Nano Drug Delivery in Treatment of Oral Cancer, A Review of the Literature

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 1008-1017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vandita Kakkar ◽  
Manoj Kumar Verma ◽  
Komal Saini ◽  
Indu Pal Kaur
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Oral Cancer ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Oral Submucous Fibrosis ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Cancer Therapeutics ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Poor Overall Survival ◽  
Hereditary Disorders

Oral Cancer (OC) is a serious and growing problem which constitutes a huge burden on people in more and less economically developed countries alike. The scenario is clearly depicted from the increase in the expected number of new cases in the US diagnosed with OC from 49,670 people in 2016, to 49,750 cases in 2017. The situation is even more alarming in India, with 75,000 to 80,000 new cases being reported every year, thus making it the OC capital of the world. Leukoplakia, erythroplakia, oral lichen planus, oral submucous fibrosis, discoid lupus erythmatosus, hereditary disorders such as dyskeratosis congenital and epidermolisys bullosa are highlighted by WHO expert working group as the predisposing factors increasing the risk of OC. Consumption of tobacco and alcohol, genetic factors, and human papilloma virus are assigned as the factors contributing to the aetiology of OC. On the other hand, pathogenesis of OC involves not only apoptosis but also pain, inflammation and oxidative stress. Inspite of current treatment options (surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy), OC is often associated with recurrence and formation of secondary primary tumours resulting in poor overall survival rates (∼50%). The intervention of nano technology-based drug delivery systems as therapeutics for cancers is often viewed as a cutting edge for technologists. Though ample literature on the usefulness of nano-coutured cancer therapeutics, rarely any product is in pipeline. Yet, despite all the hype about nanotechnology, there are few ongoing trials. This review discusses the current and future trends of nano-based drug delivery for the treatment of OC.

scholarly journals The Use of CRISPR-Cas9 Technology to Study and Create Cancer Therapeutics

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Kennedy ◽  
Jeffrey O. Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Disorders ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Cancer Therapeutics ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Genetic Abnormality ◽  
Traditional Treatment ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
Cancerous Cell ◽  
Genetic Abnormalities ◽  
Prime Target

Genetic disorders are the result of abnormalities that arise in the human genome at birth or through postnatal random genetic change. These abnormalities can also increase the risk for developing other diseases such as cancerous cell growth. Traditional treatment for genetic disorders has focused on alleviation of symptoms to increase patient welfare rather than treating the root cause, the genetic abnormality. As genetic editing technologies are developed and refined, the prospect of correcting the abnormal genetic sequence is becoming realistic. The CRISPR-Cas9 system has made it possible for researchers to respond to genetic abnormalities quickly by cutting and replacing the abnormal sequence to then contain a healthy sequence and potentially reverse the abnormal phenotype. Cancer, a disease based on genetic dysfunction, is a prime target for genetic editing. Often treated with debilitating radiation, chemotherapy, or surgery, the use of genetic editing has the potential to revolutionize current treatment options. This review will discuss the current outlook of cancer and its treatment with a focus on how CRISPR-Cas9 can be used to edit immunotherapy options that clinicians currently possess. Furthermore, potential dangers of the CRISPR-Cas9 technology and consequences of the system and its unethical use will be discussed. Finally, there will be an evaluation on the future of how CRISPR-Cas9 can be used in medicine.

scholarly journals The current treatment landscape in the UK for stage III NSCLC

2020 ◽  
Vol 123 (S1) ◽  
pp. 3-9
Author(s):  
Matthew Evison ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Options ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Stage Iii ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Unresectable Stage ◽  
Radical Therapy ◽  
Modal Treatment ◽  
Stage Iii Nsclc ◽  
The Uk

AbstractFor stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), approximately a third of patients survive up to 5 years, with decreasing 5-year survival rates for stage IIIB and stage IIIC disease. Although curable, stage III NSCLC encompasses a diverse range of disease presentation, with an equally complex range of multi-modal treatment options, including systemic and local therapies for distant and local disease control, respectively. This complexity results in a number of challenges for the multi-disciplinary team (MDT) in achieving optimal treatment outcomes for patients. As multi-modality treatment is the preferred treatment strategy for all stage III disease, the focus of this article is the key surgical, chemotherapy and radiotherapy clinical trials as well as guidelines that currently outline radical therapy options for patients with both potentially resectable and unresectable stage III NSCLC.

Chemotherapy use in the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme: Comparing patient characteristics using the National Cancer Data Base (NCDB).

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (30_suppl) ◽  
pp. 305-305
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Inserra ◽  
Nabin Khanal ◽  
Peter T. Silberstein
Keyword(s):  
Glioblastoma Multiforme ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Patient Characteristics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
National Cancer Data Base ◽  
External Beam Radiation ◽  
Beam Radiation ◽  
Cancer Data

305 Background: Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is the most common and most deadly type of human glioma. Nearly half of all gliomas are diagnosed as GBM at which point the median survival of patients is approximately one year and the two-year survival rates are approximately 10%. Current treatment options for GBM include surgical resection, external beam radiation, and oral temozolomide chemotherapy. However, the patterns of chemotherapy use in GBM as well as the patient characteristics that determine its use have yet to be investigated. Methods: This is a retrospective study of glioblastoma patients (n = 96,966, making this the largest trial ever on glioblastoma) diagnosed between 2000 and 2011 in the NCDB. The NCDB contains nearly 70% of new cancer cases diagnosed in the United States and consists of data from over 1,500 cancer programs across the country. A chi-squared test was used to determine any differences in the characteristics of patients who did or did not receive chemotherapy. Results: Patients who were younger than 70 years of age, male, white, had private/managed insurance, no comorbidities, household income greater than $49,000, were receiving radiation therapy, and diagnosed between 2004 and 2011 were significantly more likely to have received chemotherapy to treat glioblastoma (see Table). Conclusions: Understanding any potential barriers in the use of chemotherapy to treat glioblastoma can help improve its utilization among people of diverse socioeconomic backgrounds. [Table: see text]

scholarly journals Plant-Based Antioxidant Extracts and Compounds in the Management of Oral Cancer

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suraj Prakash ◽  
Radha ◽  
Manoj Kumar ◽  
Neeraj Kumari ◽  
Mamta Thakur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cancer ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Treatment Plan ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Cancer Therapeutics ◽  
Defence Mechanisms ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Oral Mucosal Lesions ◽  
Cellular Defence

Oral cancer continues to be a leading cause of death worldwide, and its prevalence is particularly high in developing countries, where people chew tobacco and betel nut on a regular basis. Radiation-, chemo-, targeted-, immuno-, and hormone-based therapies along with surgery are commonly used as part of a treatment plan. However, these treatments frequently result in various unwanted short- to long-term side effects. As a result, there is an urgent need to develop treatment options for oral cancer that have little or no adverse effects. Numerous bioactive compounds derived from various plants have recently attracted attention as therapeutic options for cancer treatment. Antioxidants found in medicinal plants, such as vitamins E, C, and A, reduce damage to the mucosa by neutralizing free radicals found in various oral mucosal lesions. Phytochemicals found in medicinal plants have the potential to modulate cellular signalling pathways that alter the cellular defence mechanisms to protect normal cells from reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induce apoptosis in cancer cells. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of various medicinal plants and phytoconstituents that have shown the potential to be used as oral cancer therapeutics.

scholarly journals Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Aging and Epigenetics

Cancers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Polina Zjablovskaja ◽  
Maria Carolina Florian
Keyword(s):  
Acute Myeloid Leukemia ◽  
Myeloid Leukemia ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Cellular Aging ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Poor Overall Survival ◽  
Hematological Disorders ◽  
Acute Myeloid

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive hematological disorder mainly affecting people of older age. AML initiation is primarily attributed to mutations in crucial cellular regulators such as epigenetic factors, transcription factors, and signaling genes. AML’s aggressiveness and responsiveness to treatment depends on the specific cell type where leukemia first arose. Aged hematopoietic cells are often genetically and/or epigenetically altered and, therefore, present with a completely different cellular context for AML development compared to young cells. In this review, we summarize key aspects of AML development, and we focus, in particular, on the contribution of cellular aging to leukemogenesis and on current treatment options for elderly AML patients. Hematological disorders and leukemia grow exponentially with age. So far, with conventional induction therapy, many elderly patients experience a very poor overall survival rate requiring substantial social and medical costs during the relatively few remaining months of life. The global population’s age is increasing rapidly without an acceptable equal growth in therapeutic management of AML in the elderly; this is in sharp contrast to the increase in successful therapies for leukemia in younger patients. Therefore, a focus on the understanding of the biology of aging in the hematopoietic system, the development of appropriate research models, and new therapeutic approaches are urged.

scholarly journals Insights into Multifunctional Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Glioblastoma Treatment

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 2262
Author(s):  
Mohd Khan ◽  
Subuhi Sherwani ◽  
Saif Khan ◽  
Sultan Alouffi ◽  
Mohammad Alam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Agents ◽  
Membrane Receptors ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Microvascular Proliferation

Glioblastoma (GB) is an aggressive cancer with high microvascular proliferation, resulting in accelerated invasion and diffused infiltration into the surrounding brain tissues with very low survival rates. Treatment options are often multimodal, such as surgical resection with concurrent radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The development of resistance of tumor cells to radiation in the areas of hypoxia decreases the efficiency of such treatments. Additionally, the difficulty of ensuring drugs effectively cross the natural blood–brain barrier (BBB) substantially reduces treatment efficiency. These conditions concomitantly limit the efficacy of standard chemotherapeutic agents available for GB. Indeed, there is an urgent need of a multifunctional drug vehicle system that has potential to transport anticancer drugs efficiently to the target and can successfully cross the BBB. In this review, we summarize some nanoparticle (NP)-based therapeutics attached to GB cells with antigens and membrane receptors for site-directed drug targeting. Such multicore drug delivery systems are potentially biodegradable, site-directed, nontoxic to normal cells and offer long-lasting therapeutic effects against brain cancer. These models could have better therapeutic potential for GB as well as efficient drug delivery reaching the tumor milieu. The goal of this article is to provide key considerations and a better understanding of the development of nanotherapeutics with good targetability and better tolerability in the fight against GB.

scholarly journals Development of Permanent Artificial Bowel Replacement Substrates

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kantida Koysombat ◽  
Atikah Haneef
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
High Surface ◽  
Graft Loss ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
High Porosity ◽  
Loss Of Function

Short bowel syndrome (SDS) is a malabsorption disorder caused by loss of function of the small intestine, either by trauma or innately. Current treatment options include parenteral nutrition (PN) or allograft transplants. Long term PN dependence can lead to complications due to line infections and toxicity from the formula itself. A lack of healthy donors results in long waiting lists and high mortality rates. With allograft transplants, long-term graft and patient survival rates are poor (48% and 39% respectively at 5 years); graft loss occurs due to rejection (48%), thrombosis (28%), sepsis (12%); main causes of death are due to bacterial infection (94%) and rejection. Costs associated with PN annually per patient approximate to GBP40,000, whereas one allograft procedure costs approximately GBP80,000; not including intervention due to complications. Interest in developing an off-the-shelf bioengineered alternative have been expressed. Autologous transplants could be a more beneficial route to improving survival rates, enabling the transplant of patients healthy cells back to them. We describe here the development of a synthetic poly(ethylene terephthalate) scaffold using electrospinning, which showed excellent physical and chemical characteristics; high surface area:volume ratio, high mechanical strength, high porosity, and the ability to be chemically/physically functionalised without losing integrity in structure and physical properties. The cost of electrospinning is far lower in comparison to the current available treatment options, potentially providing a stable, off-the-shelf, ready-to-culture product as the need arises for applications in tissue engineered small intestine (TESI), or 3D models for small bowel research.

scholarly journals Synergistic Action of Gefitinib and GSK41364A Simultaneously Loaded in Ratiometrically-Engineered Polymeric Nanoparticles for Glioblastoma Multiforme

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Praveena Velpurisiva ◽  
Prakash Rai
Keyword(s):  
Glioblastoma Multiforme ◽  
Polymeric Nanoparticles ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
New Combination ◽  
Single Drug ◽  
Drug Concentrations ◽  
Multiple Drugs

Glioblastoma Multiforme is a deadly cancer of glial cells with very low survival rates. Current treatment options are invasive and have serious side effects. Single drug treatments make the tumor refractory after a certain period. Combination therapies have shown improvements in treatment responses against aggressive forms of cancer and are becoming a mainstay in the management of cancer. The purpose of this study is to design a combinatorial treatment regimen by engineering desired ratios of two different small molecule drugs (gefitinib and GSK461364A) in a single carrier that can reduce off-target effects and increase their bioavailability. Synergistic effects were observed with our formulation when optimal ratios of gefitinib and GSK461364A were loaded in poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid and polyethylene glycol (PLGA-PEG) nanoparticles and tested for efficacy in U87-malignant glioma (U87-MG) cells. Combination nanoparticles proved to be more effective compared to single drug encapsulated nanoparticles, free drug combinations, and the mixture of two single loaded nanoparticles, with statistically significant values at certain ratios and drug concentrations. We also observed drastically reduced clonogenic potential of the cells that were treated with free drugs and nanoparticle combinations in a colony forming assay. From our findings, we conclude that the combination of GSK461364A and higher concentrations of gefitinib when encapsulated in nanoparticles yield synergistic killing of glioma cells. This study could form the basis for designing new combination treatments using nanoparticles to deliver multiple drugs to cancer cells for synergistic effects.

scholarly journals Application of Nano-Drug Delivery System Based on Cascade Technology in Cancer Treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 5698
Author(s):  
Ying Sun ◽  
Xiaoli Ma ◽  
Hao Hu
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Cascade Reactions ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Traditional Treatment ◽  
Anticancer Efficacy ◽  
Good Therapeutic Effect ◽  
Specific Tumor ◽  
Nano Drug Delivery

In the current cancer treatment, various combination therapies have been widely used, such as photodynamic therapy (PDT) combined with chemokinetic therapy (CDT). However, due to the complexity of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and the limitations of treatment, the efficacy of current treatment options for some cancers is unsatisfactory. Nowadays, cascade technology has been used in cancer treatment and achieved good therapeutic effect. Cascade technology based on nanotechnology can trigger cascade reactions under specific tumor conditions to achieve precise positioning and controlled release, or amplify the efficacy of each drug to improve anticancer efficacy and reduce side effects. Compared with the traditional treatment, the application of cascade technology has achieved the controllability, specificity, and effectiveness of cancer treatment. This paper reviews the application of cascade technology in drug delivery, targeting, and release via nano-drug delivery systems in recent years, and introduces their application in reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced cancer treatment. Finally, we briefly describe the current challenges and prospects of cascade technology in cancer treatment in the future.

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