The Durability of Flame Retardant and Thermal Protective Cotton Fabrics during Domestic Laundering

Flame retardant fabrics have been broadly used for protective clothing, which have strictly requirements on both flame retardancy and thermal protection. Usually, domestic laundering will be carried out frequently to clean these protective garments. However, little research on the performance durability of this type of fabrics after domestic laundering has been reported. This paper selected fabrics of 8 types of cotton and its blend fibers, which were treated with flame retardants Pyrovatex CP, Proban, CFR-201, SCJ-968 respectively. The damaged length, after flame time, after glow time, TPP value, thermal resistance value, weight, thickness, air permeability and water vapor permeability (WVP) of the samples were measured before and after 15 cycles domestic laundering cycles. Results show that the flame retardancy of the 8 fabrics reduce with launderings as measured by the increase in damaged length and after glow time. The TPP increase probably resulted from the increase in the thickness and thermal resistance of the finished fabrics. Domestic laundering resulted in only a slight change in the comfort properties of the fabrics.

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Flame-retardancy and smoke suppression characteristics of bamboo impregnated with silicate-intercalated calcium aluminum hydrotalcates

BioResources ◽

10.15376/biores.16.1.1311-1324 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 1311-1324

Author(s):

Yating Hua ◽

Chungui Du ◽

Huilong Yu ◽

Ailian Hu ◽

Rui Peng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Release ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Flame Retardancy ◽

Flame Retardants ◽

Mass Loss Rate ◽

Fire Retardant ◽

Smoke Suppression ◽

Cone Calorimetry ◽

Before And After ◽

Carbon Monoxide Yield

Flame-retardant silicate-intercalated calcium aluminum hydrotalcites (CaAl-SiO3-LDHs) were synthesized to treat bamboo for retardancy, to overcome the bamboo’s flammability and reduce the production of toxic smoke during combustion. The microstructure, elemental composition, flame retardancy, and smoke suppression characteristics of the bamboo before and after the fire-retardant treatment with different pressure impregnation were studied using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), elemental analysis (EDX), and cone calorimetry. It was found that CaAl-SiO3-LDHs flame retardants can effectively fill and cover the cell wall surface and the cell cavity of bamboo without damaging the microstructure. As compared to the non-flame-retardant bamboo, the heat release rate (HRR) of the CaAl-SiO3-LDHs flame-retardant bamboo was significantly reduced, the total heat release (THR) decreased by 31.3%, the residue mass increased by 51.4%, the time to ignition (TTI) delay rate reached 77.8%, the mass loss rate (MLR) decreased, and the carbon formation improved. Additionally, as compared to the non-flame-retardant bamboo, the total smoke release (TSR) of the CaAl-SiO3-LDHs flame-retardant bamboo decreased by 38.9%, and the carbon monoxide yield (YCO) approached zero. Thus, the CaAl-SiO3-LDHs flame-retardant bamboo has excellent flame-retardancy and smoke suppression characteristics.

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Thermal resistance testing of standard and protective filtering military garment on the burning napalm mixture

Hemijska industrija ◽

10.2298/hemind120817011r ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 67 (6) ◽

pp. 941-950 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dusan Rajic ◽

Zeljko Kamberovic ◽

Radovan Karkalic ◽

Negovan Ivankovic ◽

Zeljko Senic

Keyword(s):

Water Vapor ◽

Thermal Resistance ◽

Active Carbon ◽

Thermal Protection ◽

Water Vapor Permeability ◽

Air Permeability ◽

Resistance Testing ◽

Vapor Permeability ◽

Military Uniform ◽

Sandwich Materials

Fires are an accompanying manifestation in modern weaponry use and in case of different accidents in peacetime. The standard military uniform is a primary barrier in protection of a soldier?s body from all external influences, including the thermal ones which can cause burns. The minimum thermal resistance to the effect of burning napalm mixture (BNM) in individual uniform garment materials has been determined, and is higher at simultaneous use of more materials one over another (the so-called sandwich materials), where the best thermal protection give sandwich materials with an air interspace. The requirement for the thermal resistance of the material of the filtrating protective suit (FPS) to the effect of BNM (? 15 s) has been fully met. The highest thermal resistance has been demonstrated by the FPS whose inner layer is made of polyurethane foam with active carbon. A proportional dependence between the thermal resistance of FPS to the effect of BNM and water vapor permeability through this garment mean has been determined, and reversed in respect to air permeability.

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Influence of Fabric Weave on Thermal Radiation Resistance and Water Vapor Permeability

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym12030525 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 525

Author(s):

Ana Kiš ◽

Snježana Brnada ◽

Stana Kovačević

Keyword(s):

High Temperatures ◽

High Performance ◽

Thermal Protection ◽

Water Vapor Permeability ◽

Radiant Heat ◽

The Body ◽

Vapor Permeability ◽

Weave Structure ◽

Fabric Structures ◽

The Impact

In this work, aramid fibers were used to develop new, high-performance fabrics for high-temperature protective clothing. The research was based on the impact of the weave structure on fabric resistance to radiant heat. The goals of the research were primarily related to the development of new fabric structures created by the weave structure, which gives better protection of the body against high temperatures in relation to the standard weave structures that are used today. According to the results obtained it can be concluded that the fabric weave significantly affects the fabric structure, which consequently determines the effectiveness of protection against high temperatures. The justification for the use of multi-weft and strucks weave structure, which provides greater thermal protection and satisfactory breathability than commonly used weave structures, was ascertained.

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A bio-based phosphaphenanthrene-containing derivative modified epoxy thermosets with good flame retardancy, high mechanical properties and transparency

RSC Advances ◽

10.1039/d1ra05709j ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (49) ◽

pp. 30943-30954

Author(s):

Wei Peng ◽

Yu-xuan Xu ◽

Shi-bin Nie ◽

Wei Yang

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Flame Retardancy ◽

Epoxy Resins ◽

Flame Retardants ◽

The Past ◽

Phosphorus Containing ◽

Modified Epoxy

Phosphorus-containing flame retardants have received huge interest for improving the flame retardant behavior of epoxy resins (EP) over the past few decades.

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The Flammability of Polyacrylonitrile and Its Copolymers I. The Flammability Assessment Using Pressed Powdered Polymer Samples

Journal of Fire Sciences ◽

10.1177/073490419301100505 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 442-456 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Jun Zhang ◽

Michael E. Hall ◽

A. Richard Horrocks

Keyword(s):

Flame Retardant ◽

Flame Retardancy ◽

Flame Retardants ◽

Oxygen Index ◽

Char Residue ◽

Acrylic Polymer ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Convenient Means ◽

Burning Rates ◽

Polymer Flammability

This paper is the first in a series of four which investigates the burning behaviour and the influence of flame retardant species on the flam mability of fibre-forming polymer and copolymers of acrylonitrile. A pressed powdered polymer sheet technique is described that enables a range of polymer compositions in the presence and absence of flame retardants to be assessed for limiting oxygen index, burning rate and char residue deter minations. The method offers a rapid, reproducible and convenient means of screening possible flame retardant systems, and LOI values compare favourably with those of films and fabrics comprising the same polymeric type. Burning rates, however, are sensitive to changes in physical sample character such as form (film vs. powder sheet) and density. Thus the technique forms an excellent basis for the generation of burning data which will enable comprehensive studies of acrylic polymer flammability and flame retardancy to be undertaken.

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Application of Supercritical Solvent Impregnation for Production of Zeolite Modified Starch-Chitosan Polymers with Antibacterial Properties

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25204717 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (20) ◽

pp. 4717 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jelena Pajnik ◽

Ivana Lukić ◽

Jelena Dikić ◽

Jelena Asanin ◽

Milan Gordic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Release Kinetics ◽

Antibacterial Properties ◽

Water Vapor Permeability ◽

Weibull Model ◽

Vapor Permeability ◽

E Coli ◽

Supercritical Solvent ◽

Composite Polymers ◽

Before And After ◽

Impregnation Time

In the present study, supercritical solvent impregnation (SSI) has been applied to incorporate thymol into bio-composite polymers as a potential active packaging material. Thymol, a natural component with a proven antimicrobial activity, was successfully impregnated into starch-chitosan (SC) and starch-chitosan-zeolite (SCZ) films using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) as a solvent. Experiments were performed at 35 °C, pressures of 15.5 and 30 MPa, and an impregnation time in the range of 4–24 h. The highest impregnation yields of SC films with starch to chitosan mass ratios of 1:1 and 1:2 were 10.80% and 6.48%, respectively. The addition of natural zeolite (15–60%) significantly increased the loading capacity of films enabling thymol incorporation in a quantity of 16.7–27.3%. FTIR and SEM analyses were applied for the characterization of the films. Mechanical properties and water vapor permeability of films before and after the impregnation were tested as well. Thymol release kinetics in deionized water was followed and modeled by the Korsmeyer-Peppas and Weibull model. SCZ films with thymol loading of approximately 24% exhibited strong antibacterial activity against E. coli and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (S.) aureus (MRSA).

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Flame Retardancy of Wood Fiber Materials Using Phosphorus-Modified Wheat Starch

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25020335 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (2) ◽

pp. 335 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Stefan Gebke ◽

Katrin Thümmler ◽

Rodolphe Sonnier ◽

Sören Tech ◽

André Wagenführ ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Flame Retardant ◽

Flame Retardancy ◽

Flame Retardants ◽

Wood Fiber ◽

Reaction System ◽

Wheat Starch ◽

Wood Fibers ◽

Industrial Processing ◽

Starch Derivatives ◽

Fiber Materials

Biopolymer-based flame retardants (FR) are a promising approach to ensure adequate protection against fire while minimizing health and environmental risks. Only a few, however, are suitable for industrial purposes because of their poor flame retardancy, complex synthesis pathway, expensive cleaning procedures, and inappropriate application properties. In the present work, wheat starch was modified using a common phosphate/urea reaction system and tested as flame retardant additive for wood fibers. The results indicate that starch derivatives from phosphate/urea systems can reach fire protection efficiencies similar to those of commercial flame retardants currently used in the wood fiber industry. The functionalization leads to the incorporation of fire protective phosphates (up to 38 wt.%) and nitrogen groups (up to 8.3 wt.%). The lowest levels of burning in fire tests were measured with soluble additives at a phosphate content of 3.5 wt.%. Smoldering effects could be significantly reduced compared to unmodified wood fibers. The industrial processing of a starch-based flame retardant on wood insulating materials exhibits the fundamental applicability of flame retardants. These results demonstrate that starch modified from phosphate/urea-systems is a serious alternative to traditional flame retardants.

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Highly Efficient Composite Flame Retardants for Improving the Flame Retardancy, Thermal Stability, Smoke Suppression, and Mechanical Properties of EVA

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma13051251 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 1251

Author(s):

Yilin Liu ◽

Bin Li ◽

Miaojun Xu ◽

Lili Wang

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Thermal Stability ◽

Heat Release ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Production Rate ◽

Flame Retardancy ◽

Flame Retardants ◽

Mass Loss Rate ◽

Smoke Suppression ◽

Average Mass

Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer has been used extensively in many fields. However, EVA is flammable and releases CO gas during burning. In this work, a composite flame retardant with ammonium polyphosphate (APP), a charring–foaming agent (CFA), and a layered double hydroxide (LDH) containing rare-earth elements (REEs) was obtained and used to improve the flame retardancy, thermal stability, and smoke suppression for an EVA matrix. The thermal analysis showed that the maximum thermal degradation temperature of all composites increased by more than 37 °C compared with that of pure EVA. S-LaMgAl/APP/CFA/EVA, S-CeMgAl/APP/CFA/EVA, and S-NdMgAl/APP/CFA/EVA could achieve self-extinguishing behavior according to the UL-94 tests (V-0 rating). The peak heat release rate (pk-HRR) indicated that all LDHs containing REEs obviously reduced the fire strength in comparison with S-MgAl. In particular, pk-HRR of S-LaMgAl/APP/CFA/EVA, S-CeMgAl/APP/CFA/EVA and S-NdMgAl/APP/CFA/EVA were all decreased by more than 82% in comparison with pure EVA. Furthermore, the total heat release (THR), smoke production rate (SPR), and production rate of CO (COP) also decreased significantly. The average mass loss rate (AMLR) confirmed that the flame retardant exerted an effect in the condensed phase of the composites. Meanwhile, the combination of APP, CFA, and LDH containing REEs allowed the EVA matrix to maintain good mechanical properties.

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Polyacrylates in Flame Retardant Treatments of Textile Fabrics

Journal of Fire Sciences ◽

10.1177/073490418400200306 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 236-247 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

John V. Beninate ◽

Brenda J. Trask ◽

George L. Drake

Keyword(s):

Glass Transition ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Flame Retardancy ◽

Abrasion Resistance ◽

Flame Retardants ◽

Cotton Wool ◽

Glass Transition Temperatures ◽

Textile Fabrics ◽

Tearing Strength

Durable phosphorus-based flame retardants containing polyacrylate emul sions were applied to cotton, cotton-polyester, and cotton-wool twill fabrics to study the effect of the added polyacrylates on the physical properties and flame retardancy. The Thps-urea-TMM flame retardant with added polyacrylate im parted better overall physical properties to 100% cotton fabric than to cotton blend fabrics. Treatments containing polyacrylates with low glass transition temperatures produced fabrics with the highest abrasion resistance, tearing strength and wrinkle recovery. The flame retardancy of treated fabrics was not adversely affected by the addition of polyacrylates to the flame retardant treatments.

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Thermal resistance of polyurethane-coated knitted fabrics before and after weathering

Textile Research Journal ◽

10.1177/0040517514537368 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 84 (19) ◽

pp. 2015-2025 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Vesna Marija Potočić Matković ◽

Ivana Salopek Čubrić ◽

Zenun Skenderi

Keyword(s):

Thermal Resistance ◽

Thermal Protection ◽

Winter Season ◽

Outdoor Exposure ◽

Woven Fabrics ◽

Knitted Fabric ◽

Knitted Fabrics ◽

Coated Fabric ◽

Before And After ◽

Coated Fabrics

Polyurethane-coated knitted fabrics are of interest because they exhibit several positive properties, they are more stretchable, elastic and comfortable than coated woven fabrics and yet they are little studied. Information of weather durability, as well as thermal properties, is essential to ensure thermal protection for textile materials intended for outdoor use. In the presented research, a series of coated knitted fabrics for protective clothing were developed and exposed to weathering in summer and winter seasons. After three months of outdoor exposure, thermal resistance of all the tested materials decreased by 13% after the summer season and 25% after the winter season. A very good correlation of knitted fabric mass per unit area and thermal resistance of knitted fabric, coated fabric and aged coated fabric occurred. The studied materials experienced a partial degradation of the polyurethane layer, which is not related to the deterioration of the knitted substrate. The presented investigation of thermal resistance of coated fabrics and their dependence on the knitted substrate, as well as the influence of environmental conditions, allows the improvement of coated fabrics with the aim of better thermal protection.

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