scholarly journals Physiological and immune response of Litopenaeus vannamei undergoing the acute phase of the necrotizing hepatopancreatitis disease and after being treated with oxytetracycline and FF

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 535-545
Author(s):  
Luis R. Martínez-Córdova ◽  
Teresa Gollas-Galván ◽  
Estefanía Garibay-Valdez ◽  
Rocío Valenzuela-Gutiérrez ◽  
Marcel Martínez Porchas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Acute Phase ◽  
Litopenaeus Vannamei ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Clotting Protein ◽  
Immune Related Genes ◽  
Shock Proteins

The physiological and immune responses of adult shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) undergoing the acute phase of the necrotizing hepatopancreatitis (NHP) disease and the efficiency of oxytetracycline (OXI) and florfenicol (FF) to eliminate the pathogen were evaluated. Four shrimp groups were considered: three groups infected with necrotizing hepatopancreatitis bacteria (NHP-B) (two treated with antibiotics and a positive control) and one group non-infected (negative control). Hemolymph concentration of glucose, lactate, acylglycerides, cholesterol, total protein, aminotransferases, superoxide dismutase, and the transcriptional expression of several immune related genes were monitored at the acute phase of the disease, and at 15 and 20 days after administration of antibiotics (daa). Shrimp from the positive control registered a mortality of 100%. NHP-B infection affected the immu-nophysiological response of shrimp; herein, most of the parameters were significantly up regulated in infected shrimp before the use of antibiotics, compared to the negative control. Increased transcriptional levels of clotting protein, lipopolysaccharide and β-1-3-glucan binding protein (LGBP), serine protease, peroxinectin, lysozyme, heat shock proteins (HSP) 60 and 70 were detected in shrimp treated with OXI. At 20 daa NHP-B was still detected in FF-treated shrimp, but not in OXI-treated shrimp. It is hypothesized that despite none of the antibiotics per se eliminated the bacterium, both had a negative effect on its virulence. OXI seems to have a greater effect, allowing shrimp to integrate a better immune response at 15 daa.

scholarly journals Immunomodulatory potential of polysaccharides from Coriolus versicolor against intracellular bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 735-739 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manikya Pramudya ◽  
Sri Puji Astuti Wahyuningsih
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Neisseria Gonorrhoeae ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Coriolus Versicolor ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Intracellular Bacteria ◽  
Treatment Level ◽  
The Difference

Background and Aim: For many years, people use natural products from the plant and fungal to improve immune response against microorganism. This study aimed to investigate the immunomodulatory properties of polysaccharides (PS) from Coriolus versicolor in mice infected by intracellular bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six female BALB/C mice were divided into six groups: Normal control, negative control, positive control, P1 (PS before infection), P2 (PS after infection), and P3 (PS before and after infection). PS were administrated for 10 days. N. gonorrhoeae was infected twice with 2 weeks gap from the first to second exposure with a dose of 106 cells. 1 week after the end of treatment, level of oxidants, innate immune responses, and adaptive immune responses were measured. Results: This study showed that PS administration could restore the number of leukocytes as normal but could not enhance the number of phagocytes and its activity. PS administration also showed immunosuppression activity by lowering nitric oxide levels in P2 and P3 groups (p<0.05). This result showed that PS prevent over-expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines by decreasing phagocytic activity. Contrast with innate immune response result; PS administration could significantly increase interferon-gamma level in P1, P2, and P3 groups (p<0.05). Level of antibodies was significantly increased in the P3 group (p<0.05). PS administration also showed an increased level of tumor necrosis factor-a, but the difference was not significant (p>0.05). Conclusion: PS enhance adaptive immunity due to the capability of N. gonorrhoeae that able to survive and replicate in phagocytes. Thus, PS from C. versicolor could be potentially be used as a natural immunomodulator against intracellular bacteria.

scholarly journals APLIKASI SINBIOTIK UNTUK PENCEGAHAN INFEKSI INFECTIOUS MYONECROSIS VIRUS PADA UDANG VANAME (Litopenaeus vannamei) (Synbiotic Application for Prevention of Infectious Myonecrosis Virus Infection in White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei))

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-127
Author(s):  
Widanarni Widanarni ◽  
Sukenda Sukenda ◽  
Ghita Ryan Septiani
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Litopenaeus Vannamei ◽  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
Challenge Test ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
White Shrimp ◽  
Infectious Myonecrosis Virus ◽  
Synbiotic Supplementation

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of dietary synbiotic at different giving frequencies on growth, immune responses, and resistance of white shrimp infected by infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV). Synbiotic used in this study was combination of probiotic Vibrio alginolyticus SKT-b and prebiotic oligosaccharides extracted from sweet potatoe (Ipomoea batatas L). Doses of probiotic and prebiotic used were 1% and 2% (w/w), respectively. The white shrimps (0.493±0.035 g) were divided into five treatments consisting of A and B (without supplementation of synbiotic: (A) positive control; (B) negative control), C (daily synbiotic supplementation), D (twice a week synbiotic supplementation), and E (weekly synbiotic supplementation). After 30 days of feeding trial, white shrimps were infected by IMNV (except negative control). The results showed that daily growth rate of white shrimp on all synbiotic treatments (C, D, and E) ranged from 6.93±0.025-6.97±0.019% and had higher values than controls (A and B) (P<0.05). Meanwhile, feed conversion value in C and D (1.54±0.142 and 1.58±0.117) were lower than controls (P<0.05). Supplementation of synbiotic with different frequencies also affected survival rate of white shrimp after the challenge test with IMNV; daily synbiotic supplementation (C) resulted in a 50% higher survival rate than positive control (P<0.05). This was associated with immune responses parameters values of synbiotic treatment (before and after the challenge test) which were better than positive control. In conclusion the addition of synbiotic in feed resulted in higher growth performances, immune responses,and resistance of white shrimp to IMNV infection.

Oral Immune Activation by Disgust and Disease-Related Pictures

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 119-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Stevenson ◽  
Deborah Hodgson ◽  
Megan J. Oaten ◽  
Luba Sominsky ◽  
Mehmet Mahmut ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Markers ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Secondary Analyses ◽  
Image Set

Abstract. Both disgust and disease-related images appear able to induce an innate immune response but it is unclear whether these effects are independent or rely upon a common shared factor (e.g., disgust or disease-related cognitions). In this study we directly compared these two inductions using specifically generated sets of images. One set was disease-related but evoked little disgust, while the other set was disgust evoking but with less disease-relatedness. These two image sets were then compared to a third set, a negative control condition. Using a wholly within-subject design, participants viewed one image set per week, and provided saliva samples, before and after each viewing occasion, which were later analyzed for innate immune markers. We found that both the disease related and disgust images, relative to the negative control images, were not able to generate an innate immune response. However, secondary analyses revealed innate immune responses in participants with greater propensity to feel disgust following exposure to disease-related and disgusting images. These findings suggest that disgust images relatively free of disease-related themes, and disease-related images relatively free of disgust may be suboptimal cues for generating an innate immune response. Not only may this explain why disgust propensity mediates these effects, it may also imply a common pathway.

scholarly journals Innate cell profiles during the acute and convalescent phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie R. Neeland ◽  
Samantha Bannister ◽  
Vanessa Clifford ◽  
Kate Dohle ◽  
Kim Mulholland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Acute Phase ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Immunological Mechanisms ◽  
Activated Neutrophils ◽  
Classical Monocytes

AbstractChildren have mild severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) confirmed disease (COVID-19) compared to adults and the immunological mechanisms underlying this difference remain unclear. Here, we report acute and convalescent innate immune responses in 48 children and 70 adults infected with, or exposed to, SARS-CoV-2. We find clinically mild SARS-CoV-2 infection in children is characterised by reduced circulating subsets of monocytes (classical, intermediate, non-classical), dendritic cells and natural killer cells during the acute phase. In contrast, SARS-CoV-2-infected adults show reduced proportions of non-classical monocytes only. We also observe increased proportions of CD63+ activated neutrophils during the acute phase to SARS-CoV-2 in infected children. Children and adults exposed to SARS-CoV-2 but negative on PCR testing display increased proportions of low-density neutrophils that we observe up to 7 weeks post exposure. This study characterises the innate immune response during SARS-CoV-2 infection and household exposure in children.

Carbohydrase enzymes improve performance of broilers fed both nutritionally adequate and marginal wheat-based diets

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Wu ◽  
M. Choct ◽  
S. B. Wu ◽  
Y. G. Liu ◽  
R. A. Swick
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Nutrient Density ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Enzyme Supplementation ◽  
Digestible Amino Acids

SummaryA study was conducted to examine the effects of a multi-carbohydrase enzyme complex on the nutritive value of wheat in diets differing in nutrient density. It was hypothesised that response to enzyme inclusion would be greater in diets with lower nutrient density. The study was conducted using 1008 Ross 308 male broiler chicks (four treatments with seven replicate pens of 36 chicks). A 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was employed. Factors were adequate or low nutrient density with or without enzyme supplementation. The wheat-soybean meal based positive control (PC) diet was formulated to be nutritionally adequate in energy and digestible amino acids according to local industry recommendations. A negative control (NC) was formulated to have 80 kcal/kg less ME and 1.5% less digestible amino acids as compared to the PC. A multi-carbohydrase complex containing 19 carbohydrase activities derived from Penicillium funiculosum was added in both the PC and NC diets (Rovabio® Excel LC, Adisseo Asia Pacific Pte Ltd., Singapore). Birds fed the NC had 3.7 points (P < 0.05) poorer FCR than the PC. Across the diet type, enzyme supplementation increased body weight by 3.2% (P < 0.05) and improved FCR by 5.2 points (P < 0.01). There was no nutrient density x enzyme interaction (P > 0.05), indicating that performance improvement was independent of nutrient density. Apparent ileal digestibility of crude protein followed a similar trend, showing a 4.9% enhancement (P < 0.01) with the inclusion of the enzyme product in either diet. Enzyme supplementation reduced ileal viscosity by 39.0% (P < 0.05). It was concluded that multi-carbohydrase could overcome the negative effect in broiler performance brought by nutrient reduction, however, there was no indication that nutrient density affected bird response to supplementation of multi-carbohydrase.

scholarly journals Mus musculus (Linnaeus, 1758) Immune Responses Caused by Escherichia coli (Migula, 1895) Infection

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 285
Author(s):  
Zuni Mitasari ◽  
Abdul Gofur ◽  
Dwi Listyorini
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Tract Infection ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Mus Musculus ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Spleen Weight ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Carl Linnaeus

<p><em>Escherichia coli</em> (<a title="Walter Migula" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Migula">Migula</a>, 1895) is a negative gram bacteria which have an ability to cause some deseases, such as meningitis, urinary tract infection and digestive tract infection. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in its cell wall induces immune responses in many ways. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of <em>E. coli</em> infection on lymphocyte numbers and spleen weight in mice [<em>Mus musculus</em> (Linnaeus, 1758)]. Twenty five male mice were grouped into negative control, positive control group treated with PBS, and three experimental groups injected intraperitonially with <em>E. coli</em> 1.5 × 10<sup>3 </sup>cfu/mL,1.5 × 10<sup>5 </sup>cfu/mL or 1.5 × 10<sup>7 </sup>cfu/mL respectively.  About 5 d after the injection, the spleen were collected. Spleen were weighed using digital balance, number of lymphocyte were counted using hemocytometer. <em>E. coli</em> infection significantly increase both weight of the spleen and number lymphocyte. In conclusion,  mice responded to <em>E. coli</em> infection by increasing the number of its lymphocyte.</p><div><p class="Els-keywords"><em> </em></p><p class="Els-keywords"><strong>Keywords:</strong><em> Escerechia coli </em>(<a title="Walter Migula" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Migula">Migula</a>, 1895);<em> </em>immune respone; infection; <em>Mus musculus </em>(<a title="Carl Linnaeus" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a title="10th edition of Systema Naturae" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae">1758</a>).</p></div>

scholarly journals Probiotic modulation of the gut bacterial community of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei challenged with Vibrio parahaemolyticus CAIM 170

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 766-775
Author(s):  
Irasema E. Luis-Villaseñor ◽  
Domenico Voltolina ◽  
Bruno Gomez-Gil ◽  
Felipe Ascencio ◽  
Ángel I. Campa-Córdova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Litopenaeus Vannamei ◽  
Vibrio Parahaemolyticus ◽  
Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Probiotic Treatment ◽  
Significant Difference

The protective effects of two probiotic mixtures was studied using the fingerprints of the bacterial community of Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles exposed to probiotics and challenged with Vibrio parahaemolyticus CAIM 170. Fingerprints were constructed using 16S rRNA gene and the PCR-SSCP (Single strand conformation polymorphism) technique, and the probiotics used were an experimental Bacillus mixture (Bacillus tequilensis YC5-2 + B. endophyticus C2-2 and YC3-B) and the commercial probiotic Alibio. The DNA for PCR-SSCP analyses was extracted directly from the guts of shrimps treated for 20 days with the probiotics and injected with 2.5×105 CFU g-1 of V. parahaemolyticus one week after suspension of the probiotic treatment. Untreated shrimps served as positive (injected with V. parahaemolyticus) and negative (not injected) controls Analysis of the bacterial community carried out after inoculation and 12 and 48 h later confirmed that V. parahaemolyticus was present in shrimps of the positive control , but not in the negative control or treated with the probiotic mixtures. A significant difference in the diversity of the bacterial community was observed between times after infection. The band patterns in 0-12 h were clustered into a different group from that determined after 48 h, and suggested that during bacterial infection the guts of whiteleg shrimp were dominated by gamma proteobacteria represented by Vibrio sp. and Photobacterium sp. Our results indicate that the experimental and the commercial mixtures are suitable to modulate the bacterial community of L. vannamei and could be used as a probiotic to control vibriosis in juvenile shrimp.

scholarly journals The Blockade of Interleukin-2 During the Acute Phase of Trypanosoma cruzi Infection Reveals Its Dominant Regulatory Role

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Nihei ◽  
Fabiola Cardillo ◽  
Jose Mengel
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Regulatory T Cells ◽  
Trypanosoma Cruzi ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Chagas Disease ◽  
Acute Phase ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Tissue Specific

Trypanosoma cruzi infection causes Chagas’ disease in humans. The infection activates the innate and adaptative immunity in an orchestrated immune response to control parasite growth, guaranteeing host survival. Despite an effective immune response to the parasite in the acute phase, the infection progresses to a chronic stage. The parasite infects different tissues such as peripheral neurons, the brain, skeletal muscle, and heart muscle, among many others. It is evident now that tissue-specific immune responses may develop along with anti-parasite immunity. Therefore, mechanisms to regulate immunity and to ensure tissue-specific tolerance are operating during the infection. Studying those immunoregulatory mechanisms is fundamental to improve host protection or control inflammatory reactions that may lead to pathology. The role of IL-2 during T. cruzi infection is not established. IL-2 production by T cells is strongly down-modulated early in the disease by unknown mechanisms and remains low during the chronic phase of the disease. IL-2 activates NK cells, CD4, and CD8 T cells and may be necessary to immunity development. Also, the expansion and maintenance of regulatory T cells require IL-2. Thus, IL-2 may be a key cytokine involved in promoting or down-regulating immune responses, probably in a dose-dependent manner. This study blocked IL-2 during the acute T. cruzi infection by using a neutralizing monoclonal antibody. The results show that parasitemia and mortality rate was lower in animals treated with anti-IL-2. The percentages and total numbers of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells diminished within three weeks of infection. The numbers of splenic activated/memory CD4 and CD8 splenic T cells increased during the acute infection. T cells producing IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-10 also augmented in anti-IL-2-treated infected mice. The IL-2 blockade also increased the numbers of inflammatory cells in the heart and skeletal muscles and the amount of IL-17 produced by heart T cells. These results suggest that IL-2 might be involved in the immune regulatory response during the acute T. cruzi infection, dampening T cell activation through the expansion/maintenance of regulatory T cells and regulating IL-17 production. Therefore, the IL-2 pathway is an attractive target for therapeutic purposes in acute and chronic phases of Chagas’ disease.

scholarly journals Pengaruh pemberian klorofilin berbagai dosis terhadap indeks fagositosis makrofag dan kadar nitric oxide mencit BALB/c yang diinfeksi dengan Salmonella typhimurium

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-81
Author(s):  
Puspito Arum ◽  
Lisyani B Suromo ◽  
Niken Puruhita
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Group Design ◽  
Macrophage Phagocytosis ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Phagocytosis Index ◽  
And Control ◽  
One Way Anova

Background: Immune responses to eliminate Salmonella infection are by activating macrophage and by producing NO. Chlorophyllin is a chlorophyll derivate that has immunomodulator properties. Objective: The aim of this study was to prove effect of chlorophyllin in macrophage phagocytosis index and NO level. Methods: A post test only controlled group design was conducted in 5 groups Balb/c mice (negative control, positive control, dosage 100 µg/200 g BW, dosage 200 µg/200 g BW and dosage 380 µg/200 g BW). Macrophage phagocytosis index was measured by counting cells that phagocyte latexs particles. NO level was measured by Griess method. Macrophage phagocytosis index difference was analyzed by one way anova and NO level deference was analyzed by Kruskall-Wallis test (α 0,05).Results: Means of macrophage phagocytosis index were 0,7(±0,80), 1,8(±0,80), 2(±0,22), 2,5(±0,43) and 3,2(±0,68) respectively in negative control, positive control, chlorophyllin dosage 100 µg/g BW/day, 200 µg/g BW/day and 380 µg/g BW/day. There was a significant difference of macrophage phagocytosis index between group (p 0,000). Mean of NO level were 0,4 µM(±0,10), 0,6 µM(±0,60), 0,8 µM(±0,64), 0,6 µM(±0,67) and 0,4 µM(±0,26) respectively in negative control, positive control, chlorophyllin dosage 100 µg/g BW/day, 200 µg/g BW/day and 380 µg/g BW/day. There was no difference of  NO level between group (p 0,813).Conclusion: There was a significant difference of macrophage phagocytosis index between chlorophyllin administered group and control. The higher chlorophyllin dosage, the higher macrophage phagocytosis index. Therewas no difference of  NO level between chlorophyllin administered group and control.

scholarly journals Vaccination with the Chlamydia trachomatis Major Outer Membrane Protein Can Elicit an Immune Response as Protective as That Resulting from Inoculation with Live Bacteria

2005 ◽  
Vol 73 (12) ◽  
pp. 8153-8160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sukumar Pal ◽  
Ellena M. Peterson ◽  
Luis M. de la Maza
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽  
Membrane Protein ◽  
Outer Membrane ◽  
Outer Membrane Protein ◽  
Negative Control Group ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Major Outer Membrane Protein ◽  
Control Group

ABSTRACT BALB/c mice were vaccinated by the intramuscular (i.m.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) routes with a native preparation of the Chlamydia trachomatis mouse pneumonitis (MoPn) major outer membrane protein (MOMP), using Montanide ISA 720 and CpG-1826 as adjuvants. A negative control group was immunized with ovalbumin and the two adjuvants, and a positive control group was immunized intranasally (i.n.) with 104 inclusion-forming units (IFU) of C. trachomatis. Four weeks after the last i.m.-plus-s.c. immunization, mice were challenged in the ovarian bursa with 105 IFU of C. trachomatis MoPn. Six weeks after the genital challenge, animals were mated, and the pregnancies were monitored. After vaccination with MOMP, the mice developed strong Chlamydia-specific humoral and cellular immune responses. Following the genital challenge, of the mice vaccinated with the MOMP, only 15% (3/20) had positive vaginal cultures, while 85% (17/20) of the animals immunized with ovalbumin had positive cultures over the 6 weeks of observation (P < 0.05). Also, only 14% (3/21) of the animals inoculated i.n. with Chlamydia had positive vaginal cultures. After mating, 75% (15/20) of the mice vaccinated with MOMP carried embryos in both uterine horns. Of the animals vaccinated i.n. with the Chlamydia, 81% (17/21) had embryos in both uterine horns (P > 0.05). In contrast, only 10% (2/20) of the mice immunized with ovalbumin had embryos in both uterine horns (P < 0.05). In conclusion, immunization with a purified preparation of the MOMP is as effective as vaccination with viable C. trachomatis in eliciting a protective immune response against a genital challenge in mice.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document