Changes in the Biochemical Composition of Tomato Fruit under the Influence of Illumination Quality

Tomatoes are one of the most consumed vegetables in the world. Unfortunately, obtaining a high quality tomato yield in our latitudes is inconceivable without additional lighting. Changes in biochemical composition are mainly dependent on the light received by the plant. During the winter months, natural daylight at 55 ° latitude is insufficient to provide the necessary vegetation for fruit-bearing vegetables. The aim of this study is to investigate the changes in the biochemical composition of tomato fruits by using less conventional lighting methods, which could offer potential energy savings by providing higher levels of biologically active substances in tomatoes. The study was conducted in a greenhouse of Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies during the winter season 2018-2019, using a 16-hour photoperiod. LED, Induction, and High Pressure Sodium Lamps (as control) were used in the study. These lighting devices, with some differences, simulate daylight. Three tomato cultivars: ‘Diamont F1’, Encor F1’and ‘Balzano F1’were studied. The study specified the tomato yield and the following biochemical parameters: soluble sugars (BRIX), vitamin C, organic acids, lycopene, carotenoids, phenols and flavonoids. As expected, the yield and species-specific pigment content of tomato fruit is largely dependent on the genetics of the variety. On the other hand, biologically active compounds such as organic acids, soluble sugars, ascorbic acid and flavonoids undergo more changes due to the composition of the light. The obtained biochemical parameters give an opportunity to consider different illumination methods and the need to carry out further studies in order to confirm the conclusions. Significantly higher yields were observed in the variant with conventionally used high pressure sodium lamps. In mean time, it should be noted that in the variant with LED lamps, higher content of lycopene as well as phenols and vitamin C were observed.

Download Full-text

INFLUENCE OF FERTILIZERFORMS AND RATES ON TOMATO FRUIT QUALITY INDICES

Vestnik Altajskogo gosudarstvennogo agrarnogo universiteta ◽

10.53083/1996-4277-2021-205-11-31-40 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 31-40

Author(s):

A.V. Pastukhova ◽

◽

A.F. Petrov ◽

N.V. Gavrilets ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vitamin C ◽

Tomato Fruit ◽

Sugar Content ◽

Total Sugar ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽

Nitrate Content ◽

Total Acidity ◽

Tomato Fruits ◽

Solids Content

This paper discussesthe results findings on the effect of nitrogen fertilizers as urea-ammonia liquor (KAS-32) and ammonium nitrate of various application rates (40,80 and 120 kg of primary nutrient per ha) on the quality of tomato fruits grown on the field and under cover.Various research methods were tested. They made it possible to identify biologically active substances of tomato fruits which helped to examine fruit chemical composition of experimental vari-eties with the determination of dry solids, total sugar, vita-minC, total acidity, lycopene and nitrates. It was found that under cover, the application of nitrogen-containing fertiliz-ers increased dry solids by an average of 23-25%, total sugar -by 55-61%, vitamin C -by 33-41% as compared to the control. On the field, the dry solids content increased by 35-45%, total sugar -by 74-83% and vitamin C -by 37-42%. However, the application of the maximum rates of N120fertilizer decreased dry solids content by 5-6% as compared to N80. At the same time, there was an increase of fruit total acidity as compared to the control: up to 32% under cover, and up to 16% on the field. Although as sugar content increased, the acidity had almost no effect on the eating qualities. In all variants, the nitrate content did not exceed themaximum permissible concentration. The ob-tained data confirmed the positive effect of certain rates of nitrogen-containing fertilizers on the structure, quality and safety of the obtained tomatoes. This result will make it possible to recommend the testedmethods and rates of fertilization during the growing season.

Download Full-text

Changes in External and Internal Quality Characteristics of Three Tomato Cultivars Grown at Seven Different Sowing Seasons

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.33.3.470e ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 470e-470

Author(s):

Md. Shahidul Islam ◽

S. Khan ◽

S.M.M. Hossain

Keyword(s):

Climatic Factors ◽

Seasonal Pattern ◽

Tomato Fruit ◽

Soluble Sugars ◽

Winter Season ◽

Quality Characteristics ◽

Summer Season ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Internal Quality ◽

Sowing Time

Seasonal fluctuations of the physical and biochemical characteristics of three tomatoes, including two large-fruited and one cherry-fruited cultivars, were studied in seven different sowing time at an interval of 45 days. Seasonal variation were noted in the external and internal quality characteristics. The seasonal pattern of ripening exhibited a rapid first ripening during summer, followed by a progressive decline until the winter season. Fruits picked during early winter to spring had higher constituents compared to summer season. The fruits matured during the summer season showed higher accumulation of organic and ascorbic acid; but the crop duration was found to be shortened. On the other hand, the fruits matured during winter to spring season had higher firmness, soluble sugars and longer growing period. The lycopene synthesis was enhanced during spring to winter seasons. Of the climatic factors recorded, temperature is predominantly implicated in affecting tomato fruit quality. The results indicated that, firmness, total soluble solids and turning point of hue (arctan a*/b*) act as the indicators of fruit maturity, and breaker stage is more appropriate stage of harvesting in all the seasons studied. But regarding nutritional value and appearance, and for fresh consumption, pink stage of ripening is the best for harvesting. In the present study, although cropping season and growing temperature differed widely, but the cumulative temperature (°C day; from flowering to maturation) difference among growing seasons was small, and most suitable harvest period was found to be around 1000 °C day. Thus, for consumption, marketing and transportation, the fruits availing around 1000 °C days cumulative temperature are congenial to be harvested.

Download Full-text

Internal Bruising Affects Chemical and Physical Composition of Tomato Fruit

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.32.3.522c ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 32 (3) ◽

pp. 522C-522 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Celso L. Moretti ◽

Steven A. Sargent ◽

Donald J. Huber ◽

Rolf Puschmann

Keyword(s):

Vitamin C ◽

Tomato Fruit ◽

Soluble Sugars ◽

Placental Tissue ◽

Titratable Acidity ◽

Enzymic Activity ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Total Carotenoids ◽

Polygalacturonase Activity ◽

Locule Tissue

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) fruits, cv. Solarset, were harvested at the mature-green stage and treated with 50 μL/L ethylene at 20C. Breaker fruits (<10% red coloration) were dropped from 40 cm onto a smooth, solid surface and held along with undropped fruits at 20°C and 85% relative humidity. At table-ripe stage, pericarp, placental, and locular tissue were individually excised and analyzed for total carotenoids, total soluble sugars, soluble solids content, titratable acidity, density (locule tissue), polygalacturonase activity, and electrolyte efflux (pericarp tissue). Internal bruising caused by impact forces significantly affected pericarp and locule tissues, but not placental tissue. For bruised locule tissue, total carotenoids content decreased by 37.1%, vitamin C content by 15.6%, and titratable acidity by 15.3% as compared to control. However, density was increased by 3.0%. For bruised pericarp tissue, vitamin C content decreased by 16.5%, while polygalacturonase activity and electrolyte efflux increased by 33.3% and 24.8%, respectively. The development of abnormal ripening following an impact was confined to locule and pericarp tissues and appears to be related to the disruption of cellular structure and stimulation of enzymic activity.

Download Full-text

Combined Effects of Ventilation and Irrigation on Temperature, Humidity, Tomato Yield, and Quality in the Greenhouse

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci16044-21 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Jiankun Ge ◽

Linfeng Zhao ◽

Xuewen Gong ◽

Zhiqiang Lai ◽

Seydou Traore ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Wind Speed ◽

Vitamin C ◽

Crop Yield ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Fruit Quality ◽

Soluble Sugars ◽

Growth Stages ◽

The North ◽

Tomato Yield ◽

North And South

Ventilation and soil moisture influence greenhouse cultivation. Experiments were conducted at Xinxiang Irrigation Research Base of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Province, China, to identify how ventilation and irrigation affected the greenhouse microenvironment. To develop ventilation and irrigation protocols that increase crop yield and improve the quality of drip-irrigated tomatoes grown in the greenhouse, three ventilation modes (T1, T2, and T3) were developed by opening vents in different locations in a completely randomized pattern. T1 had open vents on the north wall and roof of the greenhouse. T2 had open vents on the north and south walls and the roof. T3 had open vents on the north and south walls. Three irrigation treatments (W1, W2, and W3) were designed based on the accumulated water surface evaporation (Ep) of a standard 20-cm evaporation pan. The irrigation quantities were 0.9×Ep (W1), 0.7×Ep (W2), and 0.5×Ep (W3). The spatial and temporal distributions of temperature and humidity were analyzed for different combinations of ventilation and irrigation to identify their effects on tomato yield and fruit quality. Major results were as follows: 1) In addition to solar radiation, ventilation had an important influence on Ep and, on a daily scale, ventilation had a significant effect on Ep (P < 0.05). 2) Ventilation had a significant effect on indoor wind speed, but the effect varied during different growth stages. During the flowering and fruit setting stage, wind speed for T2 significantly differed from those of T1 and T3 (P < 0.01). During the harvest stage, the three ventilation treatments had significantly different effects (P < 0.01). A correlation analysis showed high correlation between T2 wind speed and T3 wind speed (R = 0.831), but low correlation between T2 wind speed and T1 wind speed (R = 0.467). 3) The effect of ventilation on greenhouse humidity and temperature was greater than the effect of irrigation. The differences in air temperature among various combined treatments of ventilation and irrigation were significant for the flowering and fruiting stages (P < 0.05), but they were not significant for the late harvest stage (P > 0.05). There were significant differences in humidity on sunny days (P < 0.01), but no significant differences on cloudy or rainy days (P > 0.05). Air temperature at 2 m was greater than canopy temperature, but humidity at 2 m was less than that at canopy level. 4) Irrigation water quantity was positively correlated with tomato yield and negatively correlated with the fruit quality indicators total soluble solids, vitamin C content, organic acid content, and soluble sugars content. Ventilation had an effect primarily during the harvest period; it had no significant effect on yield (P > 0.05). However, it had a significant effect on vitamin C content and the sugar:acid ratio (P < 0.01). The combination treatment of T2W2 is recommended as the optimal treatment for greenhouse tomatoes using drip irrigation to produce an optimal combination of crop yield and fruit quality. This study provides theoretical and technical support for the improvement of greenhouse climate control by optimizing greenhouse ventilation and irrigation techniques to promote tomato yield and improve fruit quality.

Download Full-text

BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF REMONTANT RASPBERRY BERRIES IN THE CISBAIKALIA CONDITIONS

Vestnik of the Russian agricultural science ◽

10.30850/vrsn/2021/6/50-53 ◽

1970 ◽

pp. 50-53

Author(s):

Е. N. Kiseleva ◽

М. А. Rachenko ◽

O. F. Zhilkina ◽

T. N. Malova ◽

Е. G. Aksamentova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vitamin C ◽

Biochemical Composition ◽

Sugar Content ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Daily Consumption ◽

Manganese Zinc ◽

Human Need ◽

Dietary Value ◽

Iron Manganese ◽

Active Substances

A comparative assessment of a remontant and common raspberries biochemical composition is given. The biochemical composition of a remontant raspberries cultivated in Cisbaikalia corresponds to the minimum physiological human need for biologically active substances. The content of sugars, vitamins (C, A, B1, B2, E and PP) and microelements has been studied. It was found that the frozen berry contains a sufficient amount of vitamin C, sugars and trace elements for daily consumption. The dietary value of raspberries is noted, due to the predominant accumulation of fructose and glucose. The minimum sugar content of berries in the Eurasia variety. A variety with a high content of vitamin C and sugars has been identified, it is Rubinovor ozherelie. The Zharptitsa and Rubinovoe ozherelie varieties are sources of iron, manganese, zinc and copper, and Penguin, Hercules, Orange miracle, Bellflower, form 16-136-6 are calcium. The Rubinovoe ozherelie variety contains a lot of sugars, vitamins and micronutrients, and also has a high organoleptic rating.

Download Full-text

Impact of Selenium and Copper Nanoparticles on Yield, Antioxidant System, and Fruit Quality of Tomato Plants

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants8100355 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (10) ◽

pp. 355 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Hernández-Hernández ◽

Quiterio-Gutiérrez ◽

Cadenas-Pliego ◽

Ortega-Ortiz ◽

Hernández-Fuentes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vitamin C ◽

Fruit Quality ◽

Tomato Fruit ◽

Titratable Acidity ◽

Good Alternative ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Antioxidant Compounds ◽

Tomato Yield ◽

The Impact

The effects of nanoparticles (NPs) on plants are contrasting; these depend on the model plant, the synthesis of the nanoparticles (concentration, size, shape), and the forms of application (foliar, substrate, seeds). For this reason, the objective of this study was to report the impact of different concentrations of selenium (Se) and copper (Cu) NPs on yield, antioxidant capacity, and quality of tomato fruit. The different concentrations of Se and Cu NPs were applied to the substrate every 15 days (five applications). The yield was determined until day 102 after the transplant. Non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidant compounds were determined in the leaves and fruits as well as the fruit quality at harvest. The results indicate that tomato yield was increased by up to 21% with 10 mg L−1 of Se NPs. In leaves, Se and Cu NPs increased the content of chlorophyll, vitamin C, glutathione, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazolin-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and phenylalanine ammonia liasa (PAL). In fruits, they increased vitamin C, glutathione, flavonoids, firmness, total soluble solids, and titratable acidity. The combination of Se and Cu NPs at optimal concentrations could be a good alternative to improve tomato yield and quality, but more studies are needed to elucidate their effects more clearly.

Download Full-text

The effect of cultivar and harvesting stage on the chemical composition of processing tomato fruit

Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca ◽

10.15835/nbha48111774 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 48 (1) ◽

pp. 354-365

Author(s):

Maria GAWĘDA ◽

Elżbieta JĘDRSZCZYK

Keyword(s):

Organic Acids ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Tomato Fruit ◽

Soluble Sugars ◽

Vegetation Period ◽

Tomato Cultivars ◽

Harvesting Stage ◽

The Relationship ◽

Green Stage

Field-grown processing tomatoes are harvested in the red stage, however a significant part of fruits remaining on the crop are at the turning stage and in the mature-green stage. This is a part of the crop that can still be used after post-harvest ripening. The aim of the study was to compare the quality of the three determinate tomato cultivars harvested in the field during the red stage with that of red tomatoes obtained after ripening on shelf (harvested in the turning and mature-green stages). Red fruits were analysed immediately after harvest. The remaining fruits were stored and analysed after they had reached the red stage. Experiment showed that unripe tomatoes harvested in mature green phase during shelf ripening can achieve a good fruit quality, comparable to those harvested red. There was found no impact of the degree of ripeness at harvest on the content of dry matter. The relationship between content of extract, soluble sugars and organic acids and the degree of ripeness at harvest depended on the vegetation period. In 2009 fruits harvested green or pink reached higher content of extract, soluble sugars and organic acids than fruits harvested red. In 2010 it was quite contrary; all parameters were worst in fruits collected green or pink. In 2011 there were no differences in extract, whereas level of sugars and organic acids were higher in fruits collected unripe, stored and analysed after they had reached the red stage. Regardless of the year of research, vitamin C level was always the highest in the fruits collected red.

Download Full-text

Biochemical evaluation of the assortment of pumpkin vegetable crops for the creation of functional food products

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/845/1/012093 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 845 (1) ◽

pp. 012093

Author(s):

Medelyaeva A Yu ◽

A F Bukharov ◽

Yu V Trunov ◽

I B Kirina ◽

L V Titova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vitamin C ◽

Biochemical Composition ◽

Sugar Content ◽

High Water ◽

Biologically Active ◽

High Yield ◽

High Water Content ◽

Vegetable Crops ◽

Mineral Salts ◽

High Yields

Abstract It is known that vegetables are sources of vitamins, biologically active substances, antioxidants and other vital micronutrients. In particular, pumpkin vegetable crops (zucchini, squash) contain all the necessary mineral salts, vitamins, trace elements, pectin substances, ascorbic acid and not too many sugars. Varieties of vegetable crops are characterized by a diverse biochemical composition and are suitable to various degrees for obtaining processed products for therapeutic, preventive and functional purposes. The article considers the assortment of zucchini and squash by yield and the most important indicators of the biochemical composition of the fruit: the content of dry substances, sugars, vitamin C; the accumulation of nitrates in the fruit. High water content of zucchini and squash fruits (94-96%), low sugar content ( 1.5-3.5%) were found. Squash has a higher yield (25-90 t / ha), compared to zucchini (4-11 t/ha). Nevertheless, zucchini contain 3-4 times more vitamin C in the fruit and accumulate 3-4 times less nitrates than squash, having almost 10 times more of vitamin value. At the same time, squash is 2-3 times less than zucchini, accumulating nitrates. Of the 7 studied varieties of zucchini, the hybrid Belogor F1 and the variety Tsukesha were distinguished, which have high yield, high fruit quality and vitamin value. Of the 15 studied varieties of squash, the varieties Perlinka, Pyatachok and Tabolinsky were identified, which have high yields, high fruit qualities and vitamin value, and weakly accumulate nitrates.

Download Full-text

The content of the main chemical elements in sweet cherry fruits of different ripening periods

Agrobìologìâ ◽

10.33245/2310-9270-2021-163-1-173-179 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 173-179

Author(s):

L. Shubenko ◽

S. Shokh ◽

Yu. Fedoruk ◽

D. Mykhailiuk ◽

A. Vuiko

Keyword(s):

Vitamin C ◽

Organic Acids ◽

Biochemical Composition ◽

Sweet Cherry ◽

Chemical Elements ◽

Sugar Content ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Berry Crops ◽

Early Ripening

The level of biochemical composition of sweet cherry fruits of different ripening periods was investigated. It has been established that the content of chemical elements in sweet cherry fruits depends on a number of factors. Fruits ripening period is listed frstaming the features of the pomological variety. Weather conditions during the formation and ripening of sweet cherry fruits have a signifcant effect on the content of chemicals. The variety Melitopolskaya krapchastaya was revealed to have a high content of dry soluble substances among all the studied varieties. In the group of late-ripening varieties, the smallest difference in the amount of acidifed acids in fruits between varieties is observed. The high content of organic acids was recorded for the Donetsk Ember variety, and the lowest one for the Turquoise variety. On average, for the varieties of different ripening periods, the highest content of organic acids was noted for early ripening varieties, and the lowest one for late ripening varieties. Having considered all the studied varieties as a whole, it can be asserted that the content of titratable acids was the highest in the fruits of the mid-ripening variety Alenushka, in relation to all other varieties; the lowest amount of organic acids was recorded for the late-ripening varieties Amazonka. The sugar content in the fruits of late-ripening sweet cherry varieties exceeded the average values of the groups of early-ripening and mid-ripening varieties. The mid-ripening variety Mirage was characterized by a high content of vitamin C, and the lowest value of this component of the chemical composition was obtained for the early-ripening variety Mlievskaya yellow. Taste qualities and biochemical composition of fruit and berry crops largely depend on the characteristics of the variety and climatic conditions of cultivation.The early ripening varieties Dar Mliyeva and Zoryana received the maximum tasting assessment. In the group of mid-ripening varieties, the Melitopolskaya krapchastaya variety was highly appreciated, and among the late-ripening varieties, the Turyuza variety. Key words: cherry varieties, dry soluble substances, sugars, organic acids, vitamin C, sugar-acid coefcient.

Download Full-text

Abscisic Acid Impacts Tomato Carotenoids, Soluble Sugars, and Organic Acids

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.51.4.370 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 51 (4) ◽

pp. 370-376 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

T. Casey Barickman ◽

Dean A. Kopsell ◽

Carl E. Sams

Keyword(s):

Abscisic Acid ◽

Organic Acids ◽

Organic Acid ◽

Fruit Quality ◽

Tomato Fruit ◽

Soluble Sugar ◽

Soluble Sugars ◽

Horticultural Crops ◽

Endogenous Plant Hormones ◽

Wide Range

Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are chemicals used on a wide range of horticultural crops. These exogenous chemicals, similar to endogenous plant hormones, regulate plant development and stimulate a desired growth response, such as control of plant height. One such PGR is abscisic acid (ABA), which has been used effectively to improve fruit quality, specifically sugars and phytonutrients. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of exogenous applications of ABA on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit quality, such as carotenoids, soluble sugars and organic acids, and ABA on tomato leaf chlorophylls and carotenoids. Furthermore, this study compared how ABA and calcium (Ca) treatments together affect fruit quality and whether there are added benefits to treating plants with both simultaneously. ABA treatments proved effective in increasing tomato fruit soluble sugars and decreasing organic acid concentrations. This study demonstrated that ABA is a viable PGR to significantly improve tomato fruit quality, specifically pertaining to carotenoids, soluble sugar, and organic acid concentrations.

Download Full-text