STUDIES ON THE DETERMINATION OF THE TOTAL HARDNESS OF THE DRINKING WATER COMING FROM THE "FÂNTÂNILE RECI" SPRING IN MARAMUREŞ

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-73
Author(s):  
Aurica Pop ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Optical System ◽  
Interference Filter ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
Narrowband Interference ◽  
Led Lights ◽  
Reference Detector ◽  
High Range

The paper showcases research conducted in order to determine the total hardness of the drinking water coming from the "Fântânile Reci" spring, located at the edge of the DN18 road, at the end of the Mara town, in Maramures, Romania. A HI97735 advanced portable photometer was used for this experiment. The photometer can perform low, medium and high range measurements of the total hardness of the water samples. The counter comes equipped with a superior optical system which uses a reference detector and a narrowband interference filter used for extremely quick and repeatable measurements. The values obtained as the result of the experiment are: 204 mg/l CaCO 3 (Total Hardness MR), 15,2 °E, 12,2°dH and 21,7°f. The LED light sources are superior compared to the tungsten lamps. LED lights are more efficient, providing more light while using less energy, and they produce little heat, which could otherwise affect the electrical balance.

Research on the Determination of Total Hardness in Drinking Water by Microscale Chemistry Experiment

2012 ◽  
Vol 157-158 ◽  
pp. 784-787
Author(s):  
Yu Guo Zhuo ◽  
Jun Liu ◽  
Jia Min Gao ◽  
Yu Liu ◽  
Zhen Zhen Kang
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Chemical Laboratory ◽  
Fast Analysis ◽  
Full Compliance ◽  
Important Index ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Chemistry Experiment

Total hardness is an important index to evaluate drinking water quality. Total hardness in drinking water was determined by micro titration and conventional titration seperately and parallel determination results of microscale chemical laboratory and constants experiment were compared. The results of micro titration were accurate and reliable. Microscale laboratory has such characteristics as obvious phenomena, saving reagents, fast analysis. So the cost was reduced and the innovative ability of students was improved by full compliance with the concept of green chemistry. Microscale laboratory is worth promoting.

scholarly journals The Study of the Drinking Water Quality from the Local Sources, Busu Village, Dolj County and of the Physical and Chemical Determinations

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 212-215
Author(s):  
Olimpia Pandia ◽  
Ion Sărăcin ◽  
Eliza Ștefania Tănasie
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Chemistry Laboratory ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Limit Values ◽  
Chemical Indicators ◽  
Local Sources ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
The Village

Abstract In the present paper, the authors refer to a study carried out in the village of Greceşti, Busu village, Dolj County, on the quality of drinking water from local sources (wells, wells and wells) and the comparison of these results with the limit values allowed by the legislation in force, namely Law 458/2002 and Law 311/2004, as well as the Water Framework Directive and the Groundwater Directive 118/2006 / EC. Organoleptic indicators, physical and chemical indicators from 10 distinct locations as source of harvested water were determined, where organoleptic indicators were determined by determination of taste and odour; physical indicators, determining the pH, colour, turbidity and total hardness; chemical indicators: ammonium, chlorides, oxidisability, nitrites. The determinations were made in the faculty’s agro-chemistry laboratory, using appropriate methods and equipment. Following the results, the causes leading to the results were established and a series of conclusions and recommendations were drafted.

STUDIES ON THE DETERMINATION OF PH/EC/TDS LEVELS IN THE GUTÂI MOUNTAINS DRINKING WATER FROM MARAMUREŞ

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-30
Author(s):  
Aurica Pop ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Baia Mare ◽  
Lcd Display ◽  
High Range

The paper showcases research conducted in order to determine pH, EC and TDS levels in the drinking water sampled from a spring located at an altitude of 925 meters at the edge of the DN18 road, which connects Shighetu Marmaţiei and Baia Mare, in Maramureş, Romania. A Tester Combo HI98130 was used for this experiment, a tester which is waterproof, extremely accurate and it can measure high range (0.00 - 20.00 mS/cm, EC/0.00 - 10.00 ppt TDS) EC/TDS and temperature. The results of the experiment are: pH = 7.25, EC = 0.08 mS/cm, TDS = 0.04 ppt at a temperature of 27,60C. This waterproof floating combined tester comes equipped with an easy to read LCD display and automatic stop. On top of that, pH and EC/TDS readings are automatically compensated by temperature (ATC) in order to prevent temperature related variations when taking measurements.

Determination of Total Hardness in Drinking Water by Microscale Chemistry Experiment

2012 ◽  
Vol 518-523 ◽  
pp. 1506-1509
Author(s):  
Jun Liu ◽  
Yu Guo Zhuo ◽  
Jia Min Gao ◽  
Yu Liu ◽  
Zhen Zhen Kang
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Relative Standard Deviation ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Determination Method ◽  
Important Index ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Chemistry Experiment

Total hardness is one of important index to evaluate drinking water quality. The determination method of total hardness in the drinking water using the micro titration has introduced, and also has compared the obtaining results by the microburette and by the routine analysis. The relative standard deviation is far less than 2.0%. There is no obvious difference in the results. F examination and t examination are all in the appropriate scope.

Information and estimation in image processing

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 14-17
Author(s):  
B. Roy Frieden
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Optical System ◽  
Large Amplitude ◽  
Communication Theory ◽  
Image Data ◽  
Direct Approach ◽  
Ill Posed

Despite the skill and determination of electro-optical system designers, the images acquired using their best designs often suffer from blur and noise. The aim of an “image enhancer” such as myself is to improve these poor images, usually by digital means, such that they better resemble the true, “optical object,” input to the system. This problem is notoriously “ill-posed,” i.e. any direct approach at inversion of the image data suffers strongly from the presence of even a small amount of noise in the data. In fact, the fluctuations engendered in neighboring output values tend to be strongly negative-correlated, so that the output spatially oscillates up and down, with large amplitude, about the true object. What can be done about this situation? As we shall see, various concepts taken from statistical communication theory have proven to be of real use in attacking this problem. We offer below a brief summary of these concepts.

STEM and ELS Observation of Early Oxide Formation on the Surface of Cr Thin Films

1980 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 412-413
Author(s):  
Fumio Watari ◽  
J. M. Cowley
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Optical System ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Oxide Formation ◽  
Initial Nucleation ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Multiple Twinning ◽  
Moderately High Temperature

STEM coupled with the optical system was used for the investigation of the early oxidation on the surface of Cr. Cr thin films (30 – 1000Å) were prepared by evaporation onto the polished or air-cleaved NaCl substrates at room temperature and 45°C in a vacuum of 10−6 Torr with an evaporation speed 0.3Å/sec. Rather thick specimens (200 – 1000Å) with various preferred orientations were used for the investigation of the oxidation at moderately high temperature (600 − 1100°C). Selected area diffraction patterns in these specimens are usually very much complicated by the existence of the different kinds of oxides and their multiple twinning. The determination of the epitaxial orientation relationship of the oxides formed on the Cr surface was made possible by intensive use of the optical system and microdiffraction techniques. Prior to the formation of the known rhombohedral Cr2O3, a thin spinel oxide, probably analogous to γ -Al203 or γ -Fe203, was formed. Fig. 1a shows the distinct epitaxial growth of the spinel (001) as well as the rhombohedral (125) on the well-oriented Cr(001) surface. In the case of the Cr specimen with the (001) preferred orientation (Fig. 1b), the rings explainable by spinel structure appeared as well as the well defined epitaxial spots of the spinel (001). The microdif fraction from 20A areas (Fig. 2a) clearly shows the same pattern as Fig. Ia with the weaker oxide spots among the more intense Cr spots, indicating that the thickness of the oxide is much less than that of Cr. The rhombohedral Cr2O3 was nucleated preferably at the Cr(011) sites provided by the polycrystalline nature of the present specimens with the relation Cr2O3 (001)//Cr(011), and by further oxidation it grew into full coverage of the rest of the Cr surface with the orientation determined by the initial nucleation.

Colorimetric Determination of Fluoride in Drinking Groundwater using a Polymeric Zirconium Complex of 5-(2-Carboxyphenylazo)-8-Hydroxyquinoline

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 460-465
Author(s):  
Sameer Amereih ◽  
Zaher Barghouthi ◽  
Lamees Majjiad
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Detection Limit ◽  
Complex Formation ◽  
Molar Absorptivity ◽  
Colorimetric Determination ◽  
Zirconium Complex ◽  
Reliable Determination ◽  
Percentage Recovery ◽  
Quantitation Limit

A sensitive colorimetric determination of fluoride in drinking water has been developed using a polymeric zirconium complex of 5-(2-Carboxyphenylazo)-8-Hydroxyquinoline as fluoride reagents. The method allowed a reliable determination of fluoride in range of (0.0-1.5) mg L-1. The molar absorptivity of the complex formation is 7695 ± 27 L mol-1 cm-1 at 460 nm. The sensitivity, detection limit, quantitation limit, and percentage recovery for 1.0 mg L-1 fluoride for the proposed method were found to be 0.353 ± 0.013 μg mL-1, 0.1 mg L-1, 0.3 mg L-1, and 101.7 ± 4.1, respectively.

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