Economic Development, Political Democracy, and Equality: The Chilean Case

1973 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 213-217
Author(s):  
Francisco Orrego-Vicuña
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Political Democracy ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Relationship Of

The goals of economic development, political democracy, and equality, which are the three values suggested for discussion at this meeting, share a close relationship. Although the guidelines for discussion prepared by the organizers of the meeting reveal certain doubts about the compatibility of these values, at least as coexistent parts of a common process, my own point of view is that they are not only compatible but also inseparable. The crisis of a society emerges precisely when any one of these values is abandoned or subordinated to the attainment of the others, either in the case of a developing or of a developed country. The relationship of balance will, of course, depend on the particular circumstances of each country, its stage of political and cultural development, and the definitions adopted with regard to those values. This is why the developments taking place throughout the world cannot be judged by applying theoretical models or standards inspired by the realities of developed countries, which is the frequent mistake of many scholars and government officials.

IT-Enabled Globalization and the Environment

2010 ◽  
pp. 208-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Schultz
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Environmental Ethics ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Stock Prices ◽  
Global Justice ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Balance Sheets ◽  
Reduce Emissions

Problems of environmental ethics transcend global justice. We can behave ethically and justly toward each other across the globe, but at the same time let the environment deteriorate in catastrophic ways. I believe principles of environmental ethics have to be treated as of higher order, and therefore of greater priority than even principles of global justice.1 The environment is not a person and therefore cannot be a participant in a social contract. So the different basis for its priority is that if the environment deteriorates, it makes all of our lives difficult or even impossible. Challenges to the priority of the environment sometimes come from corporations when their own interests in profitability would be harmed. Very often a focus on profit maximization will make the point of view of a corporation shortsighted. Notoriously, corporate stock prices tend to value short-term financial results over longer term results. And corporate financial results do not include externalities, impacts on the environment that are not directly reflected in their balance sheets. Carbon emissions are an excellent example. Developing nations sometimes object to constraints on their development for economic reasons. Their argument is that developed nations have had the benefit of unconstrained economic development, and it is unreasonable to expect them to curtail their development at its current stage. This objection was incorporated into the Kyoto Protocols of 1997 for carbon emissions: Developed countries were required to reduce emissions by 5 percent by 2012, but developing countries had no requirements but could be compensated for voluntary reduction. This feature of the protocols led to their rejection by the US Congress, although every other developed country adopted them. (Sachs 2008) The value of corporations is their ability to achieve economic development. But is economic development itself always a good thing? To what extent should development be constrained by environmental concerns?

RESEARCH METHODS FOR STUDYING EVALUATION: ACADEMIC DISCOURSE PERSPECTIVE

2021 ◽  
pp. 105-115
Author(s):  
А.А. Водяницкая
Keyword(s):  
Academic Discourse ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Value Judgments ◽  
Value Judgment ◽  
Innovative Methods ◽  
A Value ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Traditional Approaches ◽  
Relationship Of

Постановка задачи. Работа посвящена изучению традиционных подходов к исследованию оценочных значений и инновационных методов их изучения. Задача исследования заключается в анализе методов изучения оценки, которые можно было бы применить при выявлении оценочной специфики академического дискурса. Результаты. Как показало исследование, оценочные значения, оценка привлекают внимание исследователей различных областей знания, различных дискурсов. По-прежнему открыт вопрос разграничения эмоции, экспрессии и оценки. Тесная связь оценки с ценностями индивида, выносящего оценочное суждение, предполагает возможность ее изучения с позиций аксиологии, тогда как взаимосвязь с психологией позволяет подходить к оценке с точки зрения психологии (например, оценочные стили). Выводы. Комбинация традиционных и инновационных методов позволит выявить онтологические свойства оценки в академическом дискурсе. Речь идет о вербализованных оценочных суждениях, выносимых различными участниками академического дискурса. Вопросы оценочной категоризации, разграничение эмоции и оценки, оценочных стилей участников академического дискурса, привлечение корпуса текстов как источника материала и как инструмента познания представляются релевантными аспектами при изучении оценочной составляющей академического дискурса. Вместе с тем не все методы исследования оценки можно одинаково успешно использовать при изучении оценочной составляющей академического дискурса. Например, метод триады, предложенный Ж. Мартином, который на данном этапе исследован применительно к изучению устного академического дискурса в его специфическом проявлении - в драматическом тексте. Как представляется, данный метод требует более детальной разработки применительно к нехудожественной, повседневной, речи академического дискурса. Problem statement. The paper focuses on the study of traditional approaches evaluations and innovative methods of their study. The objective of the research. is to analyze the methods of studying evaluation that could be applied in identifying the evaluative specifics of academic discourse. Results. The research has revealed that evaluative meanings attract the attention of researchers in various fields of knowledge, various discourses. The question of differentiating emotion, expressive language means and evaluation is still open. The close relationship of assessment with the values of the individual making a value judgment suggests the possibility of studying it from the standpoint of axiology, while the relationship with psychology allows one to approach assessment from the point of view of psychology (for example, evaluative styles). Conclusion. The combination of traditional and innovative methods will reveal the ontological properties of assessment in academic discourse. We are talking about verbalized value judgments made by various participants in academic discourse. Issues of evaluative categorization, differentiation of emotion and evaluation, evaluative styles of participants in academic discourse, corpus-based analysis seem to be relevant aspects in the study of the evaluative component of academic discourse.

scholarly journals The Role of Education in Economic Development: A Comparison of South Korea and Kyrgyzstan

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nargiza Sakmurzaeva
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
National Budget ◽  
The World ◽  
Small Economy

Education plays a big role in the economic development of the country. No country can achieve sustainable economic development without educated human capital. Education helps people to understand themselves and world. It improves the quality of their lives and leads to broad social benefits to individuals and society. Education is a very important in raising productivity of people and promotes technological development. The main purpose of this paper is to identify the role of education in the economic development by comparing South Korea and Kyrgyzstan which are represents developed and developing countries of the world. South Korea, for example, is a highly industrialized and developed country which educational system is in the list of the best 10 systems in the world. In opposite, Kyrgyzstan is an agricultural country which economy is dominated by minerals extraction, agriculture, and reliance on remittances from citizens working abroad. As a result of the research it can be concluded that education is a compulsory and one of the major tools for development of one country. A developing country with a small economy such as Kyrgyzstan should take an example from South Korea and allocate much money from the national budget for the education. So, it is important for Kyrgyzstan to implement educational policy of developed countries within the framework of national policy.

CHINA'S POST-CORONAVIRUS ECONOMIC SITUATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 62 (01) ◽  
pp. 162-167
Author(s):  
Sirus Rafig Asgarov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Foreign Currency ◽  
State Level ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Chinese Economy ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Modern Times

In modern times, the United States, Russia, and China are among the world's economic giants. However, China is now moving towards becoming the most economically developed country. As a result of state reforms in 1979, China's economic development was marked by the prospect of free trade, and thus China became one of the hegemons of our time. However, every rise has a decline, and this decline has manifested itself in the Chinese economy. Due to the COVID19 virus in Wuhan, China, the country suddenly became the center of a pandemic. Educational institutions have shut down, companies have gone online, tourists have been given limited access to the country, and even travel to China from most countries has been suspended. Another country that was hit by a second pandemic after China was Italy, and just two months later, after China, Italy, then the United States, then Russia, and Brazil fell into the pandemic. The first country affected by the pandemic, of course, was China. Because the entrances and exits of a country with great economic development were suddenly stopped and ticket offices were closed. Buddha stopped the inflow of foreign currency into the country. However, if we look at developed countries such as Italy and France, China has suffered less from the pandemic than Italy, France, and Russia. China prevented the spread of the pandemic, took a number of measures at the state level, and thus there was almost no infection with COVID19 in China in March. China, albeit partially, has re-entered the country and resumed life. As a result of these measures taken by China, economic development within the country has already resumed. Key words: China, COVID19, economics, crisis, changes

Adapting International Law to the Development of the Third World

1982 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurice Flory
Keyword(s):  
International Economic ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
International Law ◽  
Third World ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Daily Work ◽  
The Third World

What is the connection between international law and economic development? The answer will very likely be different according to whether the question is asked in a developed country or in one of the 120 less-developed countries. Consequently the answer can only be found in international law itself.Criticism has been levelled against the International Law Commission on the ground that its work only deals with the traditional topics which constitute the core of international law. Such criticism implies that the Commission has failed to perceive the need for developing international law adequately to encompass new areas.Of course this assertion could be disputed. However, the General Secretary of the United Nations, in a Survey of International Law published in April, 1971, clearly points to a number of newly emerging areas of concern, including the law relating to economic development which comprises the following headings:1. international legal rules and measures concerning regulation and coordination of the economic activities of states;2. international trade;3. economic and technical assistance.In order to assess the full implication of this question, it should be appreciated that the activities of the U.N. and of a growing number of international economic institutions are now devoted increasingly to development. The numerous relevant publications issued especially, but not only, by Third World lawyers show how this matter is becoming of fundamental importance. Indeed, there can be little doubt that Foreign Office legal advisers would readily admit that much of their daily work involves questions of international economic law. Nevertheless, if one looks at the role allocated to this subject by what may loosely be called the established international law, one must recognise that this is, indeed, a very modest role.

scholarly journals Disinterested agents or mismatched plans?

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 372-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunil Tankha ◽  
Sunita Ranabhat ◽  
Laxmi Dutt Bhatta ◽  
Rucha Ghate ◽  
Nand Kishor Agrawal
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Organizational Capabilities ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
Administrative Structures ◽  
Organizational Challenge

Purpose Developed countries agreed at COP15 to pay US$100bn annually for adaptation and mitigation in developing countries. This paper aims to evaluate how prepared are donors and recipients to spend this money well by analyzing institutional and organizational capabilities for climate change adaptation in least developed country (LDC) administrations using the case of Nepal, a country which can be considered to be an archetypal LDC. Design/methodology/approach The authors conducted over 100 in-depth structured qualitative interviews with government officials from across the organizational chain in the ministries concerned with climate change, ranging from the lowest-ranked employee to just under the ministerial ranks. This was supplemented with detailed surveys of three representative communities from different ecological zones in Nepal. Data were analyzed using Ostrom’s IAD framework. Findings Local administrations are more motivated and capable than are given credit for by donors but nevertheless face critical barriers in being able to function autonomously and confront climate change challenges. These barriers create three interrelated challenges: An organizational challenge to create intrinsic incentives which empower and grant autonomy to front line agents, an institutional challenge to go beyond accountability-focused process validation and a policy-choice challenge which avoids the temptation to write aspirational policies without clear and feasible strategies to obtain the resources necessary for their implementation. Practical implications The findings point to ways climate assistance can be restructured for more reach and effectiveness. Originality/value This paper fills a gap in the literature because community structures and institutions have been extensively analyzed in the context of adaptation, but despite being criticized, administrative structures have rarely been directly studied.

scholarly journals INCLUSIVENESS IN NATURAL USE IN CASE OF THE RESERVED FUND

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (2(71)) ◽  
pp. 150-161
Author(s):  
N.I. HUMAROVA ◽  
N. V. VERNIHOROVA
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Natural Protected Areas ◽  
Natural Reserve ◽  
Reserve Fund ◽  
Definition Of

Topicality. Together with the comprehensive urbanization and interference of economic processes in natural ecosystems, it is more difficult to separate natural protected areas from human activities. The accelerated growth of the planet's population increases the demand for both exhausting natural resources and inexhaustible ones, which deepens its negative environmental situation. Protected areas, as standard natural reserves, can best show the full value of untouched nature, and at the same time its vulnerability. It should be the source of environmental initiatives and the "school" of combination the ecological and economic interests of society. On it’s basis the ecological consciousness is formed. So, it is necessary to develop the appropriate preconditions for the development of a natural reserve fund, in which its functioning becomes an integral part of socio-economic development of society, more accessible, and therefore inclusive.Aim and tasks. The aim of the article is to determine the organizational and economic basis for the development of inclusiveness in environmental activities, taking into account international experience, sources of funding and structure, identifying factors contributing to the inclusion of these territories in the economic system of countries; definition of deficiencies inherent in the organization of the activity of the nature reserve fund in Ukraine; generalize information on inclusiveness in nature management.Research results. The article, based on the experience of developed countries in the field of creation and organization of the nature reserve fund (NRF), identifies the main advantages of combining their socio-ecological significance with the economic development of both the territories themselves and the economy of the country as a whole. There are considered: trends of ownership patterns on natural reserve areas in the countries of the world and Ukraine, size of their financing, and the income of the states from the activities of the National Natural Parks (NPP). There were identified problem issues of the field of bequest in Ukraine, in particular the social component, namely, the lack of awareness of the population about the problems of the NRF and its role in ensuring the welfare of society. The problem is considered from the point of view of the availability of NRF facilities for the population, in conjunction with compliance with all environmental standards. Is given an author's definition of the concept of inclusiveness in nature conservation activity. On the basis of comparison and analysis of the structure of the NNP of other countries, recommendations were given regarding the introduction of incentives for the reproduction of natural territories in Ukraine.Conclusion. It is explored that inclusive economic development, ecological awareness and education of the population at all levels of socialization of an individual in a society plays a leading role in the field of preservation of natural territories and the creation of NRF. An important contribution to this issue is the individual experience of the person with regard to inclusive nature and positive impressions. The solution of these problems will contribute to further development in such areas as education, tourism, mass media, psychological rehabilitation, etc. It has been established that the nature reserve fund (NRF), subject to appropriate organizational and economic support, can bring significant profits in the country's GDP, while not creating recreational overload on natural systems

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE REGION AND GREEN ECONOMY

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. 99-102
Author(s):  
Nadezhda N. Zhilina ◽  
◽  
Vladimir G. Ignatiev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Environmental Problems ◽  
Green Economy ◽  
New Science ◽  
The World ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Relationship Of

The problem of increasing the efficiency of the functioning of the world economy and the econ-omy of individual states is inextricably linked with solving the problem of sustainable development based on the widespread use of the principles of the green economy. The greening of economic development eventually created a new science (branch of scientific knowledge) - the green economy, which is based on the close relationship of economic and environmental problems. The article systematizes the results of program measures to achieve sustainable development of regions in the synthesis of concepts of sustainable devel-opment of regions and a vector for the greening of the economy.

scholarly journals Factors infl uencing consumers’ behaviour towards organic food purchase in Denmark and Tanzania

2021 ◽  
Vol 123 (2) ◽  
pp. 62-75
Author(s):  
Frida Thomas Pacho ◽  
Madan Mohan Batra
Keyword(s):  
Organic Food ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Consumer Knowledge ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Food Purchase ◽  
Health Consciousness ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This paper adds to the debate about factors infl uencing consumer behaviours that lead to the actual purchase of organic food in both developed and developing countries. Accordingly, authors seek to understand how consumers’ knowledge about organic food and consumers’ overall health consciousness play out as mechanisms for consumers’ behaviours leading to actual purchase. Samples from Tanzania as a developing country and Denmark as a developed country are used. A total of 1393 consumers fi lled the questionnaire. The study found that consumer knowledge and health consciousness function as underlying mechanisms in the relationship of attitude and subjective norms for actual purchase of organic food behaviour in Tanzania. In addition, consumer knowledge and health consciousness function as an underlying mechanism in the relationship of attitude and perceived behaviour control for actual purchase of organic food in Denmark. The study argues for enhancing consumers’ knowledge of organic food as the latter has been championed for its perceived health benefi ts in both developed and less developed countries.

scholarly journals Characterizing the level of economic development of countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 343-354
Author(s):  
Alexandra Nastu ◽  
Stelian Stancu ◽  
Andreea Dumitrache
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Composite Index ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Optimal Number ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Development Level ◽  
Level Of Economic Development ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract The main purpose of this paper is to provide an objective analysis of the economic development level of countries. This is done by measuring it through a new index and by classifying the countries in an optimal number of clusters, each group characterizing different levels of economic development. The proposed methodology is based on three steps: creating a composite index (by applying the principal component analysis), establishing the optimal number of development groups (based on the number of principal components and on the hierarchical clustering) and clustering countries into them (with the help of k-means analysis). Therefore, this approach solves the difficulty of classifying the countries, complication that is mentioned in the specialized literature. Also, the paper creates a better understanding on the economic development level of countries, as, usually, the papers examine the economic growth level of countries. The analysis is conducted at the level of 60 countries for year 2015, using 12 indicators from categories that influence economic development (income, inequality, health, education and living conditions). The empirical results revealed that the countries can be grouped in two groups: economical developed countries (approximatively 2/3) and economic developing countries (approximatively 1/3). The countries that are most developed from an economic point of view are: Singapore, Luxemburg and Finland.

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