Recycling and Disassembly Planning

2001 ◽  
pp. 397-419
Author(s):  
Alexander Huber ◽  
Jorge Marx-Gomez ◽  
Claus Rautenstrauch
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Return Flow ◽  
Central Component ◽  
Material Recycling ◽  
Product Flow ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Legal Pressure ◽  
Product Recycling ◽  
Functional Components

For some years, the massive spreading of technically complex products as well as the shortening of product life cycles have led to a constantly rising return flow of discarded technical devices. The removal of these devices today occurs mostly through disposal-oriented strategies, i.e. used products are shredded and finally stored in dumps or eliminated thermally in domestic refuse combustion plants. For a long time, the product flow was a one-way street. Public and legal pressure have led to an increase in the importance of environmentally-oriented aspects in both the industrial and private sector. This leads to a rising demand for the establishment of a cycle-oriented economy. The cycle-oriented economy aims to keep materials and products in economic circulation as long as possible. The objective of the cycle-oriented economy is motivated by the shortage of resources (energy and raw materials) and the shrinking of disposal areas (air, water, soil), as well as the realization that economically usable potentials are currently being thrown away (Gupta and Veerakamolmal, 1999). Disposal, as central component of the cycle-oriented economy, includes recycling. Recycling includes disassembly as a type of treatment. In contrast to other types of treatment, disassembly permits a higher maintenance of value of old products; however, it usually requires a higher expenditure as well. In contrast to alternative types of treatment (i.e. shredding), the recovery of functional components and assemblies for reuse (product recycling) and the possibility of the recovery of materials (material recycling) are possible advantages of conducting a disassembly process (Seliger and Kriwet, 1993). In general, disassembly follows the same objectives as production; thus remanufacturing is often spoken of (Rautenstrauch, 1999).

scholarly journals Lankesterella (Apicomplexa, Lankesterellidae) Blood Parasites of Passeriform Birds: Prevalence, Molecular and Morphological Characterization, with Notes on Sporozoite Persistence In Vivo and Development In Vitro

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1451
Author(s):  
Carolina Romeiro Fernandes Chagas ◽  
Josef Harl ◽  
Vytautas Preikša ◽  
Dovilė Bukauskaitė ◽  
Mikas Ilgūnas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Characterization ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Blood Parasites ◽  
Serinus Canaria ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Development In Vitro

Recent studies confirmed that some Hepatozoon-like blood parasites (Apicomplexa) of birds are closely related to the amphibian parasite Lankesterella minima. Little is known about the biology of these pathogens in birds, including their distribution, life cycles, specificity, vectors, and molecular characterization. Using blood samples of 641 birds from 16 species, we (i) determined the prevalence and molecular diversity of Lankesterella parasites in naturally infected birds; (ii) investigated the development of Lankesterella kabeeni in laboratory-reared mosquitoes, Culex pipiens forma molestus and Aedes aegypti; and (iii) tested experimentally the susceptibility of domestic canaries, Serinus canaria, to this parasite. This study combined molecular and morphological diagnostic methods and determined 11% prevalence of Lankesterella parasites in Acrocephalidae birds; 16 Lankesterella lineages with a certain degree of host specificity and two new species (Lankesterella vacuolata n. sp. and Lankesterella macrovacuolata n. sp.) were found and characterized. Lankesterella kabeeni (formerly Hepatozoon kabeeni) was re-described. Serinus canaria were resistant after various experimental exposures. Lankesterella sporozoites rapidly escaped from host cells in vitro. Sporozoites persisted for a long time in infected mosquitoes (up to 42 days post exposure). Our study demonstrated a high diversity of Lankesterella parasites in birds, and showed that several avian Hepatozoon-like parasites, in fact, belong to Lankesterella genus.

scholarly journals TECHNICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS FOR PREPARING FLAX RAW MATERIALS FOR PROCESSING

2021 ◽  
pp. 227-237
Author(s):  
Yu. Вerezovsky ◽  
T. Kuzmina ◽  
M. Yedynovych ◽  
G. Boyko ◽  
N. Lyalina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Hollow Structure ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Hollow Structures ◽  
Adverse Weather Conditions ◽  
Adverse Weather ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Experimental Researches

The article contains theoretical and experimental researches in the field of the preservation of flax raw material of high moisture content. In the article, factors that are worsening the quality of flax raw material, resulting in non-observance of agrotechnical and technological requirements of preparing, collecting, harvesting the stem material, adverse weather conditions and other factors, are considered. The objective of this paper is to study the influence of preservation agents’ concentrations and of hollow structure device on the quality of flax raw material during long-time storage. In the article, the influence of aqueous preservatives’ concentration, humidity, storage length on the quality of fibrous products, obtained as a result of processing stem material, is analyzed. The influence of the device of hollow structures, as an alternative to preservatives, on the storage process of bast crops stem material was evaluated. The method of flax retted straw storage is described, actions of the main factors influence on the strength of fibers are analyzed. It is demonstrated, that prolongation of flax raw material preservation time can be made by using preservatives without considerable wastes of quality.

scholarly journals Improving the marmalade technology by adding a multicomponent fruit-and-berry paste

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (11 (114)) ◽  
pp. 6-14
Author(s):  
Olga Samokhvalova ◽  
Kateryna Kasabova ◽  
Nataliа Shmatchenko ◽  
Aleksey Zagorulko ◽  
Andrii Zahorulko
Keyword(s):  
Mass Fraction ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Black Currant ◽  
Reducing Substances ◽  
Improved Technique ◽  
Improved Technology ◽  
Functional Components

The necessity to optimize the nutritional value of marmalade by using physiologically functional ingredients containing vitamins, dietary fiber, minerals, and other useful substances in its composition has been substantiated. Specifically, using the multicomponent fruit-and-berry paste from apples, quince, black currant has been proposed, which is obtained by an improved technique. The technique is characterized by the rapid dehydration (30...45 s, at 50 °C) of the blended paste in a rotor plant to 28...30 % of dry matter. When studying the dependences of the effective viscosity of paste compositions on the shear rate, it was found that the paste that demonstrated the best indicators contained apple in the amount of 40 %; quince ‒ 50 %; black currant ‒ 10 %. It has been experimentally proven that the rational amount of fruit-and-berry paste is 30 % with a decrease in agar by 30 %. This makes it possible to obtain the jelly-fruit marmalade on agar with a mass fraction of moisture of 18 %, a total acidity of 10 degrees, and a mass fraction of reducing substances not more than 28 %. The products have a sweet-sour taste, with a pleasant aftertaste and the smell of black currant, rich purple color, jelly-like form, and non-tight consistency. The strength of the new samples of marmalade with a decrease in the amount of agar is 18.9 kPa, similar to that of control. The improved technology makes it possible to expand the range of "healthy products", which is achieved by the partial replacement of raw materials with a fruit-and-berry paste, which contains a significant number of physiologically functional components. This allows for an increase in the nutritional value of marmalade, as well as a decrease in the formulation amount of agar, which is expensive, by 30 %. In addition, gentle concentration modes improve the process of paste making

Germinating seeds in dry soil: examining the process of frugal innovation in micro- and small-enterprises at the base of the pyramid

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam Borchardt ◽  
Charbel José Chiappetta Jabbour ◽  
José de Figueiredo Belém ◽  
Venkatesh Mani ◽  
Giancarlo Medeiros Pereira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Business Models ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Small Enterprises ◽  
Base Of The Pyramid ◽  
Frugal Innovation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fashion Products ◽  
Poor Region ◽  
Micro And Small Enterprises

Purpose This study aims to examine the process of frugal innovation (FI) in micro- and small-enterprises (MSEs) at the base of the pyramid (BOP) through the analytical lens of business models. Design/methodology/approach A case study was conducted with 30 MSEs from three different industries in a very poor region in Brazil. Findings The findings indicate that, in cases where FI is intense and dynamic, the start of the FI process is based on the reinterpretation of fashion trends and influences from the business ecosystem while the consolidation of FI in MSEs occurs through the reconfiguration of resources. Additionally, this study shows that FI depends on conditions other than the production of frugal products for BOP consumers. Research limitations/implications This study points out that the presence of end-of-life non-BOP raw materials distributed by large distributors in the case of fashion products, along with the interaction between MSEs at the BOP and these distributors, trigger FI and are profitable for both. For non-fashion products with long life cycles, there is no demand for innovation. Originality/value This study addresses the research void present in the literature on FI by presenting the process of FI and the conditions that leverage or stagnate FI in MSEs at the BOP, as well as how business models are shaped by these conditions.

Study of Phyto-ingredients of Wild Berry Juice

2021 ◽  
pp. 47-50
Author(s):  
Антонина Григорьевна Чернобровина ◽  
Наталья Николаевна Роева ◽  
Наталия Евгеньевна Куликова ◽  
Ольга Юрьевна Попова
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Natural Dyes ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Protective Properties ◽  
Enzyme Preparations ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Ingredient Composition ◽  
Functional Components

В настоящее время к одним из наиболее приоритетных направлений пищевой промышленности относят разработку функциональных продуктов питания на основе экологически чистого сырья естественного происхождения, в том числе ягодного. При разработке новых продуктов с защитными свойствами важно учитывать ингредиентный состав сырья, оказывающий лечебно-профилактический эффект, и с этой точки зрения ягоды малины и брусники заслуживают особого внимания. С целью максимального извлечения и сохранения природных, физиологически-функциональных компонентов дикорастущих ягод (витаминов, микро- и макроэлементов, фенольных, пектиновых соединений и др.) были разработаны и созданы мультиэнзимные композиции для предобработки ягод брусники (МЭКб) и малины (МЭКм). Большой интерес вызывали исследования состава и содержания красящих веществ в исследуемых образцах. В качестве структурных элементов антоцианов в соке малины и брусники, а также в их ферментативных соках установлены дисахариды, основной структурный компонент которых - цианидин. Количественное содержание антоцианов в соке брусники и малины составило 305,4 и 106,2 мг/дм3, а в ферментативном соке брусники (БФС) и малины (МФС) - 553,7 и 146,4 мг/дм3, соответственно. Высокое содержание красящих веществ - важный критерий для использования БФС и МФС в качестве источника натуральных красителей. Установлена более высокая антиоксидантная активность в БФС и МФС (соответственно в 1,3 и 1,5 раза) по сравнению с соком, полученным без применения ферментных препаратов. Следовательно, ферментативный сок ягод обладает высокими антиоксидантными свойствами и служит источником натуральных красителей, поэтому его можно рассматривать как перспективный сырьевой полуфабрикат при производстве продуктов питания функциональной направленности, оказывающих благотворное регулирующее действие на организм человека. Currently, one of the priority areas of the food industry is the development of functional food products based on environmentally friendly raw materials of natural origin, including berry. When developing new products with protective properties, it is important to take into account the ingredient composition of the raw materials, which has a therapeutic and prophylactic effect, and from this point of view, raspberries and lingonberries deserve special attention. In order to maximize the preservation and extraction of natural, physiologically functional components of wild berries (vitamins, micro - and macroelements, phenolic compounds, pectin and other substances) were developed and created multienzymatic compositions for the pretreatment of lingonberry (MEKb) and raspberry (MEKm). Of great interest were studies on the characterization and content of dyes in the samples being studied. As structural elements of anthocyanins in raspberry and lingonberry juice, as well as in their enzymatic juices, disaccharides were established, the main structural component of which is cyanidine, and the quantitative content of anthocyanins (mg/dm3) in the juice of lingonberry and raspberry, corresponded - 305.40 and 106.20, and in the enzymatic juice of lingonberry and raspberry - 553.70 and 146.40. The high content of dyes is an important criterion for the use of BFS and MFS as a source of natural dyes. A higher antioxidant activity was found in BFS and MFS (1.3 and 1.5 times, respectively) compared with juice obtained without the use of enzyme preparations. Therefore, the enzymatic juice of berries has high antioxidant properties and is a source of natural dyes, so it can be considered as a promising raw material in the production of functional foods that have a beneficial regulatory effect on the human body.

Recycling Oriented Fasteners: A Critical Evaluation of VDI 2243’s Selection Table

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary VerGow ◽  
Bert Bras
Keyword(s):  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Environmentally Benign ◽  
Material Recycling ◽  
Life Cycle Design ◽  
German Standard ◽  
Product Recycling ◽  
Technical Products ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract A growing concern about the environment, and especially about waste and landfill, has spurred research into the design of more environmentally benign products. A dramatic reduction in environmental impact can be made by recycling. A critical issue in recycling is the separation of joints in the disassembly process. In product recycling (also referred to as reuse) non-destructive disassembly is desired, whereas in material recycling destructive disassembly is allowed (e.g., shredding). This has an impact on the selection of fasteners. In this paper, we provide an overview of the issues involved and specifically we evaluate the selection of fasteners in the context of product recycling, material recycling, and technical aspects as documented in the new German standard VDI 2243, “Designing Technical Products for Ease of Recycling – Fundamentals and Rules for Design”. The results of this evaluation provide insight in future areas of research and fastener selection models for life cycle design.

scholarly journals Research on the Kinetics of Pyrolysis of Wood-Based Panels in Terms of Waste Management

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (19) ◽  
pp. 3705 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaworski ◽  
Kajda-Szcześniak
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Mass Loss ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Thermal Transformation ◽  
Molecular Formula ◽  
Empirical Formulas ◽  
Material Recycling ◽  
Transformation Methods ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Kinetics Of

Currently, there is a lot of interest in implementing the idea of ​​a circular economy along with searching for optimal methods of waste management in terms of raw materials and energy. Waste wood-based floor panels are part of this discussion with regard to its management. The interest in this waste results from statistics and the prediction of its future quantities on the waste market. The separation and testing of individual layers of the waste floor panel was undertaken to answer the following question: Is it reasonable to mechanically separate the contaminated upper panel layer from the remaining part (which is suitable for material recycling) and subject it to thermal transformation methods? Thermogravimetric studies did not confirm the rationale of mechanical separation of layers for further management. Therefore, the use of pyrolysis was proposed as an alternative by showing the advantages of this process in the thermal transformation of the tested waste. The analyzed kinetics of this process included: mass loss, the influence of heating rate on the decomposition process, the impact of volatile parts in the substrate on the rate of mass loss, and the share of coke residue. Empirical formulas of the tested substrates in the molecular formula C–H–O–N (carbon-hydrogen-oxygen-nitrogen) were also proposed to assess its energy usefulness by entering the analyzed waste into a Van Krevelen diagram.

scholarly journals Upaya Pengolahan Limbah Kotoran Babi Menggunakan Komposter Rumah Tangga

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 104
Author(s):  
Widya Sari ◽  
I Wayan Budiarsa Suyasa ◽  
I.G.B Sila Dharma
Keyword(s):  
Organic Materials ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Pig Manure ◽  
Vegetable Waste ◽  
Composting Process ◽  
Experiment Method ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Macro Nutrients

ABSTRACT        The production of pig manure waste potentially pollutes the soil, water and air. One of the most effective processing a waste treatments is through composting. The composting process takes a long time if not assisted by the activator as decomposers of organic materials in order to accelerate the composting process. Activators such as local microorganism (MOL) contain macro nutrients, micro and active microorganism that potentially decomposed organic materials, growth stimulants and pest/disease control agents such as to help speed up the composting process. This study aims to determine the C/N ratio of optimal raw materials for composting of pig manure and vegetable waste, determining the effect of adding local microorganism (MOL) to the length of time of composting and determining the effectiveness of business from composting of pig manure and vegetable waste based on the calculation of B/C ratio.        This research uses quantitative approach with experiment method. The first stage is the preparation of the raw material which is divided into three groups : composition 1 with 75% (pig manure) and 25% (vegetable waste), composition 2 with 50% (pig manure) and 50% (vegetable waste) and then composition 3 with 25% (pig manure) and 75% (vegetable waste). Furthermore, the best raw material composition was treated with variations of MOL addition of A (100 ml), B (300 ml), C (500 ml) and D (without MOL).        The results showed that the composition of the best raw material mixture was a mixture composition of 25% (pig manure) and 75% (vegetable waste) with a C/N ratio of 38.95. The effect of MOL addition indicates that the greater MOL volume the faster to composting process. The quality compost with addition of MOL has C/N ratio levels is (16,30), N-total (1,65%), P tersedia (8043,02 ppm), K tersedia (8857,40 ppm), Fe (1,87%), Mn (0,09%) Zn (480 ppm) in which that value meets the SNI 19-7030-2004. Based on analysis of B/C ratio obtained result of 1.04 where the value is approaching criteria B/C ratio more than 1.00 which means compost business feasible to be developed.   Keywords : Pig manure, MOL, time of composting, composter, B/C ratio

scholarly journals The Ursolic Acid-Rich Extract of Dracocephalum heterophyllum Benth. with Potent Antidiabetic and Cytotoxic Activities

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (18) ◽  
pp. 6505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sodik Numonov ◽  
Farukh Sharopov ◽  
Muhammad Nasimullah Qureshi ◽  
Latofat Gaforzoda ◽  
Isomiddin Gulmurodov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ursolic Acid ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Tyrosine Phosphatase ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Breast Cancer Cell Lines ◽  
Cytotoxic Activities ◽  
Pentacyclic Triterpenoids ◽  
Extraction And Purification ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Functional Components

Pentacyclic triterpenoids are one of the main functional components in Dracocephalum heterophyllum. In this study the optimal process, the fairly simple and accessible extraction and purification of triterpenoids of D. heterophyllum, was developed by a remaceration method. Remaceration is characterized by minimal loss of biologically active compounds on diffusion, which contributes to the largest depletion of raw materials. The triterpenoid yield was 2.4% under optimal conditions which was enhanced to 98.03% after purification. The triterpenoid profiles and their anticancer and antidiabetic activities were further analyzed. GC-MS analysis of triterpenoidal extract of D. heterophyllum resulted ursolic acid (71.9%) and oleanolic acid (18.1%) as the major components. Additionally, total purified triterpenoid contents of D. heterophyllum and its main components were shown to possess significant cytotoxic activity against three human breast cancer cell lines (SK-Br-3, T47D, and MCF-7). The purification of triterpenoids influenced their biological activity. The antidiabetic effect, as measured by inhibition of protein-tyrosine phosphatase (PTP-1B), of the purified fraction of triterpenoids of D. heterophyllum increased by five-fold against the enzyme. The results provide important guidance for the industrial application of D. heterophyllum confirming the prospect of developing plant extracts into effective drugs and health foods for human applications.

Repetitive Implementation of Material Value Conservation and its Effects on the Mechanical Properties of Plastic Recycling Products

2018 ◽  
Vol 936 ◽  
pp. 116-120
Author(s):  
Rahmat Nurcahyo ◽  
Djoko Sihono Gabriel ◽  
Wakhid L. Ikhsan
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Plastic Packaging ◽  
Plastic Recycling ◽  
Design Activities ◽  
Contaminated Waste ◽  
American Society ◽  
Plastic Pellets

Impurity and contaminated waste of flexible plastic packaging will not be viable as raw materials for secondary recycling. This problem could be avoided by repetitive implementation of material value conservation through material purity protection since the product design activities up to the end of packaging life cycle. This paradigm also creates new sequential life cycles of products rather than once when only virgin materials were used as raw materials. With repetitive implementation of material value conservation and serial testing in a polymer laboratory, a type of virgin plastic pellet recycled up to the 8th stage of secondary recycling, and then the mechanical properties of materials tested according to the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards. This research revealed that flexible plastic packaging materials that managed by Material Value Conservation (MVC) implementations were suitable for secondary recycling in producing the viable quality of recycled plastic pellets in mechanical properties measures, and leverage the potential of virgin plastic pellets utilization. Because of MVC implementations protected the purity of materials intensively, and then increased the value of recycled plastic pellets as raw materials for the new life cycle of plastic products.

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