IT-Enabled Globalization and the Environment

2010 ◽  
pp. 208-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Schultz
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Environmental Ethics ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Stock Prices ◽  
Global Justice ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Balance Sheets ◽  
Reduce Emissions

Problems of environmental ethics transcend global justice. We can behave ethically and justly toward each other across the globe, but at the same time let the environment deteriorate in catastrophic ways. I believe principles of environmental ethics have to be treated as of higher order, and therefore of greater priority than even principles of global justice.1 The environment is not a person and therefore cannot be a participant in a social contract. So the different basis for its priority is that if the environment deteriorates, it makes all of our lives difficult or even impossible. Challenges to the priority of the environment sometimes come from corporations when their own interests in profitability would be harmed. Very often a focus on profit maximization will make the point of view of a corporation shortsighted. Notoriously, corporate stock prices tend to value short-term financial results over longer term results. And corporate financial results do not include externalities, impacts on the environment that are not directly reflected in their balance sheets. Carbon emissions are an excellent example. Developing nations sometimes object to constraints on their development for economic reasons. Their argument is that developed nations have had the benefit of unconstrained economic development, and it is unreasonable to expect them to curtail their development at its current stage. This objection was incorporated into the Kyoto Protocols of 1997 for carbon emissions: Developed countries were required to reduce emissions by 5 percent by 2012, but developing countries had no requirements but could be compensated for voluntary reduction. This feature of the protocols led to their rejection by the US Congress, although every other developed country adopted them. (Sachs 2008) The value of corporations is their ability to achieve economic development. But is economic development itself always a good thing? To what extent should development be constrained by environmental concerns?

Economic Development, Political Democracy, and Equality: The Chilean Case

1973 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 213-217
Author(s):  
Francisco Orrego-Vicuña
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Political Democracy ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Relationship Of

The goals of economic development, political democracy, and equality, which are the three values suggested for discussion at this meeting, share a close relationship. Although the guidelines for discussion prepared by the organizers of the meeting reveal certain doubts about the compatibility of these values, at least as coexistent parts of a common process, my own point of view is that they are not only compatible but also inseparable. The crisis of a society emerges precisely when any one of these values is abandoned or subordinated to the attainment of the others, either in the case of a developing or of a developed country. The relationship of balance will, of course, depend on the particular circumstances of each country, its stage of political and cultural development, and the definitions adopted with regard to those values. This is why the developments taking place throughout the world cannot be judged by applying theoretical models or standards inspired by the realities of developed countries, which is the frequent mistake of many scholars and government officials.

scholarly journals The Role of Education in Economic Development: A Comparison of South Korea and Kyrgyzstan

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nargiza Sakmurzaeva
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
National Budget ◽  
The World ◽  
Small Economy

Education plays a big role in the economic development of the country. No country can achieve sustainable economic development without educated human capital. Education helps people to understand themselves and world. It improves the quality of their lives and leads to broad social benefits to individuals and society. Education is a very important in raising productivity of people and promotes technological development. The main purpose of this paper is to identify the role of education in the economic development by comparing South Korea and Kyrgyzstan which are represents developed and developing countries of the world. South Korea, for example, is a highly industrialized and developed country which educational system is in the list of the best 10 systems in the world. In opposite, Kyrgyzstan is an agricultural country which economy is dominated by minerals extraction, agriculture, and reliance on remittances from citizens working abroad. As a result of the research it can be concluded that education is a compulsory and one of the major tools for development of one country. A developing country with a small economy such as Kyrgyzstan should take an example from South Korea and allocate much money from the national budget for the education. So, it is important for Kyrgyzstan to implement educational policy of developed countries within the framework of national policy.

CHINA'S POST-CORONAVIRUS ECONOMIC SITUATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 62 (01) ◽  
pp. 162-167
Author(s):  
Sirus Rafig Asgarov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Foreign Currency ◽  
State Level ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Chinese Economy ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Modern Times

In modern times, the United States, Russia, and China are among the world's economic giants. However, China is now moving towards becoming the most economically developed country. As a result of state reforms in 1979, China's economic development was marked by the prospect of free trade, and thus China became one of the hegemons of our time. However, every rise has a decline, and this decline has manifested itself in the Chinese economy. Due to the COVID19 virus in Wuhan, China, the country suddenly became the center of a pandemic. Educational institutions have shut down, companies have gone online, tourists have been given limited access to the country, and even travel to China from most countries has been suspended. Another country that was hit by a second pandemic after China was Italy, and just two months later, after China, Italy, then the United States, then Russia, and Brazil fell into the pandemic. The first country affected by the pandemic, of course, was China. Because the entrances and exits of a country with great economic development were suddenly stopped and ticket offices were closed. Buddha stopped the inflow of foreign currency into the country. However, if we look at developed countries such as Italy and France, China has suffered less from the pandemic than Italy, France, and Russia. China prevented the spread of the pandemic, took a number of measures at the state level, and thus there was almost no infection with COVID19 in China in March. China, albeit partially, has re-entered the country and resumed life. As a result of these measures taken by China, economic development within the country has already resumed. Key words: China, COVID19, economics, crisis, changes

Adapting International Law to the Development of the Third World

1982 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurice Flory
Keyword(s):  
International Economic ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
International Law ◽  
Third World ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Daily Work ◽  
The Third World

What is the connection between international law and economic development? The answer will very likely be different according to whether the question is asked in a developed country or in one of the 120 less-developed countries. Consequently the answer can only be found in international law itself.Criticism has been levelled against the International Law Commission on the ground that its work only deals with the traditional topics which constitute the core of international law. Such criticism implies that the Commission has failed to perceive the need for developing international law adequately to encompass new areas.Of course this assertion could be disputed. However, the General Secretary of the United Nations, in a Survey of International Law published in April, 1971, clearly points to a number of newly emerging areas of concern, including the law relating to economic development which comprises the following headings:1. international legal rules and measures concerning regulation and coordination of the economic activities of states;2. international trade;3. economic and technical assistance.In order to assess the full implication of this question, it should be appreciated that the activities of the U.N. and of a growing number of international economic institutions are now devoted increasingly to development. The numerous relevant publications issued especially, but not only, by Third World lawyers show how this matter is becoming of fundamental importance. Indeed, there can be little doubt that Foreign Office legal advisers would readily admit that much of their daily work involves questions of international economic law. Nevertheless, if one looks at the role allocated to this subject by what may loosely be called the established international law, one must recognise that this is, indeed, a very modest role.

scholarly journals INCLUSIVENESS IN NATURAL USE IN CASE OF THE RESERVED FUND

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (2(71)) ◽  
pp. 150-161
Author(s):  
N.I. HUMAROVA ◽  
N. V. VERNIHOROVA
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Natural Protected Areas ◽  
Natural Reserve ◽  
Reserve Fund ◽  
Definition Of

Topicality. Together with the comprehensive urbanization and interference of economic processes in natural ecosystems, it is more difficult to separate natural protected areas from human activities. The accelerated growth of the planet's population increases the demand for both exhausting natural resources and inexhaustible ones, which deepens its negative environmental situation. Protected areas, as standard natural reserves, can best show the full value of untouched nature, and at the same time its vulnerability. It should be the source of environmental initiatives and the "school" of combination the ecological and economic interests of society. On it’s basis the ecological consciousness is formed. So, it is necessary to develop the appropriate preconditions for the development of a natural reserve fund, in which its functioning becomes an integral part of socio-economic development of society, more accessible, and therefore inclusive.Aim and tasks. The aim of the article is to determine the organizational and economic basis for the development of inclusiveness in environmental activities, taking into account international experience, sources of funding and structure, identifying factors contributing to the inclusion of these territories in the economic system of countries; definition of deficiencies inherent in the organization of the activity of the nature reserve fund in Ukraine; generalize information on inclusiveness in nature management.Research results. The article, based on the experience of developed countries in the field of creation and organization of the nature reserve fund (NRF), identifies the main advantages of combining their socio-ecological significance with the economic development of both the territories themselves and the economy of the country as a whole. There are considered: trends of ownership patterns on natural reserve areas in the countries of the world and Ukraine, size of their financing, and the income of the states from the activities of the National Natural Parks (NPP). There were identified problem issues of the field of bequest in Ukraine, in particular the social component, namely, the lack of awareness of the population about the problems of the NRF and its role in ensuring the welfare of society. The problem is considered from the point of view of the availability of NRF facilities for the population, in conjunction with compliance with all environmental standards. Is given an author's definition of the concept of inclusiveness in nature conservation activity. On the basis of comparison and analysis of the structure of the NNP of other countries, recommendations were given regarding the introduction of incentives for the reproduction of natural territories in Ukraine.Conclusion. It is explored that inclusive economic development, ecological awareness and education of the population at all levels of socialization of an individual in a society plays a leading role in the field of preservation of natural territories and the creation of NRF. An important contribution to this issue is the individual experience of the person with regard to inclusive nature and positive impressions. The solution of these problems will contribute to further development in such areas as education, tourism, mass media, psychological rehabilitation, etc. It has been established that the nature reserve fund (NRF), subject to appropriate organizational and economic support, can bring significant profits in the country's GDP, while not creating recreational overload on natural systems

scholarly journals Characterizing the level of economic development of countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 343-354
Author(s):  
Alexandra Nastu ◽  
Stelian Stancu ◽  
Andreea Dumitrache
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Composite Index ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Optimal Number ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Development Level ◽  
Level Of Economic Development ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract The main purpose of this paper is to provide an objective analysis of the economic development level of countries. This is done by measuring it through a new index and by classifying the countries in an optimal number of clusters, each group characterizing different levels of economic development. The proposed methodology is based on three steps: creating a composite index (by applying the principal component analysis), establishing the optimal number of development groups (based on the number of principal components and on the hierarchical clustering) and clustering countries into them (with the help of k-means analysis). Therefore, this approach solves the difficulty of classifying the countries, complication that is mentioned in the specialized literature. Also, the paper creates a better understanding on the economic development level of countries, as, usually, the papers examine the economic growth level of countries. The analysis is conducted at the level of 60 countries for year 2015, using 12 indicators from categories that influence economic development (income, inequality, health, education and living conditions). The empirical results revealed that the countries can be grouped in two groups: economical developed countries (approximatively 2/3) and economic developing countries (approximatively 1/3). The countries that are most developed from an economic point of view are: Singapore, Luxemburg and Finland.

scholarly journals Economic Development versus Social Development: In the Case of Sri Lanka

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Wasantha Rajapakshe
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Development Strategy ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Welfare Programs ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Welfare Policies

Aims: After the independence from British in 1948, all successive governments have operated welfare programs as a development strategy. The objective of this paper is to investigate and analyze the major food subsidy programs which are functioned until today and check their effectiveness with regards to the two meaning of development; traditional and modern meaning. Study Design: This is survey research based on secondary data and involved an extensive literature review on the area of concern to provide an overview of the social welfare programs and economic impact of Sri Lanka.  Methodology: For this study therefore data collected from various published sources and analyzed with descriptive statistics and presented as graphs, percentages to show the trends. Results: It is not the attention to conclude this investigation with purely negative opinion.  However, Sri Lanka has not enjoyed sustainable health growth rate after the independence. Except for occasional booms, which had for only 2-3 years in early 1980s’. Therefore according to the traditional meaning of development, clearly Sri Lanka is a less developed country. The decades of welfare policies act as a development strategies in modern point of view.  Sri Lanka always considers as a model country.  Comparing developed countries, Human Development Index (HDI) in Sri Lanka has a higher rank.  Is that mean Sri Lanka is a developed country?  According to the two doctrine, development is not only economic growth but also human development. It is essentially a mix tasks. Therefore, Sri Lanka Experience confirm that the fact that neither purely welfare policies nor even growth oriented policies supported by welfare programs can be a substitute for more upfront institutional measures for overcoming poverty and inequality and development of a country.

scholarly journals Climate-Related Development Finance, Energy Structure Transformation and Carbon Emissions Reduction: An Analysis From the Perspective of Developing Countries

2022 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nan Li ◽  
Beibei Shi ◽  
Lei Wu ◽  
Rong Kang ◽  
Qiang Gao
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Climate Adaptation ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Emissions Reduction ◽  
Energy Structure ◽  
Development Finance ◽  
Related Development ◽  
Carbon Emissions Reduction

With the frequent occurrence of extreme weather in cities, economic, ecological and social activities have been greatly impacted. The adverse effects of global extreme climate and effective governance have attracted more and more attention of scholars. Considering the differences between developed and developing countries in climate response capacity, a key issue is how to encourage developed countries to provide adequate assistance to developing countries and enhance their enthusiasm to participate in addressing climate change challenges. Given this background, we evaluated the carbon emission reduction effects of developing countries before and after a “quasi-natural experiment” which involved obtaining the assistance of climate-related funding from developed countries. Specifically, we analyzed the assistance behavior for recipient countries and found that climate assistance can effectively reduce the carbon emissions level of recipient countries, and this result has a better impact on non-island types and countries with higher levels of economic development. Furthermore, the achievement of this carbon emissions reduction target stems from the fact that climate assistance has promoted the optimization of the energy structure of recipient countries and promoted the substitution of renewable energy for coal consumption. In addition, climate-related development finance plays a significant role in promoting the scientific and technological level of recipient countries, especially the development impact of the adaptive climate-related development finance. Therefore, this paper suggests that the direction of climate assistance should focus more on island countries and countries with low economic development level, and pay more attention to the “coal withdrawal” of recipient countries and climate adaptation field.

Conditions for the Hi-tech Complex Development

2003 ◽  
pp. 26-39
Author(s):  
V. Maevsky ◽  
B. Kuzyk
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Central Bank ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Industrial Society ◽  
Monetary Base ◽  
Complex Development ◽  
Bank System ◽  
Post Industrial

A project for the long-term strategy of Russian break-through into post-industrial society is suggested which is directed at transformation of the hi-tech complex into the leading factor of economic development. The thesis is substantiated that there is an opportunity to realize such a strategy in case Russia shifts towards the mechanism of the monetary base growth generally accepted in developed countries: the Central Bank increases the quantity of "strong" money by means of purchasing state securities and allocates the increment of money in question according to budget priorities. At the same time for the realization of the said strategy it is necessary to partially restore savings lost during the hyperinflation period of 1992-1994 and default of 1998 and to secure development of the bank system as well as an increase of the volume of long-term credits on this base.

Physical capital stock, technological upgrading and modernisation in Hungary

2005 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Szalavetz
Keyword(s):  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Physical Capital ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Technology Generation ◽  
Development Policies ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Physical Capital Accumulation

This paper discusses the relation between the quality and quantity indicators of physical capital and modernisation. While international academic literature emphasises the role of intangible factors enabling technology generation and absorption rather than that of physical capital accumulation, this paper argues that the quantity and quality of physical capital are important modernisation factors, particularly in the case of small, undercapitalised countries that recently integrated into the world economy. The paper shows that in Hungary, as opposed to developed countries, the technological upgrading of capital assets was not necessarily accompanied by the upgrading of human capital i.e. the thesis of capital skill complementarity did not apply to the first decade of transformation and capital accumulation in Hungary. Finally, the paper shows that there are large differences between the average technological levels of individual industries. The dualism of the Hungarian economy, which is also manifest in terms of differences in the size of individual industries' technological gaps, is a disadvantage from the point of view of competitiveness. The increasing differences in the size of the technological gaps can be explained not only with industry-specific factors, but also with the weakness of technology and regional development policies, as well as with institutional deficiencies.

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