scholarly journals The study of patterns of influence of alkali treatment on properties of organosolvent cellulose from straw of rice

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
А.В. Вураско ◽  
Е.И. Симонова ◽  
А.Р. Минакова ◽  
Д.Д. Манойлович
Keyword(s):  
Metal Ions ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Alkali Treatment ◽  
Alkaline Treatment ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Color Determination ◽  
Visual Color

Получение доступных сорбентов на основе природных материалов, для визуального колористического определения содержания ионов металлов в загрязненных природных и сточных водах является актуальным направлением исследований. Сорбенты на основе технической целлюлозы удовлетворяют этим требованиям. В работе для получения технической целлюлозы предложено использовать биомассу соломы риса. Для удаления из соломы риса минерального компонента при проведении окислительно-органосольвентной варки используют стадию щелочной обработки, которая приводит к деструкции полисахаридов, снижая выход технической целлюлозы. В связи с этим целью работы является изучение закономерностей проведения щелочной обработки соломы риса для максимального сохранения высокого выхода технической целлюлозы, извлечения минеральной части и возможности применения данной целлюлозы в качестве колористического сорбента. С учетом предварительных исследований найдены оптимальные значения технологических факторов, обеспечивающих высокий выход волокнистого материала из соломы риса при минимальном содержании в нем минеральных компонентов. Последующая органосольвентная варка позволяет получить техническую целлюлозу с выходом – 48,8% от абсолютно сухого сырья (а.с.с), зольностью 0,05% от а.с.с., содержанием лигнина 2,5% от а.с.с., удовлетворительными прочностными характеристиками, высокими сорбционными свойствами, необходимой белизной и рН водной вытяжки. Выявлено, что техническая целлюлоза из соломы риса содержит металлы, накопленные биомассой за вегетативный период. Щелочная обработка и окислительно-органосольвентная делигнификация в большинстве случаев приводят к снижению концентрации металлов в технической целлюлозе. Исключение составляют алюминий, железо и свинец, содержание которых в технической целлюлозе увеличивается. Таким образом, целлюлоза, полученная в оптимальных условиях щелочной обработки и последующей окислительно-органосольвентной варки из соломы риса, с учетом содержащихся в ней металлов, пригодна для использования в качестве сорбента для визуального колористического определения содержания ионов металлов в загрязненных природных и сточных водах. Receive available sorbents based on natural materials for visual color determination of the content of metal ions in contaminated natural and waste waters is a topical area of research. Sorbents on the basis of technical cellulose satisfy these requirements. In the process of obtaining technical cellulose is proposed to use biomass straw rice. Removal of straw rice mineral component when carrying out the oxidation-organosolvent use the cooking stage alkali treatment, which leads to degradation of polysaccharides, reducing the output of technical cellulose. In this regard, the aim of this work is to study the regularities of the alkaline treatment of rice straw for maximum preservation of the high output technical cellulose, extracting the mineral and the possibility of using the cellulose as the colour of the sorbent. Taking into account the preliminary studies, optimal conditions of technological factors were found ensuring a high yield of fibrous material from rice straw with a minimum content of mineral components in it. Subsequent organosolvent pulping yields technical pulp with a yield of 48.8% bone dry raw material (BDRM), an mineral ash content of 0.05% of BDRM, a lignin content of 2.5% of BDRM, satisfactory strength properties, high sorption properties, the necessary whiteness and pH of aqueous extract. It is revealed that the technical cellulose from straw of rice contains metals accumulated biomass during the vegetation period. Alkaline treatment and oxidative-organosolvent the delignification in most cases leads to a decrease of metal concentrations in pulp technical. With the exception of aluminum, iron and lead, the content of which is technical cellulose increases. Thus, cellulose obtained in optimum conditions of alkaline treatment and subsequent oxidation-organosolvent pulping of straw of rice, taking into account the contained metals suitable for use as a sorbent for visual color determination of the content of metal ions in polluted natural and sewage waters.

scholarly journals Cellulase Enzyme Production From Rice Straw Using Solid State Fermentation and Fungi Aspergillus niger ITBCC L74

2018 ◽  
Vol 156 ◽  
pp. 01010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siti Maftukhah ◽  
Abdullah Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Enzyme Characterization ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Enzymatic Reactions ◽  
Fermentation Time ◽  
Cellulase Enzyme

Rice straw is one of very abundant waste of agricultural and has not utilized maximally. This waste contain cellulose and potential in the manufacture of cellulase enzymes. Research on the production of cellulase enzyme from lignocellulose has been done a lot of enzyme activity is still low. This research using cellulose is 71.95% and conducted with 6 stages. First, the preparation of raw material. Second, the decrease of lignin content with alkali pretreatment. Third, the breeding of fungi Aspergillus niger ITBCC L74 . Fourth, incubation in the inoculum. Fifth, the production of cellulase enzyme by solid fermentation method. Finally, the analysis includes protein content, enzyme activity, enzyme characterization and kinetics of enzymatic reactions. The highest enzyme activity of this study is 3.12 U/ml and protein content is 0.34 mg/ml with fermentation time is 4 day and water content is 75%. In enzyme characterization obtained optimum pH and temperature are 4 and 60°C, respectively. And obtained paramatic kinetic are Vmax and Km for 40, 50, 60 and 70°C temperature are Vmax: 6.42; 4.7; 5.82 and 4.46 U/ml and Km : 1.32; 0.38; 0.32; and 0.12%, respectively.

Colorimetric Determination of Metal Ions Using Smartphone

2018 ◽  
Vol 769 ◽  
pp. 235-241
Author(s):  
Eldar V. Urazov ◽  
Maria A. Gavrilenko ◽  
Mikhail K. Belikov
Keyword(s):  
Metal Ions ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Colorimetric Determination ◽  
Phase Extraction ◽  
Colorimetric Analysis ◽  
Digital Photo ◽  
Visual Color ◽  
Polymethacrylate Matrix

The visible sensing determination with color change after solid phase extraction using polymethacrylate matrix and colorimetric smartphone-based technique have been highlighted. The smartphone-based method based on digital photo of transparent polymer optode for metal ions determination is proposed for diapason 0.02-60 mg/L. The optical property of polymer matrix enables a visual color change during its reaction with the analytes. Proposed method is compared with spectrophotometric and colorimetric analysis.

scholarly journals Effect of sodium hypochlorite concentration during pre-treatment on isolation of nanocrystalline cellulose from Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) mature pods

BioResources ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 3137-3158
Author(s):  
Aida Safina Aridi ◽  
Nyuk Ling Chin ◽  
Nur Akmal Ishak ◽  
Nor Nadiah Mohamad Yusof ◽  
Kazunori Kadota ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Leucaena Leucocephala ◽  
Alkali Treatment ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Alkaline Treatment ◽  
Nanocrystalline Cellulose ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Bleaching Treatment ◽  
Insight Into

Mature pods of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit were utilized as raw material for nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) production. NCC’s isolation begins with L. leucocephala fiber’s alkaline treatment with sodium hydroxide, followed by bleaching treatment at three different percentages (3%, 5%, and 7%) of sodium hypochlorite. Acid hydrolysis was then conducted to obtain NCC, which was comprehensively characterized in terms of morphology, chemical functional groups, whiteness index, and crystallinity. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and chemical composition results showed that alkali treatment (NaOH) and bleaching (3%, 5%, and 7% of sodium hypochlorite, NaClO) were effective in the removal of lignin and hemicellulose. The variation of sodium hypochlorite concentration affected physical and structural characteristics of the NCC produced, which exhibited a rod-shaped structure with diameters ranging from 17 to 49 nm. These observations provide insight into the potential utilization of L. leucocephala as raw material for preparing nanocellulose, which may address problems of the underutilized mature pods.

scholarly journals Profiling of Chemical and Structural Composition of Lignocellulosic Biomasses in Tetraploid Rice Straw

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 340
Author(s):  
Chen Chen ◽  
Zhixiong Chen ◽  
Jiajun Chen ◽  
Jiawei Huang ◽  
Huiling Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rice Straw ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Topological Analysis ◽  
Enzyme Reaction ◽  
Crystallinity Index ◽  
Cellulose Crystallinity ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Enzyme Efficiency ◽  
G Ratio

The improvement of the saccharification of rice straw is one of the strategies to reduce the sophisticated pretreatment that results in high cost and is unfriendly to the environment. We explored the cell wall features in tetraploid rice and highlighted the enhanced saccharification of tetraploid with large biomass. Results showed that lignin content and S/G ratio reduced to 17.09% and 0.37, respectively, in tetraploid straw by the determination of the pyGC-MS method. After the pretreatment, the cellulose crystallinity index decreased from 63.22% to 57.65% in tetraploid straw, which is lower than that of pretreated diploid straw. Surface topological analysis of SEM images indicated that tetraploid straw was more susceptible to the pretreatment. Tetraploid straw showed a strong advantage in the process of enzymatic hydrolysis. The enzyme efficiency reached the highest value of 77.60%, and the rate of enzyme reaction was improved to make the reaction saturated earlier than conventional rice. We concluded that the high saccharification has resulted from the alteration of lignin and cellulose in tetraploid rice. Our research provides an improved green feedstock for bioenergy, and the tetraploid rice straw shows the potential utilization value in bioethanol production.

scholarly journals Determination of the Chemical Composition of Eucalyptus spp. for Cellulosic Pulp Production

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1649
Author(s):  
Túlio Anselmo Sacramento Vieira ◽  
Taiana Guimarães Arriel ◽  
Antônio José Vinha Zanuncio ◽  
Amélia Guimarães Carvalho ◽  
Monique Branco-Vieira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Polar Compounds ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Alkanoic Acids ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Cellulosic Pulp ◽  
Pulp Production

The chemical composition of wood is important to assess the quality of this raw material for the industry of cellulosic pulp production. The purpose of this work was to determine the chemical composition of Eucalyptus spp. grown for cellulosic pulp production. Ten Eucalyptus spp. clones with six years of age, located in the municipality of Itamarandiba, Minas Gerais, Brazil, were used. Quantification was obtained for extractives, monosaccharides, uronic acids, acetates, lignin, ash and the phenolic composition of the extracts. In average, clones showed around 2.7% extractives, with a predominance of polar compounds soluble in ethanol and water; 27.7% lignin and 0.3% ash. Glucose was the main sugar detected (64.2%), followed by xylose (19.3%). The main components of the extractives were steroids, fatty acids and aromatic acids, followed by smaller amounts of substituted alkanoic acids, fatty alcohols, glycerol derivatives and triterpenes. The ethanol–water extracts presented total phenol contents ranging from 321.4 to 586.6 mg EAG/g of extract, tannins from 28.1 to 65.1 mg catechin/g of extract and flavonoids from 73.6 to 256.9 mg catechin/g of extract. Clones with a higher holocellulose amount and a lower lignin content showed a higher potential for cellulosic pulp production. These findings are important for the development of high-quality wood based on important traits for the pulp and paper sector.

scholarly journals THE DEVELOPMENT OF METHOD OF QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF TOTAL FLAVONOIDS IN THE FLOWERS OF CRATAEGUS SUBMOLLIS SARG.

2019 ◽  
pp. 137-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Aleksandrovich Kurkin ◽  
Ol'ga Yevgen'yevna Pravdivtseva ◽  
Tat'yana Vladimirovna Morozova ◽  
Anna Vladimirovna Kurkina ◽  
Il'nur Khyasyainovich Shaikhutdinov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Determination ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Specific Weight ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Total Flavonoids ◽  
Plant Raw Materials ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Promising Type

The flowers and fruits of various species of the hawthorn genus (Crataegus L.) are widely used in domestic and foreign medical practice as cardiotonic preparations. In our opinion, Crataegus submolls Sarg. is a perspective species for collection of the raw materials. Crataegus submolls Sarg. is successfully cultivated in the Russian Federation and is distinguished by its rapid growth and high yield compared with wild-growing species. Moreover, the fresh fruits of Crataegus submolls Sarg. are used in nutrition. The flowers of Crataegus submollis Sarg. contain flavonoids, among of which, like in the case of Hawthorn blood-red the hyperoside is present. It was determined that the maximum of the absorption curve of the solution of Crataegus submollis Sarg. flowers with a solution of aluminum chloride is 412 nm. The method of quantitative determination by the differential spectrophotometry of the total flavonoids calculated on hyperoside in the Crataegus submollis Sarg. flowers has been developed. It was established that the appropriate extragent for this raw material is 70% ethanol. The level of total flavonoid in Crataegus submollis Sarg. flowers has been studied. It was established that separate parts of Crataegus submollis Sarg. flowers differ markedly in the content of total flavonoids and their specific weight in raw materials. It was established that the content of total flavonoids calculated on hyperoside is varied from 2.05±0.08% tо 3.00±0.12%. It was determined that the content of total flavonoids calculated on hyperoside in different parts of hawthorn flowers ranges from 0.98% (receptacle and calyx) to 4.53% (petals). In our opinion, Crataegus submollis Sarg. flowers are the promising type of medicinal plant raw materials.

scholarly journals New extraction process for recovery of metals in glass deposits

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seshadri Seetharaman ◽  
Olle Grinder
Keyword(s):  
Metal Ions ◽  
Ternary Eutectic ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Salt Bath ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Aluminium Chloride ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Processing Temperature ◽  
Salt Extraction ◽  
Salt Melt

A new process, named salt extraction process, has been developed to enable recovery of metal values from secondary sources e.g. scrap and waste materials such as slag and flue dust. It is also feasible in extracting metals from certain ores that normally are difficult to enrich and process by traditional metallurgy – two examples are nickel and cobalt. The salt extraction process has also been applied in the recovery of metals from silicates including lead from glass wastes.The process is based on the extraction of metal values from the raw materials into a molten salt bath consisting of NaCl, LiCl, and KCl corresponding to the ternary eutectic composition and with AlCl3 dissolved in the salt melt acting as the chlorinating agent. This is followed by the electrolysis of the salt bath in the same reactor. The normal processing temperature is in the range 973 K (700 °C) to 1173 K (900 °C). The aluminium chloride in the salt bath reacts with the metals in the fine comminuted raw material and metal ions are formed in the chloride bath. During the electrolysis, the metal ions reach the solid cathode and get deposited in metallic form. Liquid aluminium is used as the anode. Chlorine gas formed at the anode reacts with aluminium forming aluminium chloride in situ, which gets dissolved in the salt melt supplying the required amount of the flux.The salt extraction process has been used successfully in the extraction of Cr and Fe from electric arc furnace (EAF) silicate slag. Experiments have also been carried out in which lead has been recovered with high yield from spent cathode ray tubes. The process was shown to be successful in the extraction of the rare-earth metals neodymium and dysprosium from permanent magnet scrap. The method is a highly promising process route for the recovery of strategic metals. It also has the added important advantage of being environment-friendly, with only small amount recyclable, potentially useful rest products like alumina and silica as with limited energy consumption.

NIRS determination of carbohydrates from hydrothermal-treated rice straw

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 27-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANA MORAL ◽  
MARIA DOLORES HERNÁNDEZ ◽  
ANTONIO TIJERO ◽  
ZOILO GONZÁLEZ ◽  
JUAN GARCÍA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rice Straw ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Hydrothermal Process ◽  
Prediction Method ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Nondestructive Technique ◽  
Paper Mills ◽  
Additional Advantage

Increasingly stringent environmental standards and the need for sustainable development are forcing pulp and paper mills to study methods to maximize the use of process wastes. Several studies have shown that “hydrothermal process” wastes might serve as raw material to obtain monosaccharides and oligosaccharides. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) traditionally has been used to study these carbohydrates. However, HPLC has a series of disadvantages that could be avoided by use of other methods. This study evaluated the potential use of near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) as a substitute analysis method for HPLC, using rice straw as raw material. The results showed that NIRS analysis can be used as a prediction method for monosaccharides and oligosaccharides. This method has the additional advantage of being a fast, nondestructive technique that does not require pretreatment of samples, and therefore, decreases the costs and the environmental impact of the analyses process.

The Composition of Crude Fibre

1935 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 529-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Norman
Keyword(s):  
Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Alkaline Treatment ◽  
Empirical Method ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Definite Relationship ◽  
Alternative Method ◽  
Made In

The crude-fibre determination is misleading, because the fraction obtained does not bear any definite relationship to the structural constituents of the material. The cellulose is partially attacked, and lignin extensively removed. Considerable variation is found in the lignin content of crude-fibre fractions. Highly lignified materials do not necessarily yield a crude fibre high in lignin.Since the presence of lignin exercises a direct effect on the digestibility of the material, any empirical method should include all the lignin, and alkaline treatment must be avoided. Acid hydrolysis may be a possible alternative method, if a correction for protein be made in the case of materials high in nitrogen, and a determination of the lignin content made.

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