Risk Factors for Diabetic Retinopathy

Abstract Introduction.Diabetic retinopathy is a progressive microangiopathy characterized by damage and occlusion of small blood vessels. The earliest pathologic changes are thickening of the capillary endothelial basement membrane and a reduction in the number of pericits. Diabetic retinopathy is the main cause of vision loss in type 1 of DM patients and has various risk factors such as chronic hyperglycemia, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and elevated HbA1C levels. Methods.This research was conducted using a descriptive observational analytic method with a cross sectional approach at The Eye Polyclinic (RSUP) Dr. Mohammad Hoesin Palembang used secondary data on diabetic retinopathy patients. The sample consisted of 64 patients with a total sampling technique, there were 50 patients who met the inclusion criteria. Results.There was a significant relationship between HbA1C levels (p value = 0.050) with a PR value = 1.463 and total cholesterol (p value = 0.038) with a PR value = 1.667 for diabetic retinopathy. Conclusion.HbA1C levels and total cholesterol are significant risk factors for diabetic retinopathy.

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Proportion of severity of retinal hard exudates and its association with systemic risk factors

International Journal of Advances in Medicine ◽

10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20205470 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 51

Author(s):

Devi Silpa ◽

Anuja Sathar ◽

Beena Thankappan

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Diabetic Retinopathy ◽

Serum Lipid ◽

Univariate Analysis ◽

Systemic Hypertension ◽

P Value ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Female Ratio ◽

Hard Exudates ◽

Hba1c Levels

Background: Diabetic macular edema (DME) characterized by deposition of hard exudates in central retina is now the leading cause of visual loss in persons with diabetes mellitus. Several studies have shown association between severity of retinal hard exudates and various components of serum lipid. The aim of this study is to estimate the proportion of severity of retinal hard exudates with risk factors like dyslipidemia, duration of diabetes, hypertension, HbA1c levels and microalbuminuria. Methods: A hospital based cross sectional study was done involving 242 diabetic retinopathy patients. After dilated fundus examination, severity of retinal hard exudates was graded by photographs with Topcon fundus camera using modified airlie house classification. These grades were divided into three groups. Group 1 (absent or minimal hard exudates) included patients with grade 0, 1 or 2 hard exudates; group 2 (hard exudates present), included patients with grade 3 or 4 hard exudates and group 3 (prominent hard exudates), patients with grade 5 hard exudates. Values of serum lipid profile, HbA1C and urine microalbumin were analysed in association with severity of retinal hard exudates.Results: Out of the 242 diabetic retinopathy patients, the male female ratio was 1:1 and the mean age was 59.8±7.4 years. There were 12% patients in group one, 52.5% in group two and 35.5% in group three. On univariate analysis, severity of hard exudates was significantly associated with serum cholesterol (p value<0.01), LDL (p value<0.01) triglycerides (p value<0.01), HbA1c (p value<0.01), systemic hypertension (p value<0.01) and urine microalbumin (p value=0.01). Conclusions: Severity of retinal hard exudates in diabetic retinopathy patients is significantly associated with risk factors like systemic hypertension, dyslipidemia, raised HbA1C levels and urine microalbumin.

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Hubungan Kadar Kolesterol Total Dan Hipertensi Dengan Kejadian Penyakit Jantung Koroner DI RSUD dr. Soedarso Pontianak

Jurnal Laboratorium Khatulistiwa ◽

10.30602/jlk.v1i2.144 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 99

Author(s):

Laila Kamila ◽

Maulidiyah Salim

Keyword(s):

Coronary Heart Disease ◽

Heart Disease ◽

Total Cholesterol ◽

Blood Vessels ◽

Public Hospital ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

P Value ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Purposive Sampling

Abstract: Coronary heart is a disease that offense to blood vessels and heart attack due to constriction of blood vessels. A high level of cholesterol in blood or exceeds the normal limit can form sediment in wall of blodd vessels which cause blood vessels constriction or blockage. This research object to determine whether there is a correlation between cholesterol level total and hypertension with coronary heart disease in patients who hospitalized in Regional Public Hospital of dr. Soedarso Pontianak. This study was used cross sectional design, purposive sampling technique, it gained 50 people as samples. The measurement of blood pressure was done in heart poly and cholesterol total level in clinic laboratory of Regional Public Hospital of dr. Soedarso by using enzymatic CHOD-PAP method. It can be obtained that 10 people had hypertension and 40 people did not.the average of total cholesterol was 224 mg/dl. Maximum value of total cholesterol was 224 mg/dl and 152 mg/dl as minimum value. Data has been analyzed by using statistical test, Chi-Square, to determine the correlation of total cholesterol wit coronary heart disease, obtained p value=0,024 (less than α=0,05). Correlation of hypertension and coronary heart disease gained p value=0,923 (more than α=0,05), it can be concluded that total cholesterol correlated with coronary heart disease, and there was not a correlation between hypertension and coronary heart disease.Abstrak: Jantung koroner adalah penyakit yang menyerang pembuluh darah dan serangan jantung, karena penyempitan pada pembuluh darah. Kadar kolesterol yang tinggi dalam darah melebihi normal dapat membentuk endapan pada dinding pembuluh darah sehingga menyebabkan penyempitan dan tersumbatnya pembuluh darah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan kadar kolesterol total dan hipertensi dengan penyakit jantung koroner pada pasien di RSUD dr. Soedarso Pontianak. Disain penelitian ini menggunakan cross sectional, teknik pengambilan sampel yaitu purposive sampling, didapat jumlah sampel 50 orang. Pengukuran Tensi Darah dilakukan di poli Jantung dan pemeriksaan kadar kolesterol total di laboratorium klinik RSUD dr. Soedarso Pontianak dengan metode enzimatik CHOD-PAP. Hasil penelitian didapatkan 10 orang mengalami hipertensi dan 40 orang non hipertensi. Rata-rata kadar kolesterol total 224 mg/ dl. Nilai maksimum kadar kolesterol total yaitu 224 mg/dl dan nilai minimum yaitu 152 mg/dl. Analisa data dengan uji statistik Chi-square untuk mengetahui hubungan kolesterol total dengan penyakit jantung koroner didapatkan nilai p = 0,024 (lebih kecil dari α 0,05). Uji hubungan hipertensi dengan penyakit jantung koroner didapat nilai p = 0,923 (lebih besar dari α 0,05), dapat disimpulkan terdapat hubungan kadar kolesterol total dengan penyakit jantung koroner dan tidak ada hubungan hipertensi dengan penyakit jantung koroner.

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Deteksi Dini Faktor Risiko Penyakit Jantung dan Pembuluh Darah, Hubungan Antara Obesitas, Aktivitas Fisik dan Kolesterol Total di Kecamatan Kertapati, Kota Palembang

Jurnal Epidemiologi Kesehatan Komunitas ◽

10.14710/jekk.v5i2.6729 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 96-103

Author(s):

Achmad Ridwanmo ◽

Mariatul Fadillah ◽

Tri Hari Irfani

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Total Cholesterol ◽

P Value ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Cross Sectional Design ◽

Multistage Sampling ◽

The One ◽

High Level

Background: Cardiovascular disease is the first cause of death in Indonesia. The prevalence of stroke based on diagnosis rose from 7 (2013) to 10.9 per mil (2018), The prevalence of cardiovascular disease is 1.5 per mil. Research on the detection of risk factors for cardiovascular disease using a cardiovascular risk score according to WHO and the Jakarta Score has never been conducted in Palembang. The purpose of this study is to conduct early detection of risk factors to predict cardiovascular disease in the next 10 years, and find out the relationship between obesity, physical activity to reduce cholesterol.Methods: This research was conducted using an observational analytic study with cross sectional design and multistage sampling method. Samples in this study were 126 people from 3 village in Kertapati district in Palembang City.Result: The research showed that high level risk to cardiovascular disease in 10 years by using WHO non laboratory, laboratory and Jakarta Score was 4,8%, 6,7%, 61,9% respectively. Whereas, the moderate risk was 20%, 26,2% and 25,4%. There was no association between obesity and total cholesterol (p=0.682), but there was an association between physical activity and total cholesterol (p=0.030, OR 3,1). Moreover, there was a total cholesterol’s mean difference between none/mild, moderate, and severe physical activity that is 36,6 mg/dl (t test, p-value: 0,005).Conclusion: Lack of physical activity could be the one of cholesterol risk factor. Therefore, doing the physical activity could prevent the cardiovascular disease.

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Frequency and risk factors of internet addiction in medical students: a cross-sectional study

Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association ◽

10.47391/jpma.451 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

Amina Ehsan ◽

Farwa Iqbal ◽

Muhammad Azeem Rao

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Medical Students ◽

Internet Addiction ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Total Sample ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Online Relationships ◽

Cross Sectional

Abstract Objectives: The objectives of the study were to find out the prevalence of internet addiction and to determine the risk factors associated with internet addiction in medical students. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out at Rawalpindi Medical University, Rawalpindi from July 2018 to August 2019. Our study population included medical students from all the years of MBBS aged 18-25 years, who have been using the internet for the past two years or more. A Stratified random sampling technique was used. Seventy-six self-administered questionnaires were distributed in each year. Data was entered and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 25). Results: Out of the total sample of 380, the prevalence came out to be 90% (n=342). Two hundred and twenty-two 222 (58.4%) had mild, 115 (30.3%) had moderate, six (1.6%) had severe and 37 (9.7%) had no addiction. Out of the risk factors online friendships (p= 0.007), online relationships (P=0.035), online chatting (p= 0.009), online shopping (p= 0.009), online games (p=0.023) and online series/movies (p< 0.000) were statistically significant. Conclusion: The prevalence of internet addiction is high among medical students, which is mostly of a mild type. Internet addiction is more common in males and non-hostel residents. Other significant risk factors are online relationships, online gaming, and online series/movies. Keywords: Prevalence, internet, medical students, risk factors. Continuous...

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Hubungan Faktor Resiko Dengan Kejadian Eklampsia Pada Ibu Hamil di RSUD Ambarawa

JOURNAL EDUCATIONAL OF NURSING(JEN) ◽

10.37430/jen.v2i2.38 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 7-17

Author(s):

Nur Cahyani Ari Lestari ◽

Syahrida Wahyu Utami ◽

Reni Rahayu

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Health Workers ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Endothelial Activation ◽

P Value ◽

Chronic Hypertension ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Specific Syndrome ◽

Twin Pregnancies

Eclampsia is a pregnancy-specific syndrome in the form of decreased organ perfusion due to vasospasm and endothelial activation, characterized by increased blood pressure, proteinuria, with or without edema accompanied by seizures. Eclampsia can harm the mother and fetus. The exact cause of eclampsia is unknown, but eclampsia can be triggered by several risk factors including the age of too young or too young, nulliparous, obesity in pregnancy, chronic hypertension, diabetes and multiple pregnancies. This study aims to determine the relationship between risk factors and the incidence of eclampsia in pregnant women in Ambarawa Hospital. The research method used was descriptive analytic research with a cross-sectional approach. Research variables included age, parity, obesity, chronic hypertension, diabetes, twin pregnancies as risk factors for eclampsia and eclampsia. The study population was all pregnant women in Ambarawa General Hospital in January-June of 896 people. The research sample was taken using the proportionate stratified random sampling technique that was in accordance with the inclusion and exclusion criteria as many as 90 people. The results showed that pregnant women aged between 20-35 years were 49 people (54.4%), the parity of pregnant women was nulliparous as many as 37 people (41.1%), pregnant women were not obese as many as 72 people (80%) and not experiencing chronic hypertension as many as 70 people (77.8%), almost all pregnant women did not suffer from diabetes as many as 86 people (95.6%) and did not experience twin pregnancies as many as 83 people (92.2%). Risk factors associated with pre-eclampsia events included parity (p value 0.033), obesity (p value 0.017), chronic hypertension (p value 0,000) and diabetes (p value 0.041. The most dominant risk factor after multivariate regression analysis logistics is chronic hypertension, it is recommended for health workers and the public to prevent the occurrence of pre-eclampsia, especially for mothers who have risk factors. Keywords: Risk Factors, Incidence of Eclampsia

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Patient’S Knowledge of Cardiovascular Diseases Risk Factors and Associated Factors Among Adult Cardiac Patients in Selected Health Institutions; A Cross Sectional Study, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2021 G.C.

10.21203/rs.3.rs-1119085/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Bezina Damtew ◽

Yoseph Tsige ◽

Ketema Bizuwork ◽

Sosina Workineh

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cardiovascular Diseases ◽

Health Care Policy ◽

Addis Ababa ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

P Value ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Sufficient Knowledge

Abstract Background cardiovascular related disorders are a major public health challenge in globally as well as in Ethiopia. It is crucial to improve the life style of the community at the same time it is a key for health care policy to give emphasis for prevention by educating the community by different ways. Therefore, the current study patient’s knowledge about risk factors related to those diseases. Method A facility-based descriptive cross-sectional study design was conducted. 420 Participants selected by systematic random sampling technique from April 01, 2021 until Jun 28, 2021 and met the criteria were included. Data was collected by interviewer-administered questionnaire. Level of knowledge was assessed by the Heart Disease Fact Questions. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression was done to identify factors associated with identified class of knowledge. P-value less than 0.05 was considered as to indicate statistical significances. Result The result showed that most of the study subjects were in the age range of >54. The mean age was 48.7 ± 13 years. 255(62.7%) were females. 300(71.6%) of participants have sufficient knowledge toward cardiovascular diseases risk factors. Age, Sex, Place of residence, Status of education and Marital status was significantly associated with Participant’s knowledge (p<0.05, 95% C. I). Conclusion The majority of participants had sufficient knowledge regarding cardiovascular diseases risk factors. Maintaining good status, implementation of innovative interventions and structured, nurse-led lifestyle counseling would be required to effectively guide patients.

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An Investigation of Hypertension Risk Factors among Adults in Oshikoto Region in Namibia

Global Journal of Health Science ◽

10.5539/gjhs.v13n7p115 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 115

Author(s):

Emilia Shiwa Ashipala ◽

Linda Ndeshipandula Lukolo

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Population Based ◽

P Value ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Hypertension Risk ◽

Obesity And Overweight ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Harmful Use

INTRODUCTION: Hypertension complications are responsible for 9.4 million deaths worldwide and among these deaths, 51 % are due to stroke and 45% are due to heart disease like heart failure. This study aims to investigate the hypertension risk factors among adult in Oshikoto region, Namibia. METHODS: A community population-based, cross- sectional survey was conducted using WHO STEPwise approach among 375 adults in Oshikoto region. Bivariate and multivariate analysis was done to determine the association between risk factors and Hypertension, based on p-value <0.05. RESULTS: Overall prevalence for risk factors was: physical inactivity (25.3%), unhealthy diet (75.7%), tobacco use (9.1%), harmful use of alcohol (40.8%). 20.5% overweight with majority (85.7%) of them were females. Obesity was 9.1% in which 91.2% were females. Hypertension prevalence was 24.3%. Four percent of individuals were having two multiple risk factors for hypertension, 2.4% with four risk factors and 1.1% with more than four risk factors. Age group (OR=2.48, 95%CI=1.44-4.26, P=0.001), Obesity (OR=3.48, 95%CI=1.55-7.79, P=0.003), and overweight (OR=2.34, 95%CI=1.31-4.19, P =0.004) were significant risk factors for hypertension. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed a high prevalence and burden of hypertension risk factors such as obesity and overweight among adults in Oshikoto region, thus, these results highlight the need for interventions to reduce and prevent those risk factors of hypertension in Oshikoto region, Namibia.

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Incidence and Risk Factors of Post-Operative Delirium in Elderly Patients Who Underwent Spinal Anesthesia in Orotta, Halibet and Sembel Hospitals: A Cross Sectional Study in Eritrea

10.47363/jsar/2021(2)116 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Michael Beraki Mengistu ◽

◽

Yonatan Mehari Andemeske ◽

AriamTsegay Emhatsion ◽

HabtomTareke Wrieta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Elderly Patients ◽

Spinal Anesthesia ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

P Value ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

History Of

Background: Delirium is a common but often underdiagnosed set of transient symptoms often seen in elderly patients following surgeries under spinal anesthesia. With early recognition and diagnosis based on the established standard criteria delirium can be improved. Early identification of the possible contributingfactors and the magnitude of the burden will help in the management of the fragile elderly patients. The aim of this study is to determine the incidence of postoperative delirium and associated risk factors in elderly patients who have done surgery under spinal anesthesia. Method: This cross sectional study was conducted in the National Referral Hospitals and Sembel PrivateHospital, in Asmara, Eritrea from February to May, 2019. The study participants were elderly patients (age ≥65 years) having no known history of dementia or delirium or no mental disorder, no history of acute cerebrovascular disease. Basic background and clinical characteristics of the patients was collected. To assess the status of cognitive impairment level, the Mini Mental State Examination and Confusion Assessment Method tools were used. Data was collected through an interview method. After the data was entered into SPSS version 22 software, data was analyzed with frequency, percentage, bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis method as appropriate. P value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The mean age of the participants was 74 ±6.62 and 102 (79.1%) of the participants were males. POD occurred in 14 (10.9%) of the patients. Adjusting all the potential factors, age was identified as arisk factor for developing POD. Conclusion: Age was determined to be a significant risk factor of delirium. Elderly patients require more attention and care and the findings might help to develop preventive strategies to the occurrence of POD

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Relationship of HbA1c to Diabetic Retinopathy in Type 2 DM Patients at Haji Adam Malik General Hospital 2017-2018

Sumatera Medical Journal ◽

10.32734/sumej.v3i3.3626 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Yuni Silalahi ◽

Ricke Loesnihari

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Diabetic Retinopathy ◽

General Hospital ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Simple Random Sampling ◽

Total Sample ◽

P Value ◽

Type 2 Dm ◽

Hba1c Levels

Diabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus. This complication can occur due to hyperglycemia that occurs in blood vessels for a long period of time. To determine whether there is a relationship between HbA1c levels on the incidence of diabetic retinopathy on pationts with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Haji Adam Malik General Hospital Medan period of 2017 until 2018. This research is an analitical study with retrospective method (case control) and conducted at the General Hospital of Haji Adam Malik Medan. Data collection was performed on medical records of diabetic retinopathy patients at Haji Adam Malik General Hospital Medan in the period January 2017 to December 2018. Data were collected by using medial records of patients with simple random sampling technique with a total sample is 46 samples, 23 samples of diabetic retinopathy, and 23 samples that were not diabetic retinopathy. The results of this study indicate that of 23 diabetic retinopathy samples, 2 of them had controlled HbA1c and the other 21 are not controlled. As well as of the 23 samples were not diabetic retinopathy, 5 of them had HbA1c controlled HbA1c and 18 were uncontrolled. The result of the analysis with chi square test showed no relationship between HbA1c levels to the incidemce of diabetic retinopathy in Type 2 DM patients with a p value of 0,06. From this study it was found that there was no relationship between HbA1c levels and the incidence of diabetic retinopathy for Haji Adam Malik General Hospital in the 2017-2018 period.

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Clinical and Subclinical Bovine Mastitis and Associated Risk factors in Small-scale Dairy Farms in Bahir Dar and its envirion, Amhara region

10.21203/rs.3.rs-145837/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mussie Hailemelekot ◽

Melaku Chalachew ◽

Sam Laiju

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Body Condition Score ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Dairy Farms ◽

Small Scale ◽

P Value ◽

Bahir Dar ◽

Biochemical Tests ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Associated Risk Factors

Abstract Background Cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2017 to January 2018 with the objective of determining the prevalence of mastitis and identify the associated risk factors in and around Bahir dar dairy farms. Totally 302 lactating cows were selected using simple random sampling method. Initially, mastitis cases were diagnosed based on California Mastitis Test (MCT) results and the nature of gel formation. Then positive samples were subjected to bacterial culture and isolation using blood agar, MacConkey agar, colony morphology, Gram stain, and biochemical tests. Statistical analysis was carried out using STATA software and association of mastitis with risk factors was analyzed using chi square test. The association was considered as significant when p-value was less than 0.05. Result The overall cow level prevalence of mastitis using CMT was 25.16% (76/302) with clinical and sub clinical mastitis of 3.64% and 21.52%, respectively. Similarly, the quarter level mastitis was 10.43% (126/1208) with clinical and sub clinical cases of 1.49% and 8.94%, respectively. Bacteria identified were Staphylococci Spp, Escherichia coli, Bacillus Spp, and Streptococcus Spp. with a proportion of 66.07% .94%, 8.0% and 7.14%, respectively. Body condition score, cow Hygiene, Parity, history of mastitis, stage of lactation, teat lesion, use of same clothing, lactating mastitis positive animal last were found to be significant risk factors. Conclusion The current study revealed moderate prevalence of mastitis warranting application of appropriate hygienic practices during milking and awareness creation to the dairy farmers.

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