуктивности с широкой экологической пластичностью, получить сорт для каждой агроэкологической зоны возделывания. В настоящее время существует недостаток в сортименте винограда технического направления использования. Возросший интерес к винному туризму диктует необходимость выращивания аборигенных сортов винограда и сортов местной селекции, их доля в реестре должна возрастать. Всё это определяет основные задачи селекции технических сортов винограда: создание сортов, сочетающих высокое качество продукции и адаптивность к абиотическим и биотическим стрессовым факторам, выведение сортов для выработки оригинальных вин, сортов с высоким уровнем сахаронакопления, сортов раннего срока созревания. Изучение этого вопроса для Анапо-Таманской зоны актуально и представляет большой интерес. В результате научно-исследовательской работы по изучению комплекса хозяйственно ценных селекционных признаков у элитных гибридных форм винограда технического направления среднего и позднего сроков созревания позволило выявить ряд особенностей: - элитная гибридная форма III-59-24 выделяется среди остальных исследуемых форм по среднему урожаю ягод с куста (с учетом относительно небольшого среднего количества плодоносных побегов на кусте) - 8,1 кг, по высоким коэффициентам плодоношения и плодоносности - 1,1; низкой кислотности ягод - 5,7 г/дм; - элитная гибридная форма III-62-24 отличается средней урожайностью с куста - 8,2 кг, по высокому коэффициенту плодоносности - 1,1, высокому содержанию сахаров в соке ягод - 20,1 г/100 см; - элитная гибридная форма K-I-74-1 обладает самыми крупными гроздями, наибольшей урожайностью с одного куста в среднем в сравнении с остальными исследуемыми формами, высокой концентрацией сахаров в ягодах, наибольшими - плодоносностью одного побега и массой грозди. Данные элитные гибридные формы винограда будут изучены и в дальнейшем по вышеперечисленным хозяйственно ценным селекционным, агробиологическим, фенологическим и технологическим признакам.Practical success of breeding in recent years shows the existing potential to increase productivity of plant varieties. However, ideal varieties are something grape and wine growing cannot rely on. With this in mind, it is very important to combine high productivity potential and wide ecological plasticity in one genotype, and to develop varieties for each agro-ecological zone of cultivation. Currently, our grape assortment is in want of wine varieties. A growing interest in wine tourism urges the need to cultivate autochthonous grape varieties and local selections and breedings. The proportion of such varieties in the Register should increase. These considerations determine main tasks of wine grape breeding, including good quality of fruit and processed products in combination with adaptivity to abiotic and biotic stress factors, high sugar accumulation and early ripening time, and the possibility to translate such grapes into original wines. To tackle such tasks is timely and of great interest in the Anapa-Taman zone. Research into a complex of economically valuable traits in new mid to late-ripening elite wine grape hybrid forms was done, and a number of peculiarities were revealed: - elite hybrid form III-59-24 stands out for an average yield per vine (8.1 kg), taking into account a relatively small average number of fruit-bearing shoots, high fruiting and fruitfulness coefficients (1.1), and low acidity of berries (5.7 g/dm); - elite hybrid form III-62-24 has an average yield per vine of 8.2 kg, high fruitfulness coefficient (1.1), and high sugar content of berries (20.1 g/100 cm); - elite hybrid form K-I - 74-1, in comparison to the other study forms, has the largest bunches, the largest average yield per vine, high sugar content of berries, the highest fruitfulness of one shoot, and the highest weight of one bunch. These elite hybrid forms will further be studied for the above economically valuable breeding, agrobiological, phenological and technological traits.

scholarly journals Job Stress and Burnout among Social Workers in the VUCA World of COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 7109
Author(s):  
Gabriela Dima ◽  
Luiza Meseșan Schmitz ◽  
Marinela-Cristina Șimon
Keyword(s):  
Social Workers ◽  
Job Stress ◽  
Job Demands ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Care Plan ◽  
Average Score ◽  
Supervisory Support ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Study Results ◽  
High Level

This paper aimed to explore the changes posed by the new COVID-19 pandemic to the field of social work and its impact on social workers in terms of job stress and burnout in Romania. Two conceptual models were used to frame the discussion: the theoretical framework of VUCA (volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity) to discuss the challenges that the unprecedented context of the COVID-19 pandemic has created for social workers; and the Job Demands and Resources model (JD-R) to understand job demands perceived as stressors and burnout. Based on convergent mixed methods, the study sample consisted of 83 social workers employed in statutory and private social services in Romania, from different areas of intervention. Results showed that social workers perceived a high level of job stress related to work during the pandemic, which was associated with higher levels of burnout in the areas of personal burnout (average score 55.9) and work-related burnout (average score 52.5). Client-related burnout was lower (average score 38.4), indicating that stress was generated mainly by organisational factors and work-related factors (workload, aligning to new legislative rules and decisions, inconsistency, instability, ambiguity of managerial decisions, and lack of clarity of working procedures) and less by client-related stressors (lack of direct contact with clients, risk of contamination, managing beneficiaries’ fears, and difficulties related to technology). High job demands and limited job resources (managerial and supervisory support, financial resources, and recognition and reward) led to a high to very high level of work-related burnout for 15.7% and an upper-medium level for 44.2% of respondents. A group of 27.7% reported lower to medium levels of work-related burnout, while 14.5% had very low levels, managing to handle stress factors in a healthy manner. Study results pointed to the importance of organisational support and the development of a self-care plan that help to protect against job stress and burnout. Recommendations were made, putting forward the voice of fieldworkers and managers fostering initiatives and the application of sustainability-based measures and activities designed to deal with the challenges of the VUCA environment.

ASSESSMENT OF MORPHOPHYSIOLOGICAL AND REPRODUCTIVE INDICATORS OF FIRSTMATURED HYBRID FORMS OF STURGEON

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.B. Akhmetzhanova ◽  
◽  
Zakari Miburo ◽  
S.V. Ponomarev ◽  
Y.V. Fedorovykh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aquatic Environment ◽  
Physiological Parameters ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Russian Sturgeon ◽  
Hybrid Form ◽  
Lower Volga Region ◽  
Lower Volga ◽  
Winter Temperatures ◽  
Siberian Species ◽  
Hybrid Forms

The article presents data on morphological and physiological parameters of first-matured females of Russian sturgeon and its hybrid form with a Siberian species, grown in artificial conditions by LLC “Akvatrade”, operating in the Lower Volga region (Astrakhan region). It was found that Russian sturgeon juveniles adapt less satisfactorily to the low winter temperatures of the aquatic environment in comparison with hybrid forms with the Siberian species. As for the offspring obtained from hybrid females, their resistance to low winter temperatures of the aquatic environment was higher, most likely due to features inherited from the Siberian species.

scholarly journals Pediatric Brain tumors in Southeast Nigeria; An 8-year prospective longitudinal cohort study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enoch Uche ◽  
Nkechi Judith Uche ◽  
Obinna V Ajuzieogu ◽  
Dubem Amuta ◽  
ephraim Onyia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Tumors ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Pediatric Brain Tumors ◽  
Common Symptom ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Poor Outcomes ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal ◽  
Pediatric Brain

Abstract Background: Pediatric brain tumors (PBT’s) from previous studies are associated with poor outcomes in our subregion. Methods. An 8 -year single center prospective study. All cases investigated with neuroimaging and treated were enrolled. Data was analyzed with SPSS (Inc) Chicago IL, USA version 23. Chi Square test, One-way Anova and confidence limits were used to evaluate associations using the 95% level of significance. Patients were followed up for a range of 1 to 7.5 years with a mean of 4.9 ±1.3years. Ethical approval was obtained for our study. Results: 95 patients were enrolled, 84 satisfied the study criteria. There were 45 males and 39 females, M: F=1.1. The mean age was 9.9±2.7 years 95%CI with a range of 9 months to 16 years. The most common symptom was headache for supratentorial lesions (73%) and gait disturbance (80.2%) for infratentorial lesions. More tumors were supratentorial in location (45(54.2%), while 33(37.1%) were infratentorial. Craniopharyngiomas (n=19), medulloblastomas(n=17) and astrocytomas (n=11) were the most common tumors. Hemoglobin genotype(AA and AS) had some influence on tumor phenotype, Odds ratio 8.9 and 3.3 for medulloblastoma and craniopharyngioma. 69 cases were microsurgically resected while 14 patients were treated with radiotherapy alone. The 30-day mortality for operated cases is 7.9±1.3%. Overall 1-year and 5-year survival was 67.9% and 53.6 % respectively. Survival rates varied among treatment groups (X2=8.9, P=0.017). Conclusion: Survival profile in this series suggests some improvement in comparison to previous studies from our region.

scholarly journals Profile degradations of podzolic chernozem of the territory of Male Polissia

2017 ◽  
pp. 98-110
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Haskevych
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Soil Mass ◽  
Water Erosion ◽  
Soil Protection ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Average Annual Loss ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Statistical Field

The article presents the results of the study of Male Polissia podzolic chernozems profile degradation. The causes and consequences of this dangerous natural and man-made phenomenon resulting in changes in the habitus of soils, losses of soil mass and humus, deterioration of general physical properties and structural and aggregate composition, decrease in soil fertility and agriculture unprofitability on the slopes have been analysed. In the study of the profile degradation of podzolic chernozems, the following methods have been used: comparative-geographical, comparative-profile, soil-catena, analytical, and statistical. Field studies were conducted after the vegetation period. According to the study results, the thickness of the profile of weakly eroded podzolic chernozems, in comparison with non-eroded types, decreased by 17.0–35.5% as compared to the standard, which corresponds to satisfactory and pre-crisis condition, in medium eroded soils - by 32.2–63.4%, the degree of degradation is estimated as pre-crisis, crisis and catastrophic. In the highly eroded types, the thickness of the soil layer decreased by 47.8–74.9%, which indicates a high and very high (crisis) level of profile degradation. Erosion soil loss compared to the standard in weakly eroded podzolic chernozems is 1245.0-3744.6 t/ha, in medium eroded soil – 6762.4-8321.0 t/ha, and in highly-eroded soil – 8874.0-11595.0 t/ha. It has been established that chernozems as a result of water erosion from one hectare of weakly eroded podzolic, on average 39.47–118.70 tons of humus was eroded, 214.36-237.98 tons was eroded from medium eroded ones, and 240.49-267.84 tons from highly eroded soils. The average annual loss of humus is from 0.23-0.68 t/ha in weakly eroded types to 1.37-1.53 t/ha in highly eroded podzolic chernozems. Erosion processes result in deterioration of physical properties of soils. The use of dense and low-humus plumage horizons for plowing causes compaction of soils and deterioration of structure. Minimization of podzolic chernozem profile degradation in Male Polissia is possible provided that the system of anti-erosion measures, especially the conservation of highly eroded soils, the introduction of soil protection methods for soil cultivation, optimization of the structure of crop areas, ban on cultivated crops on slopes more than 3° steep, consolidation of small areas in larger arrays are applied. It is also necessary to introduce a system of basic and crisis monitoring over the condition of eroded soils. Key words: Male Polissia, podzolic chernozems, profile degradation, water erosion, humus, soil conservation.

Influence of a growth stimulator on the sowing traits of wheat

2021 ◽  
pp. 66-71
Author(s):  
R. A. Maksimova ◽  
E. M. Ermolova
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Growth Regulator ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Growth Stimulator ◽  
Phytotoxic Effect ◽  
Leaf Surface Area ◽  
Wheat Seeds

Wheat is the main and most important food crop in most countries of the world. It is cultivated in more than 80 countries. The purpose of the work was to study the effect of the growth stimulator Agrostimulin on the sowing traits of wheat seeds. The growth regulator Agrostimulin promotes accelerated division of plant cells, the development of a more powerful root system, an increase in the leaf surface area and chlorophyll content, reduces the phytotoxic effect of pesticides, has an antimutagenic effect, improves the quality of grown products, increases productivity, plant resistance to diseases, stress factors, resistance to adverse environmental factors (hypothermia, overheating, lack or excess of light and moisture). Its use makes it possible to reduce the rates of application of pesticides when using the drug 3–5 times during the vegetation period. The use of the growth stimulator Agrostimulin in the cultivation of spring wheat Omskaya 36 has been reflected in the article. Studies on the sowing traits of spring wheat seeds, phenological observations have been carried out. The yield of wheat Omskaya 36 variety with the use of the growth regulator Agrostimulin was 20 c/ha, which was by 2,1 c/ha or 11,7 % higher compared to the previous year. It has been revealed that the length of the vegetation period in wheat treated with the growth regulator Agrostimulin was 89 days, which was by 7 days less compared to the control. Thus, it has been experimentally proved that the treatment of spring wheat seeds Omskaya 36 with the growth regulator Agrostimulin shortens the growing season and increases its yield.

Morphological assessment of the North Eurasian interspecific hybrid forms of the genus Bythotrephes Leydig, 1860 (Crustacea: Cladocera: Cercopagididae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4550 (3) ◽  
pp. 340 ◽  
Author(s):  
NIKOLAI M. KOROVCHINSKY
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Hybrid ◽  
Morphological Variability ◽  
Eastern Siberia ◽  
Morphological Examination ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
Hybrid Form ◽  
Volga River ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Hybrid Forms

The North Eurasian interspecific hybrid forms of the genus Bythotrephes Leydig, 1860 are described morphologically in detail with consideration of the previous data on their allozyme analysis and brief morphological examination. In total, three hybrid forms have been encountered, among which B. brevimanus x B. cederströmii appear to be most common and widespread whereas two others, one of which is new to science, are known from single localities. The high morphological variability of the former hybrid form is analyzed and its diagnostic features, distinguishing their representatives from those of parental species are determined. Within their vast range, the hybrids B. brevimanus x B. cederströmii seem to be one of the most common and numerous members of the genus. For instance, they dominate in all reservoirs of the Volga River where their biology was investigated in some detail. The hybrids are distributed widely being known from Sweden, Finland, and north-west of European Russia to Central Yakutia in Eastern Siberia. The southern borders of their range extend to the south of Eastern Siberia and Eastern Kazakhstan. Further more detailed investigations of hybrids, both genetic and morphological, are highly desirable. 

scholarly journals Control of Hemorrhage in Liver Trauma

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Skender Buci ◽  
Dorina Shtjefni ◽  
Arben Gjata ◽  
Gjovalin Bushi ◽  
Sonja Saraçi Butorac
Keyword(s):  
Liver Resection ◽  
Liver Injury ◽  
Foley Catheter ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Surgical Techniques ◽  
Penetrating Trauma ◽  
Pringle Maneuver ◽  
Liver Trauma ◽  
Artery Ligation ◽  
Study Results

Background: Control of hemorrhage in major liver trauma constitutes an ongoing surgical challenge even in nowadays, as surgeons often face difficult situations in its management. The goal of this study was to analyze our experience in the control of hemorrhage in major liver trauma. Materials and methods: Our study was performed prospectively covering a period of time from January 2009 till December 2012. 173 patients with liver trauma were included in our study. Results: Temporary haemostasis maneuvers in the setting of urgent laparotomy consisted of: bimanual compression 13 patients (15.3%), Pringle maneuver 23 patients (27%), perihepatic packing 10 patients (11,8%), Foley catheter balloon tamponade 2 patients (2.4%), intrahepatic tamponade in penetrating trauma 4 patients (4.7%). Definitive haemostasis methods used in urgent laparotomy were: electro-coagulation of the liver injury 12 patients (14.1%), haemostasis and biliostasis followed by hepatic closure 41 patients (48.2%), haemostasis and biliostasis without hepatic closure 6 patients (7.1%), tamponade with a pedicled vascularized omental flap (pedicled omentum hepatorrhaphy) 7 patients (8.2%), anatomic liver resection 1 patient (1.2%), nonanatomic/atypical liver resection 7 patients (8.2%), right hepatic artery ligation 1 patient (1.2%). Surgical techniques in preplanned laparotomies consisted of: left hepatectomy 1 patient (16.6%), right hepatectomy 1 patient (16,6%), nonanatomic/atypical liver resections 4 patients (66.7%). The success of treatment was significantly related to the grade of liver injury (z= 5.2912, p=<0.00001), other concomitant abdominal organ injuries (z=4.0743, p=0.00005), amount of blood transfusion received (p=0.03207), and age (p=0.04944). Overall mortality rate was 13%. Conclusion: Perihepatic packing and performing the surgical intervention in two sessions has significantly improved survival rates in major liver trauma from our experience.

scholarly journals Potential of genetic resistance of new table grape hybrids to fungal pathogens

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 02001
Author(s):  
Elena Ilnitskaya ◽  
Marina Makarkina ◽  
Valeriy Petrov
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Downy Mildew ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Dna Markers ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Plasmopara Viticola ◽  
Table Grape ◽  
Table Grapes ◽  
Hybrid Forms

Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) and powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator) are the most common and economically significant fungal diseases in vineyards. The task of this work is to study the genotypes of new promising hybrid forms of table grapes for the presence of resistance genes to downy mildew (Rpv10 and Rpv3) and powdery mildew (Ren9) using DNA-markers. The study was carried out on table grape hybrids under the working names Agat dubovskiy, Akelo, Arabella, Artek, Dubovskiy rozovyi, Gamlet, Ispolin, Kishmish dubovskiy, Kurazh, Pestryi, Valensiya and registered variety Liviya. The studied genes were analyzed using markers UDV305 and UDV737 (Rpv3), GF09-46 (Rpv10), CenGen6 (Ren9). The following cultivars were used as reference genotypes: Saperavi severnyi (carries Rpv10 gene) and Regent (Rpv3 and Ren9). It was established that Rpv3 gene is carried by hybrids Kishmish dubovskiy, Agat dubovskiy, Kurazh, Valensiya, Akelo, Gamlet, Dubovskiy rozovyi, Pestryi. Ren9 gene was found in Artek, Agat dubovskiy, Kurazh, Ispolin, Valensiya, Arabella, Gamlet, Dubovskiy rozovyi, Pestryi. The Rpv10 gene was not detected in any of the analyzed grapevine samples. genotypes Agat dubovskiy, Kurazh, Gamlet, Dubovskiy rozovyi, Pestryi, Valensiya carry Rpv3 and Ren9 genes simultaneously. These grapevines have an elegant bunch and large berries that are attractive to consumers.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF PROMISING BREEDING SAMPLES OF MEADOW CLOVER IN COMPETITIVE VARIETY TESTING ACCORDING TO THE MAIN ECONOMICALLY USEFUL CHARACTERISTICS

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (28) ◽  
pp. 101-109
Author(s):  
V.A. Korelina ◽  
◽  
O.B. Batakova ◽  
I.V. Zobnina ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Winter Hardiness ◽  
The State ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Seed Productivity ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
State Register ◽  
Bare Fallow ◽  
Variety Testing

Each region is characterized by a certain set of natural conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to have varieties of forage crops that can realize soil and climatic potential of the zone and are resistant to various possible stress factors. The purpose of the research is: study the variety samples of meadow clover according to the complex of economically useful characteristics in the competitive variety testing; identify the most promising ones in the conditions of the European North of the Russian Federation. The research was carried out in 2017, 2018 and 2019 at the experimental field of FSUE “Kotlasskoe”, which is located in the south-east of the Arkhangelsk region. Such breeding methods as selection, hybridization, creation of complex hybrid synthetic populations were used to create the studied variety samples. The studies were carried out according to the guidelines of the Federal Research Center “VNIIK named after V. R. Williams” and methodology of the State variety testing of agricultural crops (under the general editorship of Fedin M. A.). Soil of the experimental plots is weakly podzolic clay, medium cultivated on Permian clays. Mid-early diploid variety ‘Niva’ was used as a standard. The experiment was laid on a bare fallow; four-fold replication. Sowing was carried out with a SKS-6-10 seeder. Variety samples were evaluated according to a set of biological and agricultural characteristics: winter hardiness, vegetation period per mowing mass, plant height, leafiness, dry matter collection, protein content, protein collection, seed productivity. Agrometeorological conditions during the years of research were different, which allowed us to obtain more reliable results in assessing studied breeding material. All presented promising breeding samples exceeded the standard one in terms of the studied basic economic and biological characteristics. According to each studied indicator, we selected the best varieties. On average, over the years of research, a comprehensive assessment allowed us to identify the most valuable varieties that can form stable feed and increased seed productivity in northern conditions. They are K-2003, SD-289, K-1809, K-1556, ‘Taezhnik’. Winter hardiness of these samples varied from 84 to 94 %, dry matter collection – from 9.0 to 9.9 t/ha, seed yield – from 256 to 309 kg/ha, protein collection – from 1.26 to 1.35 t/ha. Variety ‘Taezhnik’ was included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements in 2020 for the 2nd region.

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