Study on Sustainable Use of Raw Soil Material in Rural Houses Design in Western China

2012 ◽  
Vol 476-478 ◽  
pp. 1714-1717 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang Bin Tan
Keyword(s):  
Building Material ◽  
Indoor Environment ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Outdoor Environment ◽  
Western China ◽  
Soil Material ◽  
Ecological Building ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor

Raw soil is a kind of good ecological building material. But in fact abundant adobe houses in Western China have many defects such as bad indoor environment. This paper discusses from the point of view the ecological characteristics and thinks of that these defects are not the fault of soil itself but the limitation of its constructor’s knowledge. So the author analyses the indoor and outdoor environment of adobe houses and proposes new points that raw soil is a sustainable material which could be absolutely used in rural houses of Western China and at the same time its economic effectiveness is incomparable to other building materials.

Implications of Building Material Choice on Outdoor Microclimate for Sustainable Built Environment

2015 ◽  
Vol 650 ◽  
pp. 82-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Kannamma ◽  
A. Meenatchi Sundaram
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Building Material ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Outdoor Environment ◽  
Outdoor Thermal Comfort ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Physiological Equivalent Temperature ◽  
Material Choice ◽  
The Impact

The climatic conditions in a man-made urban environment may differ appreciably from those in the surrounding natural or rural environs.... each urban man-made buildings, roads, parking area, factories......creates around and above it a modified climate with which it interacts [1].Outdoor thermal comfort has gained importance in thermal comfort studies especially in tropical countries. In country like India, culturally the activities are spread both indoors and outdoors. Therefore the need for ambient outdoor environment gains importance. As there are many factors that contribute to outdoor thermal comfort (climatic factors and physical factors), this study aims in analyzing the impact of building material contribution, in an institutional courtyard. In order to understand the thermal contribution of various building materials and to suggest material choice to designers, ENVIMET is used for simulation purpose. The outdoor thermal comfort index employed in this study is PET (Physiological Equivalent Temperature), calibrated using RAYMAN.

scholarly journals Research in the field of using of ash from the incineration of sewage sludge, treated with mineral binders, for forest road construction

2020 ◽  
Vol 222 ◽  
pp. 01007
Author(s):  
Oksana Zubova ◽  
Vadim Siletskiy ◽  
Daniil Kulik ◽  
Taras Kovalenko ◽  
Mihail Naskovets
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Building Material ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Forest Road ◽  
Road Building ◽  
Forest Road Construction

The purpose of the study is to obtain a durable and cheap road-building material based on ash, reinforced with mineral astringent. Within the framework of the research, the optimal dosages of binders were searched for, the characteristics of the strength of mixture of ash with sludge and ash with cement were also determined. A comparative analysis of the economic efficiency between using a mixture of ash from the incineration of sewage sludge, reinforced with nepheline sludge, and traditional road building materials was carried out. The results of the study of mixtures of ash with mineral binders, such as nepheline sludge and cement, show that the obtained materials have high strength indicators and high indicators of the modulus of elasticity. They can be attributed to strength grades from M20 to M100. The developed building material (ash mixed with binders (nepheline sludge, cement)) could replace a similar building material in the technology of road construction, because if this mixture is taken in optimal dosages, it will be more profitable in the process of use, both from the point of physical and mechanical views, and point of view of economic indicators.

scholarly journals PAHs levels in gas and particle-bound phase in schools at different locations in Serbia

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 159-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marija Zivkovic ◽  
Milena Jovasevic-Stojanovic ◽  
Anka Cvetkovic ◽  
Ivan Lazovic ◽  
Visa Tasic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coal Combustion ◽  
Indoor Environment ◽  
Industrial Area ◽  
Outdoor Environment ◽  
Diagnostic Ratios ◽  
Heating Season ◽  
Traffic Emission ◽  
Total Pahs ◽  
Pahs Concentration ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor

This study investigated seasonal variation of PAHs and their partition between gas and particulate-bounded phases in indoor and outdoor air in 4 schools in Serbia located at different locations. The sampling campaigns were conducted during one workweek at each school successively. Campaigns were conducted in schools during heating and non-heating seasons in December 2011 and June 2012. Seasonal variations of gas and particle-bounded PAHs concentrations were observed with higher levels during heating season. The highest total PAH values were associated with the gas phase in both sampling periods. The total PAHs concentration at indoor and at the outdoor sites, during heating season, ranged from 88.45 to 447.72 ng/m3 and 201.69 to 1017.15 ng/m3, respectively. During non-heating season, the total PAHs concentration ranged from 36.91 to 271.57 ng/m3 in indoor environment and 27.00 to 132.32 ng/m3 in outdoor environment. Most of the I/O ratios were less than 1, which indicated that the indoor PAHs were mostly from outdoor sources. The use of diagnostic ratio showed that traffic emission and coal combustion are the major sources of PAHs. Only the diagnostic ratios for the school, located near the industrial area, showed significant deviation compared to other schools.

scholarly journals Identifikasi Golongan Darah O dengan Metode Absorpsi Elusi pada Sampel Darah Kering yang Terdapat pada substrat Kain Jeans dalam Waktu dan Lingkungan Berbeda

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-173
Author(s):  
Yunita Tri Utami ◽  
Susanti Pudji Hastuti ◽  
Bowo Nurcahyo
Keyword(s):  
Success Rate ◽  
Exposure Time ◽  
Indoor Environment ◽  
Group Identification ◽  
Outdoor Environment ◽  
Environmental Condition ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Elution Method ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor ◽  
Success Percentage

This research aims to determine the time limit needed and the environmental conditions that provide the highest success rate in identifying dried blood samples on the fabric of stretch denim, ramie denim, black coated denim, and dry denim jeans using the elution absorption method. Also, to evaluate the effect of the fabric fabric, environmental condition, time, and interactions regarding the success rate of blood group identification. The study was conducted using 3 replications for each type of jeans fabric, which was carried out by exposing blood to a jeans fabric, leaving it in an indoor and outdoor environment for up to 336 hours (14 days), then continued by making a red blood cell suspension for comparison, and examining blood groups using the absorption-elution method. From the results obtained, it is known that the blood exposed in the jeans fabric that being placed indoor for up to 336 hours (14 days) can still be identified and has a success percentage rate of up to 100%. Meanwhile, the blood exposed on the jeans fabric that was placed outdoor could no longer be identified after 264 hours (11 days). Based on the result of this study, it can be concluded that the exposure time of 366 hours (14 days) for the indoor environment can still be identified properly, while the exposure time of 264 hours (11 days) for dry blood samples in the outdoor environment can no longer be identified. The indoor environment gives a better percentage of success than the outdoor environment in identifying blood types from dry blood samples. The best types of substrates that can store blood at an exposure time of up to 336 hours (14 days) are dry denim, black coated denim, and stretch denim.

Investigations on Bacterial Load in the Rural and Urban Indoor and Outdoor Environment of Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 1520-1525
Author(s):  
Prachi Dixit
Keyword(s):  
Indoor Environment ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Outdoor Environment ◽  
Airborne Bacteria ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor

Comparative analysis of airborne bacterial load in the rural and urban indoor and outdoor environment is of utmost importance to evaluate the wellbeing hazards linked with co3ntamination of airborne bacteria in the indoor environment. The present study was conducted during December, 2020 to March, 2021 among 50 randomly selected rural and urban (Adupurajagir and Gwalior, respectively) dwellings to determine the indoor and outdoor bacterial load. The mean load of 562.35 CFU/m3 airborne bacteria was recorded in the indoor environment of a modular kitchen in Gwalior city. The mean load of 2593.75 CFU/m3 bacteria was recorded in the indoor environment of the traditional kitchen in Adupurajagir village. In addition, bacterial load of respectively 1215.13 CFU/m3 and 783.03 CFU/m3 was calculated in the open space at both study sites. Based on morphological characteristics five bacterial species (spp.) were identified Staphylococcus aureus spp, Bacillus spp, Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp, E-coli spp, and Micrococcus spp. By gram staining method the most common bacteria were gram-positive (+ve) [n=85, 54.48% (37.17% cocci, 17.94% bacilli)] followed by gram-negative (-ve) [n=71, 45.51% (23.07% cocci, 21.79% bacilli)] identified. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was employed between bacterial load and physical factors of the indoor environment in the rural traditional kitchen. Bacterial load (CFU/m3) showed a significant correlation with temperature (p < 0.001). However, a non-significant correlation was recorded with relative humidity (p > 0.01). High bacterial load was found in the rural traditional kitchen’s indoor environment compared to urban modular kitchen. Outcomes from this study revealed that bioaerosol sampling could deliver fruitful knowledge about the variation of air quality and prevent possible hospital admissions.

scholarly journals Accuracy Assessment of Various Resolutions Digital Cameras For Close Range Photogrammetry Applications

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasim Ahmed Ali AL-Baghdadi ◽  
Hassan Ali Alizze ◽  
Kasim Abed AL-Hussein
Keyword(s):  
Indoor Environment ◽  
Accuracy Assessment ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Outdoor Environment ◽  
Digital Cameras ◽  
Object Distance ◽  
Close Range ◽  
Precise Relationship ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor

Due to the great evolution in digital commercial cameras, several studies have addressed the using of such cameras in different civil and close-range applications such as 3D models generation. However, previous studies have not discussed a precise relationship between a camera resolution and the accuracy of the models generated based on images of this camera. Therefore the current study aims to evaluate the accuracy of the derived 3D buildings models captured by different resolution cameras. The digital photogrammetric methods were devoted to derive 3D models using the data of various resolution cameras and analyze their accuracies. This investigation involves selecting three different resolution cameras (low, medium and high) and evaluating their calibration accuracies. Assessing the accuracy of the three selected cameras in capturing indoor and outdoor objects; and analyzing the accuracy and the quality of the produced models. The study revealed that:1) It is recommended to use the photos of a high-resolution camera for producing precise 3D models of objects in the outdoor environment especially when the camera/object distance is more than 40 m because the accuracy of the  produced models can be  precise (RMSE ±10.36mm) with excellent quality; 2) The Low-resolution camera can be utilised to produce adequate 3D models of object in the indoor environment (RMSE ±6.32mm) especially when the camera/object distance is less than 40 m.  

LATE AND NON-PAYMENTS ISSUES IN THE MALAYSIAN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY: PERSPECTIVE OF BUILDING MATERIAL SUPPLIERS

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Mohd Fisal Ishak ◽  
Kartina Alauddin ◽  
Mohd Shahrol Hafiz Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Construction Industry ◽  
Cash Flow ◽  
Financial Management ◽  
Building Material ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Management Team ◽  
Flow Management ◽  
Cash Flow Management ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Klang Valley

Payment in the Malaysian construction industry has generally been an issue of concern. Late and non-payment problem is endemic in construction and needs to be addressed. The aim of this study is to investigate the issues related to late and non-payment based on the building materials suppliers’ perspective. Questionnaires were distributed to suppliers of building materials in the Klang Valley. Findings from the study shows the main cause of late and non-payment is the paymaster’s poor financial management while the main effect of late and non-payment is problem with the cash flow.  The most recommended possible solution to cope with the issue is for the paymaster to conduct training on financial and cash flow management to the management team in the company.  

RECYCLED BRICK SOUNDPROOF TEST AS AN ALTERNATIVE SUSTAINABLE MATERIAL

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 44-54
Author(s):  
Hendrico Firzandy Latupeirissa ◽  
Gierlang Bhakti Putra ◽  
Niki Prastomo
Keyword(s):  
Waste Disposal ◽  
Sound Source ◽  
Building Material ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Comfort ◽  
Construction Waste ◽  
Coarse Grains ◽  
Made In

Brick debris that makes up the majority of construction waste has not received proper waste disposal in Indonesia. On the other hand, brick debris could be potentially reused as non-structural building materials to reduce its negative impact on the environment. This study aims to test the effectiveness of soundproofing on recycled brick debris. The soundproof test was carried out on brick debris in the form of fine and coarse grains. The simulation box is then used as a support for the brickwork material and then the box is exposed to a sound source with a certain level of noise that is considered disturbing human comfort. Noise level measurements are made in the outside and inside the box. These measurements are tabulated and then analyzed to see the success of the two aggregates in reducing noise. Basically, the brickwork material has succeeded in becoming a recycled building material that can absorb noise, although further research must be carried out to be able to state that this material is truly ready to be used as an alternative building material with good acoustic capabilities.

scholarly journals RTLIO: Real-Time LiDAR-Inertial Odometry and Mapping for UAVs

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 3955
Author(s):  
Jung-Cheng Yang ◽  
Chun-Jung Lin ◽  
Bing-Yuan You ◽  
Yin-Long Yan ◽  
Teng-Hu Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Feedback Control ◽  
Real Time ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Indoor Environment ◽  
Indoor Localization ◽  
Sampling Rate ◽  
Outdoor Environment ◽  
Position Accuracy ◽  
Graph Optimization ◽  
Pose Graph Optimization

Most UAVs rely on GPS for localization in an outdoor environment. However, in GPS-denied environment, other sources of localization are required for UAVs to conduct feedback control and navigation. LiDAR has been used for indoor localization, but the sampling rate is usually too low for feedback control of UAVs. To compensate this drawback, IMU sensors are usually fused to generate high-frequency odometry, with only few extra computation resources. To achieve this goal, a real-time LiDAR inertial odometer system (RTLIO) is developed in this work to generate high-precision and high-frequency odometry for the feedback control of UAVs in an indoor environment, and this is achieved by solving cost functions that consist of the LiDAR and IMU residuals. Compared to the traditional LIO approach, the initialization process of the developed RTLIO can be achieved, even when the device is stationary. To further reduce the accumulated pose errors, loop closure and pose-graph optimization are also developed in RTLIO. To demonstrate the efficacy of the developed RTLIO, experiments with long-range trajectory are conducted, and the results indicate that the RTLIO can outperform LIO with a smaller drift. Experiments with odometry benchmark dataset (i.e., KITTI) are also conducted to compare the performance with other methods, and the results show that the RTLIO can outperform ALOAM and LOAM in terms of exhibiting a smaller time delay and greater position accuracy.

scholarly journals Detection of Legionella species, the influence of precipitation on the amount of Legionella DNA, and bacterial microbiome in aerosols from outdoor sites near asphalt roads in Toyama Prefecture, Japan

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun-ichi Kanatani ◽  
Masanori Watahiki ◽  
Keiko Kimata ◽  
Tomoko Kato ◽  
Kaoru Uchida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
16S Rrna Gene ◽  
Indoor Environment ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Positive Sample ◽  
Outdoor Environment ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Total Precipitation ◽  
Monthly Total Precipitation

Abstract Background Legionellosis is caused by the inhalation of aerosolized water contaminated with Legionella bacteria. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of Legionella species in aerosols collected from outdoor sites near asphalt roads, bathrooms in public bath facilities, and other indoor sites, such as buildings and private homes, using amoebic co-culture, quantitative PCR, and 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Results Legionella species were not detected by amoebic co-culture. However, Legionella DNA was detected in 114/151 (75.5%) air samples collected near roads (geometric mean ± standard deviation: 1.80 ± 0.52 log10 copies/m3), which was comparable to the numbers collected from bathrooms [15/21 (71.4%), 1.82 ± 0.50] but higher than those collected from other indoor sites [11/30 (36.7%), 0.88 ± 0.56] (P < 0.05). The amount of Legionella DNA was correlated with the monthly total precipitation (r = 0.56, P < 0.01). It was also directly and inversely correlated with the daily total precipitation for seven days (r = 0.21, P = 0.01) and one day (r = − 0.29, P < 0.01) before the sampling day, respectively. 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing revealed that Legionella species were detected in 9/30 samples collected near roads (mean proportion of reads, 0.11%). At the species level, L. pneumophila was detected in 2/30 samples collected near roads (the proportion of reads, 0.09 and 0.11% of the total reads number in each positive sample). The three most abundant bacterial genera in the samples collected near roads were Sphingomonas, Streptococcus, and Methylobacterium (mean proportion of reads; 21.1%, 14.6%, and 1.6%, respectively). In addition, the bacterial diversity in outdoor environment was comparable to that in indoor environment which contains aerosol-generating features and higher than that in indoor environment without the features. Conclusions DNA from Legionella species was widely present in aerosols collected from outdoor sites near asphalt roads, especially during the rainy season. Our findings suggest that there may be a risk of exposure to Legionella species not only in bathrooms but also in the areas surrounding asphalt roads. Therefore, the possibility of contracting legionellosis in daily life should be considered.

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