THE JOB EXCHANGES FOR GRADUATES IN ROMANIA – THE ASSESSMENT OF THE TERRITORIAL DISPARITIES

The job exchanges for graduates represent the major offer-and-demand framework organised by the majority of territorial structures of the National Employment Agency, which have a pyramidal/hierarchic structure. The paper focuses on supply and demand territorial aspects on the labour market for graduates; how employer demand is conveyed to graduates and how well the skills that young people gain are utilized on the job. The present study represents a quantitative assessment of the job supply and demand for graduates and a qualitative territorial assessment of the results recorded by the job-exchange for this category of young labour force. This latter approach is based on a series of 7 indicators, in order to point out the main territorial characteristics of the job exchange for graduates. The general assessment index (calculated like the arithmetical average of the standardized values of the indicators selected) varies between 0 and 0.762, the agencies for employment being divided in four categories: 1 - “No activity and no results“, 2 - “Very low activity and very few results” and “Low activity and very few result“, 3 - “Low activity and few results” and 4 - “Moderate activity and good results”.

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The Promotion of Young Entrepreneurs for Development Small and Medium Business

Valahian Journal of Economic Studies ◽

10.1515/vjes-2017-0018 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 49-56

Author(s):

Mariana Doga-Mîrzac

Keyword(s):

Economic Development ◽

Young People ◽

Market Economy ◽

Labour Force ◽

Supply And Demand ◽

Regional Level ◽

Essential Component ◽

The Past ◽

Young Entrepreneurs ◽

Small And Medium Business

Abstract Promoting entrepreneurship is an essential component to ensure economic development at the national and the regional level. Entrepreneurship in young people may directly stimulate them and positively influence the generations and communities in which it operates. Successful young entrepreneurs in identifying those aspects hold ideas that will contribute to the success of the business and have availability to conquer niches of business that other entrepreneurs have ignored them or have them watched in disbelief. Over the past few years, employment of young remains one of the main problems that persist, problem on the development of market economy has boosted it and deepened it, emphasizing the correlation between the supply and demand of labour force as a whole.

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Development and validation of a scale to measure the resilience of schools: Perspectives of young people from vulnerable and challenging territories

Improving Schools ◽

10.1177/1365480221991742 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 136548022199174

Author(s):

Ana Milheiro Silva ◽

Sofia Marques da Silva

Keyword(s):

Young People ◽

National Level ◽

Principal Component ◽

Border Regions ◽

Educational Pathways ◽

Resilience Scale ◽

12Th Grade ◽

Confirmatory Factor ◽

Territorial Disparities ◽

Development And Validation

This article presents the development and validation of a scale for young people, which measures the resilience of schools in ensuring the educational pathways of students in vulnerable and challenging territories. This scale was developed within a national-level project, conducted in Portuguese border regions with Spain, which are peripheral contexts with economic, social, cultural, and educational disadvantages, but with locally-situated promising dynamics. Resilient schools, from an ecological perspective, are sensitive and committed to their internal and external settings. These schools act as a whole to face problem solving and risk situations, while also needing to support youth educational pathways and fulfill their role. This is particularly important in contexts with territorial disparities and specificities, as is the case of border regions. The Resilience Scale of Schools – Youth Version (RSS-Y) integrates dimensions related to schools’ focus and priorities, as well as practices and resources. Its development took into consideration that schools in vulnerable territories deal with specific constraints and fewer opportunities. In addition, this scale seeks to study the characteristics of resilience that young people identify in their schools and how they perceive their schools’ support. This quantitative scale was developed following a multi-step approach and was applied to 3,968 young people (9th to 12th grade). It comprises 17 items, rated on a five-point Likert scale to assess agreement. Statistical analysis ensure the internal consistency (Factor 1, α = .846; Factor 2, α = .845; Factor 3, α = .789) and the validity of this scale, indicating adequate psychometric properties to measure students’ perspectives on the resilience characteristics of schools. A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) proposes a three-factor structure that explains 57.393% of the total variance. A Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) indicates that this model is a good fit with the data. The RSS-Y can provide an important contribution to educational research developed in more deprived territories, but also to school contexts, since it recognizes the importance of schools’ differentiated approaches and highlights characteristics that promote the resilience and quality of schools.

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Youth Development in Albania

European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research ◽

10.26417/ejser.v1i1.p43-47 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 43

Author(s):

Armanda Keqi ◽

Bora Kokalari ◽

Sabina Beqiri

Keyword(s):

Young People ◽

Youth Development ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Transition Period ◽

Labour Force ◽

Groundwater Resources ◽

Small Towns ◽

The State ◽

The Difference ◽

Legal Immigration

Young generations are those who make lives livelier and happier, who design the future and make the change, the ones with full hope and enthusiasm to go further and make the impossible possible. As every country of Europe, Asia or America, Albania as well is surrounded by a very fruitful young ladies and gentlemen's. This paper aims to analyse the changes of the youth development in Albania during the transition period. The young development in Albania has faced many problems, such as the difference between the levels of development of the youths that live in the other cities of Albania with the ones of the capital. Rural areas and small towns are closed where a portion of youth in minor are totally dependent from family, and they are exactly that with their weak hands are inclined to do the heavy work to keep their family one more day alive. Youth at the opening of the borders, generally tended to leave towards legal immigration either as tourist or in illegal opportunities addressing major countries like Britain, Greece, Italy, Belgium etc. Albania needs to make arrangements which will be financed by businessmen, private universities in cooperation with the state to offer young people opportunities to work together and to be closer to each other and to show their skills in conversation competitions. At the same time the state has other open universities in backward areas which will provide young entrepreneurs' with more opportunities for young people to graduate and to serve different areas. Meanwhile, there is needed a strategy to separate the fields in which there is a need to have more expert in the field which is required to work also which would come more to help the country's economy with the addition of experts. Albania is a country blessed where high mountains finish in seas, where groundwater resources are numerous, and with a conductive climate to produce almost all kinds of fruits and where vegetation is very diverse. If the youth will be directed towards learning of foreign languages and in recognition of their territories, traditions and customs, thus, we would make a big step because tourism market is precisely the kind of market where young people will find themselves more comfortable than ever, where the labour force will be insufficient paid and where the demand for products would be required as the number of tourists would be great and just the requirements would change in terms of application areas during the summer as it would be for beaches and seasonal fruits, while during the winter for skiing and mountain tourism.

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Antioxidant, anti-cholinesterase, anti-α-glucosidase and prebiotic properties of beta-glucan extracted from Algerian barley

International Journal of Phytomedicine ◽

10.5138/09750185.2229 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 58 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Saad Mebrek ◽

Hanene Djeghim ◽

Yamina Mehdi ◽

Asma Meghezzi ◽

Sirajudheen Anwar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Inhibitory Activity ◽

Reducing Power ◽

Beta Carotene ◽

Moderate Activity ◽

Beta Glucan ◽

Antioxidant Power ◽

Camel's Milk ◽

Therapeutic Properties ◽

Alpha Glucosidase ◽

Low Activity

Beta-glucan, such as barley-derived beta-glucan (BBG), are homopolysaccharides that have attracted attention by their nutritional and therapeutic properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant power of BBG extracted from local Algerian variety of barley (SAIDA 183), and its acetylcholinesterase, alpha glucosidase inhibitory activity as well as its prebiotic potential by fermentation with lactic acid bacteria isolated from camel’s milk, namely lactococcuslactisssplactis (Lc.l.l) and leuconostocmesenteroidesspmesenteroides (Ln.m.m). The results revealed that BBG exhibited low activity against DPPH and ferric-reducing power (IC50 4018.61 ± 656.69 and A0.5 at 359.88 ±63.64 µg/mL respectively), in contrast to other antioxidant tests (ABTS, Beta-carotene and CUPRAC) where BBG demonstrated a moderate activity (IC50 529.91 ±26.37, IC50 161.013±13.322, A0.5 529.79 ± 48.65 µg/mL). The scavenging ability of hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical by BBG with an IC50 at 2268.38±101.57 µg/mL and IC50 345.26± 62.32 µg/mL, respectively, while enzymatic inhibition by BBG exhibited for AChE at IC50 859.164 ±64.46 μg/mL , BChE at IC50 at 725.470 ±30.95 , α-Amylase inhibitory activity at IC50 2986.785 ± 37.046 . The bacterial growth of the two strains used in this study is favorably affected by the use of BBG as the only carbon source, in comparison with glucose as a control. In light of these findings, it can be concluded that BBG have shown moderate antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities and can be used as a prebiotic by acting synergistically with probiotics in functional food matrices.

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DETERMINANTS OF EMPLOYEES' MOVEMENT BETWEEN LABOUR MARKET SEGMENTS

Polityka Społeczna ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0015.5998 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 572-573 (11-12) ◽

pp. 24-31

Author(s):

Łukasz Arendt ◽

Wojciech Grabowski

Keyword(s):

Labour Market ◽

Choice Model ◽

Labour Force ◽

Supply And Demand ◽

Wage Distribution ◽

Market Theory ◽

Market Segments ◽

Close Proximity ◽

Sectoral Differences ◽

Binary Choice Model

The paper studies upgrading patterns between secondary and primary segments in Polish labour market, with reference to the Segmented Labour Market theory. The type of contact (permanent vs. fixed-term) and wage distribution were used within one framework to define these labour segments. The parameters of binary choice model, based on Labour Force Survey microdata, were estimated to calculate the probabilities of shift from secondary to primary segment, and to identify supply and demand-side determinants of this upgrading. The results are, in general, in line with the trap hypothesis, pointing out to limited chances of upward shift from secondary to primary labour segment. However, this upward mobility has increased in recent years, being a result of changes in real (measured by lowering unemployment rate) and institutional sphere of the Polish labour market. Individual’s age, education attainment, propensity to invest in human capital, as well as the size of an enterprise appeared to be the most important divers of inter-segments upgrading. Moreover, regional as well as sectoral differences in probability of upgrading were identified – this probability was higher in the case of workers living in regions with large agglomerations and close proximity to the German labour market.

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Youth in the New Economy: The Post-Fordist Self

10.1332/policypress/9781529210057.003.0002 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 25-48

Author(s):

David Farrugia

Keyword(s):

Young People ◽

Work Ethic ◽

Labour Force ◽

New Economy ◽

The Self ◽

Precarious Employment ◽

The Relationship

This chapter theorises youth within the dynamics of labour, value and selfhood characteristic of post-Fordism. This is youth in the ‘new economy’ in which precarious employment co-exists with a ‘post-Fordist work ethic’ that positions work as a realm of self-realisation for contemporary workers. The call for self-realisation through labour has also changed young people’s relationship to the labour force. It is no longer enough to work – one must become a worker, and youth is the time at which young people are under most pressure to respond to this social injunction. For the purposes of this book, this means that the relationship between youth and work must be approached in terms of the cultivation of the self as a subject of value to the labour force, rather than merely in terms of the accumulation of resources, skills and qualifications.

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Zur Reformdiskussion der Arbeitsmarktinstrumente für Jugendliche – Modifikation der Assistierten Ausbildung

Sozialer Fortschritt ◽

10.3790/sfo.69.1.1 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 69 (1) ◽

pp. 2-20

Author(s):

Ralph Conrads ◽

Thomas Freiling

Keyword(s):

Young People ◽

Labour Market ◽

Scientific Study ◽

General State ◽

Individual Approach ◽

Employment Agency ◽

Recommendations For Action ◽

Social Code ◽

The Individual ◽

The University

Zusammenfassung Die Assistierte Ausbildung (AsA) gem. § 130 SGB III wurde im Mai 2015 bis maximal 2021 befristet eingeführt. Im Kontext der Neuordnung der Jugendlicheninstrumente der Bundesagentur für Arbeit (BA) steht darüber hinaus die Weiterführung bzw. Entfristung der AsA auf dem Prüfstand. In einer wissenschaftlichen Begleitstudie der Hochschule der Bundesagentur für Arbeit (HdBA) wurde untersucht, inwieweit Anpassungen im Zuge der Neuordnung erforderlich sind. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich der individuelle Ansatz der AsA bewährt hat, aber Modifikationen zur besseren Zielerreichung notwendig sind. Unter Berücksichtigung der Erfahrungen zahlreicher Akteure werden maßnahmenbezogene Handlungsempfehlungen dargestellt und mit dem allgemeinen Diskussionsstand zusammengeführt. Abstract: On the Reform Discussion of Labour Market Instruments for Young People – Modification of Assisted Training Assisted training (Assistierte Ausbildung, AsA) according to § 130 Social Code III was introduced in May 2015 until 2021 at the latest. In the context of the reorganisation of the youth instruments of the Federal Employment Agency (Bundesagentur für Arbeit, BA), the continuation or removal of the deadline for the AsA is also being put to the test. An accompanying scientific study by the University of Applied Labour Studies (Hochschule der Bundesagentur für Arbeit, HdBA) examined the extent to which adjustments were necessary in the course of the reorganization. The results show that the individual approach of the AsA has proven its worth, but that modifications are necessary to achieve better results. Taking into account the experiences of numerous actors, action-related recommendations for action are presented and brought together with the general state of discussion.

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On the Measurement of Positive Labor Market Mobility

SAGE Open ◽

10.1177/2158244020934489 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 215824402093448

Author(s):

Maria Symeonaki ◽

Glykeria Stamatopoulou

Keyword(s):

Labor Market ◽

Job Insecurity ◽

Labour Force ◽

Transition Probability ◽

Transition Probability Matrix ◽

The European Union ◽

Assessment Index ◽

Mobility Index ◽

Eu Member States ◽

Market Index

The present article proposes a new labor market index, called the positive labor market mobility index, which focuses on quantifying the amount of “desired” labor market mobility present in the transitions of young individuals, providing a useful way of comparing countries on that matter. Well-established indices in the literature aiming at measuring mobility take into account all movements among states and/or the diagonal elements of the transition probability matrix that denote immobility. On the contrary, the index proposed in this study uses only “favorable” or “desired” movements among labor market states, providing a more relevant to labor mobility assessment index, where the interest lies in quantifying positive transitions, from education or training to employment, for example. The positive mobility index is estimated for individuals in Europe, whose age was 15 to 29 during the years of the financial crisis, from 2008 to 2015. Annually raw micro-data from the European Union Labour Force Survey (EU-LFS) for these 8 years are used for this purpose. Moreover, the values of the proposed labor market mobility index are correlated with an early job insecurity indicator, estimated for the same age group. The results reveal the significant differences among European countries, when “desired” transitions of young individuals are taken into account. Moreover, the analysis performed indicates that the proposed index could be a good predictor for the degree of early job insecurity for young individuals in EU member states.

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Understanding the Effectiveness of Higher Education System: Evidences from Market Outcomes of Early University Graduates in Seven European Countries

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12187761 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (18) ◽

pp. 7761

Author(s):

Zhen Yue ◽

Kai Zhao

Keyword(s):

Higher Education ◽

Economic Development ◽

Education System ◽

Course Design ◽

Labour Force ◽

Supply And Demand ◽

European Countries ◽

Creative Economy ◽

University Graduates ◽

Socio Economic Development

Being enlightened by Richard Florida’s seminal work on the creative class, this paper aims to evaluate the effectiveness of higher education institutions to cultivate a workforce with utilised skills that meet the demand of labour market in the context of sustainable socio-economic development. Based on the macro and micro data generated from Eurostat and the Europe Labour Force Survey (EU LFS), the supply and demand condition of early graduates and the mismatch rate between early graduates’ education backgrounds and actual jobs they undertook are estimated by a multinomial logit model in seven European countries. The findings suggest that, (1) higher education has a significant impact on the formation of specific sustainability competencies that contribute to the development of creative economy; (2) many creative workers also have a high probability of finding jobs that are not commensurate with their qualifications; (3) the effect of higher education policies appears to be heterogeneous across different countries. Therefore, we argue that policy makers should increase awareness about connecting internal measures of education system (e.g., course design) directly to aims and scopes of sustainable socio-economic development scenarios, and joint efforts shall be made to reduce such mismatch rates for particular subjects that are identified by regular monitoring procedures or programmes on the basis of full consideration of interests and reasonable requirements across different countries in Europe.

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Does disability modify the relationship between labour force status and psychological distress among young people?

Occupational and Environmental Medicine ◽

10.1136/oemed-2020-107149 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. oemed-2020-107149

Author(s):

Marissa Shields ◽

Stefanie Dimov ◽

Tania L King ◽

Allison Milner ◽

Anne Kavanagh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Psychological Distress ◽

Young People ◽

Labour Force ◽

Poor Mental Health ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Labour Force Status ◽

Disability Status ◽

Effect Measure Modification ◽

One Year ◽

The Relationship

ObjectiveTo examine the association between labour force status, including young people who were unemployed and having problems looking for work, and psychological distress one year later. We then assessed whether this association is modified by disability status.MethodsWe used three waves of cohort data from the Longitudinal Surveys of Australian Youth. We fitted logistic regression models to account for confounders of the relationship between labour force status (employed, not in the labour force, unemployed and having problems looking for work) at age 21 years and psychological distress at age 22 years. We then estimated whether this association was modified by disability status at age 21 years.ResultsBeing unemployed and having problems looking for work at age 21 years was associated with odds of psychological distress that were 2.48 (95% CI 1.95 to 3.14) times higher than employment. There was little evidence for additive effect measure modification of this association by disability status (2.52, 95% CI −1.21 to 6.25).ConclusionsYoung people who were unemployed and having problems looking for work had increased odds of poor mental health. Interventions should focus on addressing the difficulties young people report when looking for work, with a particular focus on supporting those young people facing additional barriers to employment such as young people with disabilities.

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