Preparation and Properties of Long Wheat Straw Fibers Used for Composite

2012 ◽  
Vol 476-478 ◽  
pp. 843-846
Author(s):  
Gang Wei Pan ◽  
Xiu Liang Hou ◽  
Zhen Dong ◽  
Jing Zhu ◽  
Dan Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Alkali Treatment ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Alkaline Treatment ◽  
Contact Angles ◽  
Treatment Temperature ◽  
Fiber Bundles ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide Concentration ◽  
Treatment Processes

This paper aims to understand the potential of using wheat straw (WS) as a source for composite. High quality fiber bundles are obtained from wheat straw using a simple alkaline treatment method. Wheat straw fibers (WSFs) are used with PLA fibers to make composites. The effect of sodium hydroxide concentration and temperature of the treatment processes for wheat straw fibers on the tensile and flexural properties of the PLA/WSF composites has been investigated. The contact angle of WSF has also been studied. It shows that the the mechanical properties of PLA/WSF composites are optimal when the sodium hydroxide concentration is 2.5% and the alkali treatment temperature is 125°C. The contact angles after alkali treatment decrease significantly, indicating that the surface wettability of the treated wheat straw is improved.

scholarly journals Alkali treatment of fungal pretreated wheat straw for bioethanol production

Bioethanol ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
María García-Torreiro ◽  
Miguel Álvarez Pallín ◽  
María López-Abelairas ◽  
Thelmo A. Lu-Chau ◽  
Juan M. Lema
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Alkali Treatment ◽  
Alkaline Treatment ◽  
White Rot ◽  
White Rot Fungus ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Alkali Pretreatment ◽  
Irpex Lacteus ◽  
C 30 ◽  
Pretreated Wheat Straw

AbstractBioconversion of lignocellulosic materials into ethanol requires an intermediate pretreatment step for conditioning biomass. Sugar yields from wheat straw were previously improved by the addition of a mild alkali pretreatment step before bioconversion by the white-rot fungus Irpex lacteus. In this work, an alternative alkaline treatment, which significantly reduces water consumption, was implemented and optimized. Sugar recovery increased 117% with respect to the previously developed alkaline wash process at optimal process conditions (30°C, 30 minutes and 35.7% (w/w) of NaOH). In order to further reduce operational costs, a system for alkali recycling was implemented. This resulted in the treatment of 150% more wheat straw using the same amount of NaOH. Finally, enzymatic hydrolysis was optimized and resulted in a reduction of enzyme dose of 33%.

Effect of Concentrated Alkali Treatment on the Properties of Naturally Colored Brown Cotton

2011 ◽  
Vol 332-334 ◽  
pp. 173-178
Author(s):  
Li Chen ◽  
Yu Sen Liu ◽  
Wei Guo Sun ◽  
Xiao Yan Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Cotton Fiber ◽  
Breaking Strength ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide Solution ◽  
Fiber Strength ◽  
Alkali Treatment ◽  
Treatment Temperature ◽  
Color Differences ◽  
Colored Cotton ◽  
Naturally Colored Cotton

The naturally colored cotton fiber was treated by sodium hydroxide solution with different concentrations and temperatures.The surface morphology,crystalline structure, mechanical properties and color feature value of fiber after treatment were tested by SEM,XRD,electronic single fiber strength tester and Computer Color Matching meter.The results show that the longitudinal convolutions of the naturally colored cotton fiber treated by concentrated sodium hydroxide decreased or disappeared,and the fiber became nearly cylindrical or cylindrical.The crystallinity of fiber after treatment decreased,part of the celluloseⅠ changed into celluloseⅡ．The breaking strength and breaking elongation of fiber after treatment increased.The total color differences（ΔE） and value a*of fiber after treatment increased，to the contrary，value L* and value b* decreased，which leaded to that the color of fiber treated by alkali became darker．In addition,the treatment temperature had larger influence on the properties of fiber.

Some factors influencing the effect of alkali treatment on crop residues

1982 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Anna Nikolić
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Alkali Treatment ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Volatile Acid ◽  
Maize Stover ◽  
Grape Marc

SUMMARYFive agricultural by-products, maize stover and cobs, wheat straw, grape marc and sunflower husks, were treated with alkaline reagents under various conditions.Maize stover and wheat straw reacted quickly with both sodium hydroxide applied at a level of 4 g NaOH/100 g dry residue and a mixture of calcium and sodium hydroxides (1:1), which led to changes in chemical composition and increases in digestibility. However, ensilage of the treated product at about 37% dry matter (D.M.) was not successful.When dried grape marc was treated with sodium hydroxide (4·3 g NaOH/100 g dry residue) apparent lignin content increased, although other changes in composition and digestibility were similar to the above. Nevertheless, digestibility remained low. Moreover, when previously ground marc was treated in the same way lignin and cellulose fractions increased markedly while digestibility decreased.Treatment of maize cobs with increasing amounts of sodium hydroxide (2·1–4·2 g/100 g dry residue) at 80% D.M. gave progressively more favourable results, although no improvement in digestibility was noted when half the sodium hydroxide was replaced by calcium hydroxide. Similar positive results were obtained under industrial conditions at application rates of 3·2 and 4·5 g sodium hydroxide per 100 g dry residue. Pelleting the product led to a further increase in digestibility.Sunflower husks also showed a decrease in hemicellulose content and increases in digestibility and volatile acid content after treatment with 4·4 g NaOH/100 g dry residvie under industrial conditions. Lignin content was unchanged. The pelleted products (about 80% D.M.) were stable for more than 6 months when stored in paper sacks.Except with grape marc loss of hemicellulose provided a general indication of the success of alkali treatment, although correlation with increased digestibility did not reach statistical significance (r = 0·34). Volatile acid production and alterations in lignin content were not suitable as general indicators.In general, alkali treatment of the examined materials improved digestibility, although the products with a high water content were subject to undesirable fermentative changes during storage and therefore should be used within a few days.

The effect of different levels of sodium hydroxide spray treatment of wheat straw on consumption and digestibility by cattle

1971 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahendra Singh ◽  
M. G. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Alkali Treatment ◽  
Mineral Supplement ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Ground Wheat ◽  
Spray Treatment

SummaryA sodium hydroxide spray treatment of wheat straw was evaluated in experiments on twenty male calves. Sodium hydroxide solutions of 0, 3·3, 6·7 and 10% concentration were sprayed on ground wheat straw (Exp. 1) and chaffed wheat straw (Exp. 2) at the rate of 1000 litres per tonne. The straws were not washed. The treated straw was then fortified with groundnut cake, molasses and a mineral supplement. In Exp. 1 rations were prepared in bulk and dried and in Exp. 2 the rations were prepared daily and fed wet. A 1 kg green forage supplement was fed daily to all animals. The dry-matter intake (g/kg body weight0·75), and organic matter digestibility coefficients (%) for the four levels of alkali treatment were 86, 95, 78, 66 and 53, 63, 63 and 62 respectively in Exp. 1 and for Exp. 2 they were 95, 121, 105, 89 and 55, 70, 71 and 71. The intake of digestible organic matter thus increased by 25 and 63% in Exp. 1 and Exp. 2, respectively. Nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus retentions were not adversely affected up to 3·3% alkali treatment in Exp. 2. The effectiveness of this spray treatment in terms of increased nutritive value is compared with that of the older Beckmann method of alkali treatment. Treatment costs are also compared.

Study on the Chemical Modification Process of Jute Fiber

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei-ming Wang ◽  
Zai-sheng Cai ◽  
Jian-yong Yu
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Sodium Silicate ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Jute Fiber ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Silicate Concentration ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide Concentration ◽  
Liquor Ratio ◽  
Degumming Process ◽  
Selection Of

Degumming of pre-chlorite treated jute fiber was studied in this paper. The effects of sodium hydroxide concentration, treatment time, temperature, sodium silicate concentration, fiber-to-liquor ratio, penetrating agent TF-107B concentration, and degumming agent TF-125A concentration were the process conditions examined. With respect to gum decomposition, fineness and mechanical properties, sodium hydroxide concentration, sodium silicate concentration, and treatment time were found to be the most important parameters. An orthogonal L9(34) experiment designed to optimize the conditions for degumming resulted in the selection of the following procedure: sodium hydroxide of 12g/L, sodium silicate of 3g/L, TF-107B of 2g/L, TF-125A of 2g/L, treatment time of 105 min, temperature of 100°C and fiber to liquor ratio of 1:20. The effect of the above degumming process on the removal of impurities was also examined and the results showed that degumming was an effective method for removing impurities, especially hemicellulose.

Photoelectrochemical Properties of Alkali-treated Sodium Titanate Nanorods

2015 ◽  
Vol 1784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingu Kim ◽  
Gwanghyo Choi ◽  
Daeheung Yoo ◽  
Kwangmin Lee
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Band Gap ◽  
Heat Treatment Temperature ◽  
Alkali Treatment ◽  
Sodium Titanate ◽  
Band Gap Energy ◽  
Treatment Temperature ◽  
Photoelectrochemical Properties ◽  
Gap Energy

ABSTRACTThe band gap energy of the TiO2 photocatalytic is high at 3.2 eV. Ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation (<388nm) is required for the photocatalytic application. The lowering the band gap energy of TiO2 and enlarging light absorbing area are effective ways to enhance the efficiency of photocatalytic activity. Furthermore, the morphology and crystal structure of nanosized TiO2 considerably influences its photocatalytic behavior.In this study, sodium titanate nanorods were formed using an alkali-treatment and were heat treated at different temperatures. The photoelectrochemical properties of sodium titanate nanorods was measured as a function of heat treatment temperature. The nanorods were prepared on the surface of Ti disk with a diameter of 15mm and a thickness of 3mm. Ti disk was immersed in 5 M NaOH aqueous solution at a temperature of 60 °C for 24 h. Morphology of sodium titanate nanorods was observed using FE-SEM. Crystal structure of sodium titanate nanorods was analyzed using X-ray diffractometer. Photoluminescence (PL) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to evaluate photoelectrochemical properties of sodium titanate nanorods. The thin amorphous sodium titanate layer was formed during alkali-treatment. The sodium titanate layer was changed to nanorods after heat treatment at a temperature of 700 °C. The thickness and length of sodium titanate nanorods obtained at 700 °C were around 100 nm and 1μm, respectively. The crystal structure of sodium titanate was identified with Na2Ti6O13. Above 900 °C, the morphology of nanorods changed to agglomerated shape and the thickness of nanorods increased to 1 μm. The lowest value of PL was obtained at a temperature of 700 °C, while nonalkali treated specimen showed the highest value of PL. EIS revealed that polarization resistance at interface between sodium titanate nanorods and electrolyte was increased with increasing heat treatment temperature.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Perlakukan Alkali terhadap Sifat Fisik, dan Mekanik Serat Kulit Buah Pinang

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Cokorda putri Kusuma kencanawati ◽  
I Ketut Gede Sugita ◽  
NPG Suardana ◽  
I Wayan Budiasa Suyasa
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Alkali Treatment ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Alkaline Treatment ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
Percentage Increase ◽  
Fiber Density ◽  
Areca Catechu ◽  
Wax Content

Makalah ini menganalisis pengaruh perlakukan alkali dan tanpa perlakukan alkali terhadap karakateristik fisik, morfologi dan sifat mekanik serat kulit buah pinang (areca Catechu L.). Selama ini pemanfaatan limbah pertanian belum dilakukan secara maksimal, sehingga dapat menimbulkan pencemaran terhadap lingkungan. Serat kulit buah pinang (Areca Husk Fiber/AHF) selama ini hanya dipergunakan sebagai bahan bakar biomassa dan media tanam sedangkan untuk pemanfaatan lain belum ada sama sekali. AHF diberi perlakukan NaOH 2,5%, 5%, 7,5% dan 10% dengan waktu perendaman 2 jam pada temperatur kamar, untuk mengetahui karakteristik fisik AHF maka dilakukan pengukuran panjang dan diameter serat, pengujian densitas, pengujian kadar air dan moisture sedangkan untuk mengetahui karakteristik mekanik dilakukan pengujian tarik serat tunggal sesuai dengan ASTM D 3379. Dari penelitian ini diketahui bahwa diameter AHF mengalami pengurangan diameter akibat perlakukan alkali, hal ini terkait dengan hilangnya kandungan lignin, pektin dan wax. Densitas AHF menurun dengan meningkatan prosentase NaOH bila dibandingkan dengan AHF tanpa perlakukan NaOH. Kekuatan tarik bervariasi dengan adanya perlakuan alkali.  Kekuatan tarik AHF tertinggi pada serat yang mengalami perlakukan NaOH 5% yaitu sebesar 165 Mpa dan kekuatan tarik terendah pada AHF dengan perlakuan Alkali 10% yaitu sebesar 137 MPa . This paper analyzes the effect of alkali and non-alkali treatments on the physical characteristics, morphology and mechanical properties of betel nut huks fiber (areca Catechu L.). the used of agricultural waste has not been done optimally, causing environmental pollution. Areca Husk Fiber (AHF) only used as biomass fuel and planting medium, while for the other uses it has not existed. AHF was given 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10% NaOH treatment with 2 hours immersion at room temperature, to known the physical characteristics of AHF then measured the length and diameter of fiber, density test, water content and moisture test. Mechanical characteristics of single fiber tensile testing in accordance with ASTM D 3379. From this study that known the diameter of AHF has a reduction in diameter due to alkaline treatment, this is related to loss of lignin, pectin and wax content. The density of AHF decreases with the percentage increase of NaOH when compared with AHF without the treatment of NaOH. Tensile strength varies with alkaline treatment. The highest AHF tensile strength in treated fibers was 5% NaOH of 165 Mpa and lowest tensile strength in AHF with 10% Alkali treatment of 137 MPa.

The Study on PF-CaCO3/Fast-Growing Poplar Composite

2012 ◽  
Vol 575 ◽  
pp. 80-83
Author(s):  
Zhen Jia ◽  
Zheng Xin Gao ◽  
Guo Liang Li ◽  
Cheng Yu Wang ◽  
Hua Ma
Keyword(s):  
Preparation Method ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Contact Angles ◽  
Characterization Methods ◽  
Fast Growing

This paper introduced the preparation method of PF-CaCO3/fast-growing poplar composite. Adopting AFM, DSC and SEM samples characterization methods was to explore the intersolubility of this PF and nano-CaCO3. And WPG and contact angles of treated veneers were measured. The results showed that this treatment method improved greatly density and hydrophilic of poplar veneers.

scholarly journals Kinetics in vitro of ruminal fermentation of cocoa husks subjected to alkali and heat treatment

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 3897
Author(s):  
Flávio Moreira de Almeida ◽  
José Augusto Gomes Azevêdo ◽  
Ícaro Dos Santos Cabral ◽  
Luiz Gustavo Ribeiro Pereira ◽  
Gherman Garcia Leal de Araújo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Alkali Treatment ◽  
Alkaline Treatment ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Thermal Methods ◽  
Final Volume ◽  
In Vitro Gas Production ◽  
Efficient Alternative

The objective was to evaluate the parameters of kinetics of ruminal fermentation of cocoa husks (CH) treated with alkali and thermal agents, using the semi-automated in vitro gas production technique. Cocoa husks samples were subjected to alkali and thermal methods (effect of time of exposure) treatment, as follows: control; alkaline treatment with calcium hydroxide ((Ca(OH)2) and calcium oxide (CaO), both doses of 15.0; 30.0 and 45.0 g kg-1 of CH; heat treatment in an autoclave at a pressure of 1.23 kg cm-2 (15 psi) and a temperature of 123°C for 30, 60 and 90 minutes. For statistical analysis, orthogonal contrasts and regression. The degradation rate and the final volume of gases of non-fiber carbohydrates decreased with the addition of Ca(OH)2 and CaO, however, for fibrous carbohydrates effects were positive. For each percentage of Ca(OH)2 and CaO included, it is estimated an increase of 5.74 and 2.9% in the final volume of the fiber, respectively. When the heat treatment, a decrease in all parameters was estimated. For each minute of exposure to heat, there was a decrease of 0.4% in total final volume of gases. The alkali treatment can be an efficient alternative for improving the digestibility of fibrous fractions of CH.

scholarly journals The study of patterns of influence of alkali treatment on properties of organosolvent cellulose from straw of rice

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
А.В. Вураско ◽  
Е.И. Симонова ◽  
А.Р. Минакова ◽  
Д.Д. Манойлович
Keyword(s):  
Metal Ions ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Alkali Treatment ◽  
Alkaline Treatment ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Color Determination ◽  
Visual Color

Получение доступных сорбентов на основе природных материалов, для визуального колористического определения содержания ионов металлов в загрязненных природных и сточных водах является актуальным направлением исследований. Сорбенты на основе технической целлюлозы удовлетворяют этим требованиям. В работе для получения технической целлюлозы предложено использовать биомассу соломы риса. Для удаления из соломы риса минерального компонента при проведении окислительно-органосольвентной варки используют стадию щелочной обработки, которая приводит к деструкции полисахаридов, снижая выход технической целлюлозы. В связи с этим целью работы является изучение закономерностей проведения щелочной обработки соломы риса для максимального сохранения высокого выхода технической целлюлозы, извлечения минеральной части и возможности применения данной целлюлозы в качестве колористического сорбента. С учетом предварительных исследований найдены оптимальные значения технологических факторов, обеспечивающих высокий выход волокнистого материала из соломы риса при минимальном содержании в нем минеральных компонентов. Последующая органосольвентная варка позволяет получить техническую целлюлозу с выходом – 48,8% от абсолютно сухого сырья (а.с.с), зольностью 0,05% от а.с.с., содержанием лигнина 2,5% от а.с.с., удовлетворительными прочностными характеристиками, высокими сорбционными свойствами, необходимой белизной и рН водной вытяжки. Выявлено, что техническая целлюлоза из соломы риса содержит металлы, накопленные биомассой за вегетативный период. Щелочная обработка и окислительно-органосольвентная делигнификация в большинстве случаев приводят к снижению концентрации металлов в технической целлюлозе. Исключение составляют алюминий, железо и свинец, содержание которых в технической целлюлозе увеличивается. Таким образом, целлюлоза, полученная в оптимальных условиях щелочной обработки и последующей окислительно-органосольвентной варки из соломы риса, с учетом содержащихся в ней металлов, пригодна для использования в качестве сорбента для визуального колористического определения содержания ионов металлов в загрязненных природных и сточных водах. Receive available sorbents based on natural materials for visual color determination of the content of metal ions in contaminated natural and waste waters is a topical area of research. Sorbents on the basis of technical cellulose satisfy these requirements. In the process of obtaining technical cellulose is proposed to use biomass straw rice. Removal of straw rice mineral component when carrying out the oxidation-organosolvent use the cooking stage alkali treatment, which leads to degradation of polysaccharides, reducing the output of technical cellulose. In this regard, the aim of this work is to study the regularities of the alkaline treatment of rice straw for maximum preservation of the high output technical cellulose, extracting the mineral and the possibility of using the cellulose as the colour of the sorbent. Taking into account the preliminary studies, optimal conditions of technological factors were found ensuring a high yield of fibrous material from rice straw with a minimum content of mineral components in it. Subsequent organosolvent pulping yields technical pulp with a yield of 48.8% bone dry raw material (BDRM), an mineral ash content of 0.05% of BDRM, a lignin content of 2.5% of BDRM, satisfactory strength properties, high sorption properties, the necessary whiteness and pH of aqueous extract. It is revealed that the technical cellulose from straw of rice contains metals accumulated biomass during the vegetation period. Alkaline treatment and oxidative-organosolvent the delignification in most cases leads to a decrease of metal concentrations in pulp technical. With the exception of aluminum, iron and lead, the content of which is technical cellulose increases. Thus, cellulose obtained in optimum conditions of alkaline treatment and subsequent oxidation-organosolvent pulping of straw of rice, taking into account the contained metals suitable for use as a sorbent for visual color determination of the content of metal ions in polluted natural and sewage waters.

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