Intracellular Behavior of Nanoparticles Based on their Physicochemical Properties

2015 ◽  
pp. 10-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charmainne Cruje ◽  
Darren Yohan ◽  
Celina Yang ◽  
Devika B. Chithrani
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Cellular Uptake ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Intracellular Localization ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Model System ◽  
Medical Applications ◽  
Gold Nps ◽  
Intracellular Pathway

This chapter addresses physicochemical properties that affect Nanoparticle (NP) intracellular behavior using Gold NPs (GNPs) as a model system. The main objective is to outline what is known about the effect of GNP size, shape, and surface properties on cellular uptake and intracellular pathway. The authors propose that the entry of GNPs into cells is related to its effectiveness in applications that favor intracellular localization of such GNPs. The authors also discuss how such properties are used to optimize GNP designs for medical applications. Finally, the authors discuss how GNPs may improve disease diagnosis and treatment. Furthermore, how they may be incorporated or used as alternatives to current treatment options is defined.

Intracellular Behavior of Nanoparticles Based on their Physicochemical Properties

2018 ◽  
pp. 1101-1127
Author(s):  
Charmainne Cruje ◽  
Darren Yohan ◽  
Celina Yang ◽  
Devika B. Chithrani
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Cellular Uptake ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Intracellular Localization ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Model System ◽  
Medical Applications ◽  
Gold Nps ◽  
Intracellular Pathway

This chapter addresses physicochemical properties that affect Nanoparticle (NP) intracellular behavior using Gold NPs (GNPs) as a model system. The main objective is to outline what is known about the effect of GNP size, shape, and surface properties on cellular uptake and intracellular pathway. The authors propose that the entry of GNPs into cells is related to its effectiveness in applications that favor intracellular localization of such GNPs. The authors also discuss how such properties are used to optimize GNP designs for medical applications. Finally, the authors discuss how GNPs may improve disease diagnosis and treatment. Furthermore, how they may be incorporated or used as alternatives to current treatment options is defined.

Peptide-nucleic acid nanostructures for transfection

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Burkhard Bechinger
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Cellular Uptake ◽  
Peptide Nucleic Acid ◽  
Endosomal Escape ◽  
Medical Applications ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Charge Composition ◽  
Cell Surfaces ◽  
Intracellular Targeting

AbstractTo use nucleic acids in biomedical research and medical applications, these highly hydrophilic macromolecules have to be transported through the organism, targeted to specific cell surfaces, and have to cross cellular barriers. To this end, nanosized transfection complexes have been designed and several of them have been successfully tested. Here, the different steps of the transfection process and the particular optimization protocols are reviewed, including the physicochemical properties of such vectors (size, charge, composition), protection in serum, cellular uptake, endosomal escape, and intracellular targeting. The transfection process has been subdivided into separate steps and here special emphasis is given to peptides that have been designed to optimize these steps individually. Finally, complex devices encompassing a multitude of beneficial functionalities for transfection have been developed.

scholarly journals Cellular Uptake Behaviors of Rigidity-Tunable Dendrimers

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Liu ◽  
Jingjing Wang ◽  
Wenchao Li ◽  
Jie Hu ◽  
Min Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Cellular Uptake ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Intracellular Localization ◽  
Hydrodynamic Size ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Flow Cytometry Analysis ◽  
Core Flow ◽  
Microscopic Evaluation ◽  
Gold Nps

Understanding of the interaction between cells and nanoparticles (NPs) is critical. Despite numerous attempts to understand the effect of several parameters of NPs on their cellular uptake behaviors, such as size, shape, surface chemistry, etc., limited information is available regarding NP rigidity. Herein, we investigate the effect of rigidity on cellular uptake behaviors of NPs, using generation 5 poly(amidoamine) dendrimer as a model. By harnessing the abundant inner cavity, their rigidity could be effectively regulated by forming size-tunable gold NPs. The NPs thus formed were well characterized and displayed similar hydrodynamic size, surface potential, fluorescence intensity, and distinct rigidity (owing to differences in the size of the Au core). Flow cytometry analysis revealed a positive correlation between NP rigidity and cellular uptake of NPs. Confocal microscopic evaluation revealed that the entrapped gold NPs may affect the intracellular localization of the internalized dendrimers. The present findings can potentially guide the preparation of suitable NPs for biomedical applications.

An Overview of Dementias

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 75-84
Author(s):  
Venkata Vijaya K. Dalai ◽  
Jason E. Childress ◽  
Paul E Schulz
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Great Variability ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
The Common ◽  
Neurodegenerative Dementias ◽  
Made In

Dementia is a major public health concern that afflicts an estimated 24.3 million people worldwide. Great strides are being made in order to better diagnose, prevent, and treat these disorders. Dementia is associated with multiple complications, some of which can be life-threatening, such as dysphagia. There is great variability between dementias in terms of when dysphagia and other swallowing disorders occur. In order to prepare the reader for the other articles in this publication discussing swallowing issues in depth, the authors of this article will provide a brief overview of the prevalence, risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, current treatment options, and implications for eating for the common forms of neurodegenerative dementias.

Initiation of Clozapine Therapy in a Patient With Preexisting Leukopenia: A Discussion of the Rationale of Current Treatment Options

2001 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 233-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Boshes ◽  
Theo Manschreck ◽  
Jean Desrosiers ◽  
Steven Candela ◽  
Meredith Hanrahan-Boshes
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Options ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Clozapine Therapy

Nano Drug Delivery in Treatment of Oral Cancer, A Review of the Literature

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 1008-1017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vandita Kakkar ◽  
Manoj Kumar Verma ◽  
Komal Saini ◽  
Indu Pal Kaur
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Oral Cancer ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Oral Submucous Fibrosis ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Cancer Therapeutics ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Poor Overall Survival ◽  
Hereditary Disorders

Oral Cancer (OC) is a serious and growing problem which constitutes a huge burden on people in more and less economically developed countries alike. The scenario is clearly depicted from the increase in the expected number of new cases in the US diagnosed with OC from 49,670 people in 2016, to 49,750 cases in 2017. The situation is even more alarming in India, with 75,000 to 80,000 new cases being reported every year, thus making it the OC capital of the world. Leukoplakia, erythroplakia, oral lichen planus, oral submucous fibrosis, discoid lupus erythmatosus, hereditary disorders such as dyskeratosis congenital and epidermolisys bullosa are highlighted by WHO expert working group as the predisposing factors increasing the risk of OC. Consumption of tobacco and alcohol, genetic factors, and human papilloma virus are assigned as the factors contributing to the aetiology of OC. On the other hand, pathogenesis of OC involves not only apoptosis but also pain, inflammation and oxidative stress. Inspite of current treatment options (surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy), OC is often associated with recurrence and formation of secondary primary tumours resulting in poor overall survival rates (∼50%). The intervention of nano technology-based drug delivery systems as therapeutics for cancers is often viewed as a cutting edge for technologists. Though ample literature on the usefulness of nano-coutured cancer therapeutics, rarely any product is in pipeline. Yet, despite all the hype about nanotechnology, there are few ongoing trials. This review discusses the current and future trends of nano-based drug delivery for the treatment of OC.

scholarly journals Role of Dendritic Cell in Diabetic Nephropathy

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (14) ◽  
pp. 7554
Author(s):  
Hyunwoo Kim ◽  
Miyeon Kim ◽  
Hwa-Young Lee ◽  
Ho-Young Park ◽  
Hyunjhung Jhun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Diabetic Nephropathy ◽  
Microvascular Complications ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Renal Tissue ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Activated T Cells ◽  
Stage Renal Disease ◽  
Incident Cases

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the most significant microvascular complications in diabetic patients. DN is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease, accounting for approximately 50% of incident cases. The current treatment options, such as optimal control of hyperglycemia and elevated blood pressure, are insufficient to prevent its progression. DN has been considered as a nonimmune, metabolic, or hemodynamic glomerular disease initiated by hyperglycemia. However, recent studies suggest that DN is an inflammatory disease, and immune cells related with innate and adaptive immunity, such as macrophage and T cells, might be involved in its development and progression. Although it has been revealed that kidney dendritic cells (DCs) accumulation in the renal tissue of human and animal models of DN require activated T cells in the kidney disease, little is known about the function of DCs in DN. In this review, we describe kidney DCs and their subsets, and the role in the pathogenesis of DN. We also suggest how to improve the kidney outcomes by modulating kidney DCs optimally in the patients with DN.

scholarly journals Therapeutic Advances in Oncology

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 2008
Author(s):  
Jinsha Liu ◽  
Priyanka Pandya ◽  
Sepideh Afshar
Keyword(s):  
Small Molecules ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Bispecific Antibodies ◽  
Gene Therapies ◽  
Therapeutic Modalities ◽  
The Past ◽  
Drug Conjugates ◽  
Novel Targets

Around 77 new oncology drugs were approved by the FDA in the past five years; however, most cancers remain untreated. Small molecules and antibodies are dominant therapeutic modalities in oncology. Antibody-drug conjugates, bispecific antibodies, peptides, cell, and gene-therapies are emerging to address the unmet patient need. Advancement in the discovery and development platforms, identification of novel targets, and emergence of new technologies have greatly expanded the treatment options for patients. Here, we provide an overview of various therapeutic modalities and the current treatment options in oncology, and an in-depth discussion of the therapeutics in the preclinical stage for the treatment of breast cancer, lung cancer, and multiple myeloma.

scholarly journals The Evolutionary Landscape of Treatment for BRAFV600E Mutant Metastatic Colorectal Cancer

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 137
Author(s):  
Gianluca Mauri ◽  
Erica Bonazzina ◽  
Alessio Amatu ◽  
Federica Tosi ◽  
Katia Bencardino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Metastatic Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Mapk Pathway ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Braf Inhibitor ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Cytotoxic Chemotherapy ◽  
Cytotoxic Agents ◽  
Poor Prognostic Factor

The BRAFV600E mutation is found in 8–10% of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients and it is recognized as a poor prognostic factor with a median overall survival inferior to 20 months. At present, besides immune checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) for those tumors with concomitant MSI-H status, recommended treatment options include cytotoxic chemotherapy + anti-VEGF in the first line setting, and a combination of EGFR and a BRAF inhibitor (cetuximab plus encorafenib) in second line. However, even with the latter targeted approach, acquired resistance limits the possibility of more than an incremental benefit and survival is still dismal. In this review, we discuss current treatment options for this subset of patients and perform a systematic review of ongoing clinical trials. Overall, we identified six emerging strategies: targeting MAPK pathway (monotherapy or combinations), targeting MAPK pathway combined with cytotoxic agents, intensive cytotoxic regimen combinations, targeted agents combined with CPIs, oxidative stress induction, and cytotoxic agents combined with antiangiogenic drugs and CPIs. In the future, the integration of new therapeutic strategies targeting key players in the BRAFV600E oncogenic pathways with current treatment approach based on cytotoxic chemotherapy and surgery is likely to redefine the treatment landscape of these CRC patients.

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