Internet Survey of Risk Factors Associated With Training and Competition in Dogs Competing in Agility Competitions

Objective: To describe risk factors associated with training and competition in relation to frequency and severity of injuries experienced by agility dogs.Procedures: An internet-based survey collected data on competition level variables and training level variables. The primary outcome was history of any injury and a secondary outcome considered history of severe injury (injury lasting > 3 months). Logistic regression was used to estimate associations and final models were obtained via backward selection to identify the strongest associations within variables.Results: There were 4,197 dogs included in this analysis. Injury was reported for 1,737 (41.4%) dogs and severe injury was reported for 629 (15.0%). In the model with competition level factors, jumping 4” (OR: 1.50) or 2–4” (OR: 1.31) over shoulder height compared to jumping 0–2” lower and competing at national events was associated with increased injury risk, while competing 6+ times on rubber matting was associated with lower risk (OR: 0.62). Training level variables associated with injury risk were age starting jump, teeter, and weave training, with the highest risk observed for dogs starting jump training between 3 and 18 months but starting weave and teeter training after 18 months of age.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance: Many variables thought to be associated with injury risk were not significant in the final model. Starting jump training at an earlier age was associated with greater risk of injury relative to starting after 18 months. It is possible that the high impact of jump training before skeletal maturity may increase the risk of injuries or musculoskeletal conditions. The increased risk of injury in dogs that jump 2–4, or 4+ inches higher than shoulder height may be due to increased biomechanical forces during takeoff and landing. Faster dogs may be at higher risk of injury; handlers planning competition around big events or competing at the national level are likely to have faster dogs, and may be less likely to compete on rubber matting. These data provide valuable current insight into the possible effects that training and competition variables may have on injury risk in agility dogs.

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Characteristics, outcomes and risk factors for mortality of 522 167 patients hospitalised with COVID-19 in Brazil: a retrospective cohort study

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2021-049089 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. e049089

Author(s):

Marcia C Castro ◽

Susie Gurzenda ◽

Eduardo Marques Macário ◽

Giovanny Vinícius A França

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cohort Study ◽

Retrospective Cohort Study ◽

Retrospective Cohort ◽

Cox Proportional Hazards ◽

Secondary Outcome ◽

Hospital Death ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Icu Admission ◽

Hospitalised Patients

ObjectiveTo provide a comprehensive description of demographic, clinical and radiographic characteristics; treatment and case outcomes; and risk factors associated with in-hospital death of patients hospitalised with COVID-19 in Brazil.DesignRetrospective cohort study of hospitalised patients diagnosed with COVID-19.SettingData from all hospitals across Brazil.Participants522 167 hospitalised patients in Brazil by 14 December 2020 with severe acute respiratory illness, and a confirmed diagnosis for COVID-19.Primary and secondary outcome measuresPrevalence of symptoms and comorbidities was compared by clinical outcomes and intensive care unit (ICU) admission status. Survival was assessed using Kaplan Meier survival estimates. Risk factors associated with in-hospital death were evaluated with multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression.ResultsOf the 522 167 patients included in this study, 56.7% were discharged, 0.002% died of other causes, 30.7% died of causes associated with COVID-19 and 10.2% remained hospitalised. The median age of patients was 61 years (IQR, 47–73), and of non-survivors 71 years (IQR, 60–80); 292 570 patients (56.0%) were men. At least one comorbidity was present in 64.5% of patients and in 76.8% of non-survivors. From illness onset, the median times to hospital and ICU admission were 6 days (IQR, 3–9) and 7 days (IQR, 3–10), respectively; 15 days (IQR, 9–24) to death and 15 days (IQR, 11–20) to hospital discharge. Risk factors for in-hospital death included old age, Black/Brown ethnoracial self-classification, ICU admission, being male, living in the North and Northeast regions and various comorbidities. Age had the highest HRs of 5.51 (95% CI: 4.91 to 6.18) for patients≥80, compared with those ≤20.ConclusionsCharacteristics of patients and risk factors for in-hospital mortality highlight inequities of COVID-19 outcomes in Brazil. As the pandemic continues to unfold, targeted policies that address those inequities are needed to mitigate the unequal burden of COVID-19.

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Patterns and predictors of serious surf-related injuries in Hawaii

Trauma ◽

10.1177/1460408620983628 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 146040862098362

Author(s):

Ashley Marumoto ◽

Adam Guzman ◽

William B. Harris ◽

John Vossler ◽

Sidney Johnson

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Public Awareness ◽

Leisure Activity ◽

Severe Injury ◽

Spine Injury ◽

Inherent Risk ◽

Risk Of Injury ◽

Safety Interventions ◽

Associated Risk Factors ◽

Irreversible Injury

Introduction Surfing is a popular leisure activity with inherent risk of injury that many participants fail to mitigate. There is a paucity of literature reporting severe surf-related trauma and associated risk factors. Methods A retrospective observational study of registry data from Honolulu’s main trauma center assessing surf-related injuries and risk factors for severe injury was performed between January 1, 2014 and December 31, 2018. Results Spine (35.1%), face (17.5%), and head (12.3%) injuries were the most common injuries identified in this cohort. A number of predictors for severe injury as well as serious spine injury were identified. Major risk factors for severe injury and serious spine injury included location of injury on Maui (Severe injury: OR 6.79, 95%CI 1.43–40.35, p = 0.0217; serious spine injury: OR 7.27, 95%CI 1.39–58.24, p = 0.0308) and being from one of the 48 contiguous states (severe injury: OR 3.33, 95%CI 1.10–10.98, p = 0.0388; serious spine injury: OR 2.95, 95%CI 1.08–8.46, p = 0.0379). Conclusion Understanding the nature of surf-related injuries and who is at risk can help to inform safety interventions that may prevent severe, sometimes irreversible injury. Efforts should be made to increase public awareness to the potential risk of surf-related activities.

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Trail running injury risk factors: a living systematic review

British Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1136/bjsports-2021-104858 ◽

2022 ◽

pp. bjsports-2021-104858

Author(s):

Carel Viljoen ◽

Dina C (Christa) Janse van Rensburg ◽

Willem van Mechelen ◽

Evert Verhagen ◽

Bruno Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Systematic Review ◽

Injury Risk ◽

Previous History ◽

Future Research ◽

Injury Incidence ◽

Extrinsic Factors ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Injury Risk Factors ◽

Trail Running

ObjectiveTo review and frequently update the available evidence on injury risk factors and epidemiology of injury in trail running.DesignLiving systematic review. Updated searches will be done every 6 months for a minimum period of 5 years.Data sourcesEight electronic databases were searched from inception to 18 March 2021.Eligibility criteriaStudies that investigated injury risk factors and/or reported the epidemiology of injury in trail running.ResultsNineteen eligible studies were included, of which 10 studies investigated injury risk factors among 2 785 participants. Significant intrinsic factors associated with injury are: more running experience, level A runner and higher total propensity to sports accident questionnaire (PAD-22) score. Previous history of cramping and postrace biomarkers of muscle damage is associated with cramping. Younger age and low skin phototypes are associated with sunburn. Significant extrinsic factors associated with injury are neglecting warm-up, no specialised running plan, training on asphalt, double training sessions per day and physical labour occupations. A slower race finishing time is associated with cramping, while more than 3 hours of training per day, shade as the primary mode of sun protection and being single are associated with sunburn. An injury incidence range 0.7–61.2 injuries/1000 hours of running and prevalence range 1.3% to 90% were reported. The lower limb was the most reported region of injury, specifically involving blisters of the foot/toe.ConclusionLimited studies investigated injury risk factors in trail running. Our review found eight intrinsic and nine extrinsic injury risk factors. This review highlighted areas for future research that may aid in designing injury risk management strategies for safer trail running participation.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42021240832.

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Risk Factors for Community Acquired Extended-Spectrum Β-lactamase (ESBL) Producing Enterobacteriaceae Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofx163.827 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (suppl_1) ◽

pp. S345-S345

Author(s):

Dheeraj Goyal ◽

Kristin Dascomb ◽

Peter S Jones ◽

Bert K Lopansri

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Urinary Tract ◽

Urinary Catheter ◽

Univariate Analysis ◽

Prior History ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Extended Spectrum ◽

History Of ◽

Enterobacteriaceae Infections ◽

Tract Infections

Abstract Background Community-acquired extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing Enterobacteriaceae infections pose unique treatment challenges. Identifying risk factors associated with ESBL Enterobacteriaceae infections outside of prior colonization is important for empiric management in an era of antimicrobial stewardship. Methods We randomly selected 251 adult inpatients admitted to an Intermountain healthcare facility in Utah with an ESBL Enterobacteriaceae urinary tract infection (UTI) between January 1, 2001 and January 1, 2016. 1:1 matched controls had UTI at admission with Enterobacteriaceae but did not produce ESBL. UTI at admission was defined as urine culture positive for > 100,000 colony forming units per milliliter (cfu/mL) of Enterobacteriaceae and positive symptoms within 7 days prior or 2 days after admission. Repeated UTI was defined as more than 3 episodes of UTI within 12 months preceding index hospitalization. Cases with prior history of ESBL Enterobacteriaceae UTIs or another hospitalization three months preceding the index admission were excluded. Univariate and multiple logistic regression techniques were used to identify the risk factors associated with first episode of ESBL Enterobacteriaceae UTI at the time of hospitalization. Results In univariate analysis, history of repeated UTIs, neurogenic bladder, presence of a urinary catheter at time of admission, and prior exposure to outpatient antibiotics within past one month were found to be significantly associated with ESBL Enterobacteriaceae UTIs. When controlling for age differences, severity of illness and co-morbid conditions, history of repeated UTIs (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 6.76, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.60–13.41), presence of a urinary catheter at admission (AOR 2.75, 95% CI 1.25 – 6.24) and prior antibiotic exposure (AOR: 8.50, 95% CI: 3.09 – 30.13) remained significantly associated with development of new ESBL Enterobacteriaceae UTIs. Conclusion Patients in the community with urinary catheters, history of recurrent UTIs, or recent antimicrobial use can develop de novo ESBL Enterobacteriaceae UTIs. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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Risk factors associated with early childhood caries – a case control study

Revista Odonto Ciência ◽

10.15448/198-6523.2016.2.21496 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 31 (2) ◽

pp. 83

Author(s):

Marina De Deus Moura Lima ◽

Zacarias Soares Brito-Neto ◽

Heylane Oliveira Amaral ◽

Cacilda Castelo Branco Lima ◽

Marcoeli Silva de Moura ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Early Childhood ◽

Early Childhood Caries ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Case Control ◽

Control Group ◽

Factors Associated ◽

History Of ◽

Control Study ◽

Childhood Caries

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the risk factors associated with early childhood caries (ECC).Methods: It was an observational retrospective case-control study. The case group consisted of all patients diagnosed with ECC in the records of an active program of maternal and child care. The control group was composed of an equal number of children, matched for gender and age, who attended the program and did not have ECC. The process of data collection consisted of completing a pre-established schedule to analyse variables related to the mother/caregiver and child.Statisticalanalysis was performed using the chi-squared and odds ratio (OR), with alpha (α) = 0.05.Results: History of caries in the mother (OR=2.61; CI 95%=1.45-4.67) and father (OR=1.72; CI 95%=1.02-2.89) were key determinants in the child being diagnosed with ECC.Conclusions: The risk factors associated with ECC were the following: no oral hygiene acceptance, nocturnal feeding duration of more than 16 months, a daily intake of sugar greater than 4 times a day, a Baume type II maxillary arch, fewer than 3 consultations with the program, and a history of decay in the parents.

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945. Prevalence of HIV Associated Non-AIDS Conditions and Associated Risk Factors among Hospitalized HIV-infected Patients in India

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.1131 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S504-S505

Author(s):

Amyeo A Jereen ◽

Celia Kucera ◽

Saniya Pervin ◽

Muralidhar Varma ◽

Radhakrishnan Rajesh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Transmitted Disease ◽

Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Patient Risk ◽

Sexually Transmitted ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

History Of ◽

Artery Disease ◽

Associated Risk Factors

Abstract Background HIV-associated non-AIDS (HANA) conditions are becoming common as People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (PLWHIV) age. However, data estimating the prevalence of HANA conditions and associated risk factors is lacking in developing countries. This study evaluates reasons for hospitalizations among PLWHIV in Udupi, India in the antiretroviral era, and describes associated risk factors. Methods Demographic and clinical data were extracted from medical charts of 1280 HIV-infected patients 18 years and older who were admitted to Kasturba Hospital, Manipal, India between January 1, 2013 and December 31, 2017, for a total of 2157 hospitalizations. Primary reasons for hospitalization were categorized into AIDS-defining vs Non-AIDS-defining and HANA vs Non-HANA conditions (Fig 1). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate demographic and clinical factors associated with hospitalizations due to AIDS-defining illness and HANA conditions. Categorization of Reasons for Hospitalization Results Patients’ median age was 45 (18-80) years; 70% male. Median age of patients with AIDS-defining illness (45% of hospitalizations) was lower at 44 (18-75) years compared with HANA (15% of hospitalizations) at 48 (21-80) years. Age (OR, 95% CI) (0.985, 0.974-0.995), admission CD4 (0.998, 0.997 - 0.998), history of hypertension (HTN) (0.59, 0.42-0.82), stroke (0.49, 0.24 - 0.93), diabetes (1.56, 1.10 - 2.19), and AIDS-defining cancers (1.74, 1.05 - 2.89) were associated with AIDS-defining hospitalizations (Fig 2). Additionally, age (1.016, 1.001 - 1.031), history of HTN (1.70, 1.16 - 2.46), coronary artery disease (CAD) (4.02, 1.87- 9.02), chronic kidney disease (CKD) (2.30, 1.15 - 4.61), stroke (2.93, 1.46 - 5.96), Hepatitis B (3.32, 1.66- 6.72), Hepatitis C (16.1, 2.84 - 314), sexually transmitted disease (STD) (3.76, 1.38- 10.8), and HANA-associated cancer (2.44, 1.28- 6.42) were associated with HANA hospitalizations (Fig 3). Patient Risk Factors for AIDS-related Hospitalization Patient Risk Factors for HANA-related Hospitalization Conclusion Prevalence of HANA conditions was lower than AIDS-defining illnesses possibly because of a younger population. Patients with AIDS-defining illnesses were also likely to have HANA conditions. Early detection and effective treatment of both HIV and HANA conditions is essential to decrease hospitalizations in low-resource settings. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

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Epidemiological characteristics, clinical characteristics, and prognostic factors of children with atopy hospitalised with adenovirus pneumonia

BMC Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1186/s12879-021-06741-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Miao Li ◽

Xiao-Hua Han ◽

Li-Yun Liu ◽

Hui-Sheng Yao ◽

Li-Li Yi

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Disease Severity ◽

Clinical Characteristics ◽

Severe Infection ◽

Small Airway ◽

Personal History ◽

Factors Associated ◽

History Of ◽

Radiological Changes ◽

Epidemiological Characteristics

Abstract Background Atopy may be associated with disease severity and a poor prognosis of human adenovirus (HAdV) pneumonia in children. Our aim was to observe the clinical characteristics and pulmonary radiological changes in children with atopy and HAdV pneumonia in China. Methods Children hospitalised with HAdV pneumonia from June 2018 to December 2019 were analysed. All children were divided into atopic with HAdV, non-atopic with HAdV, and atopic without HAdV infection group. Each group was further divided into the mild and severe pneumonia groups according to disease severity. Standard treatment was initiated after admission, and regular follow-up evaluations were conducted at 1 month after discharge. Baseline and clinical characteristics and pulmonary radiological changes in children with and without atopy were evaluated. Risk factors associated with small airway lesions in patients with HAdV pneumonia were analysed. Results The eosinophil count in the atopic group was significantly higher than that in the non-atopic group (P < 0.05). Severe coughing, wheezing, and small airway lesions on chest high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) upon admission, after discharge and 1 month after discharge were significantly higher in the atopic group (with or without HAdV infection) than in the non-atopic group (P < 0.05). There were significant differences in the number of patients with wheezing and small airway lesions during hospitalisation and after discharge among the three groups (P < 0.05). The risks of small airway lesions in children with a family or personal history of asthma, severe infection, atopy, and HAdV infection were 2.1-, 2.7-, 1.9-, 2.1-, and 1.4-times higher than those in children without these characteristics, respectively. Conclusions Children with atopy and HAdV pneumonia may experience severe coughing in mild cases and wheezing in mild and severe cases. Children with atopy are more susceptible to the development of small airway lesions, recurrent wheezing after discharge and slower recovery of small airway lesions as observed on pulmonary imaging than non-atopic children after HAdV infection. A family or personal history of asthma, atopy, severe infection, and HAdV infection are independent risk factors associated with the development of small airway lesion as observed on chest HRCT.

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Risk factors associated with peripheral neuropathy among diabetic individuals: a case control study

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20210236 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 768

Author(s):

Christa Kingston ◽

Aravindan J. ◽

Srikumar Walsalam

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Diabetic Neuropathy ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Case Control ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Factors Associated ◽

History Of ◽

Control Study

Background: Diabetic neuropathy is one among the most common complication in diabetes mellitus. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy hinders the quality of life causing morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this study was to find the risk factors associated with diabetic neuropathy.Methods: This case control study involved 100 diabetic patients attending the Dohnavur fellowship hospital, Dohnavur from October 2019 to March 2020. Sociodemographic profile and diabetic characteristics of the study group were obtained and analysed. Diagnosis of Diabetic Neuropathy was done by using the diagnostic method proposed by American Diabetic Association.Results: Of the total study population with mean age 59.43 years, 63% had family history of diabetes. Almost 70% had poor diabetic control. Statistically significant relationships were found between neuropathy and duration of diabetes, glycaemic control, history of hypertension, monofilament test and pinprick sensation.Conclusions: In this study, glycemic control, dyslipidemia and hypertension were modifiable risk factors for diabetic neuropathy. Early interventional programs to sensitize diabetics on these factors could improve the quality of life of Diabetic patients.

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A narrative review of the risk factors and psychological consequences of injury in horseracing stable staff

Comparative Exercise Physiology ◽

10.3920/cep200073 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-16

Author(s):

E. Davies ◽

W. McConn-Palfreyman ◽

J.M. Williams ◽

G.P. Lovell

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Injury Risk ◽

Working Hours ◽

Ground Level ◽

Narrative Review ◽

Drug Misuse ◽

Psychological Responses ◽

Social Stressors ◽

Risk Of Injury

Horseracing stable staff have a multifaceted role, acting as care givers, skilled athletes and equine experts, resulting in inherent high emotional, physical and mental demands. Despite these demands, and reports of significant injury risk to those working in racing at ground level, there has been no research investigating the psychological risk factors for injury in UK racing stable staff and how psychological responses to injury may affect long term mental health and wellbeing. With mental health at the forefront of industry consideration, this narrative review aimed to reflect on the current literature to propose occupational, life and social stressors that may be increasing the risk of injury in racing staff. In addition, this review aims to apply current injury theory to propose whether stable staff are at heightened risk of injury mismanagement. A literature search was undertaken to investigate the psychological aspects of injury, using five search engines and the following key words: injury, psychological responses, occupational, sport and/or athlete, equestrian, horseracing, jockey, risk of injury, rehabilitation, and injury minimisalisation. Articles were selected based on relevance to review aims, and research findings were synthesised under two primary areas: predictors of injury (working hours, job security, job control, life stressors, mental health and drug misuse) and responses to injury (positive and negative responses to injury, the role of social support, rehabilitation adherence, and injury minimalisation). Whilst there are limitations to narrative reviews, this study provides a novel interpretation of injury risk and responses specific to staff working in horseracing, where injury-related challenges are currently a key focus for sector employees, managerial staff and racing organisations. Recommendations for further research have been made to direct the advancement of knowledge in the field.

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