Synthesis and Properties of Open-Celled Metal Foams

2007 ◽  
Vol 534-536 ◽  
pp. 1005-1008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Quadbeck ◽  
Günther Stephani ◽  
Kerstin Kümmel ◽  
Joerg Adler ◽  
Gisela Standke
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Metal Foams ◽  
Compression Tests ◽  
Stainless Steel 316L ◽  
Replication Technique ◽  
Highly Porous

Open-celled metal foams were synthesized using a replication technique. Therefore a reticulated polyurethane template was coated by a slurry and removed thermally, followed by a sintering step. Since the process is feasible for a multiplicity of metals the experiments were performed on the example of stainless steel 316L. Highly porous components were obtained showing adjustable densities between 0.3 and 2.0 g/cm³. The cell structure is exceedingly homogeneous and the cell sizes may be chosen in the range of 10 – 80 ppi. In order to characterise the properties, compression tests and acoustical tests were carried out. A significant influence of the density and the cell size on the acoustical and mechanical properties was noticed.

The Influence of Processing Parameters on the Mechanical Properties of Selectively Laser Melted Stainless Steel Microlattice Structures

2010 ◽  
Vol 132 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Tsopanos ◽  
R. A. W. Mines ◽  
S. McKown ◽  
Y. Shen ◽  
W. J. Cantwell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Processing Parameters ◽  
Full Density ◽  
Laser Exposure ◽  
Compression Tests ◽  
Stainless Steel 316L ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Block Structures

The rapid manufacturing process of selective laser melting has been used to produce a series of stainless steel 316L microlattice structures. Laser power and laser exposure time are the two processing parameters used for manufacturing the lattice structures and, therefore, control the quality and mechanical properties of microlattice parts. An evaluation of the lattice material was undertaken by manufacturing a range of struts, representative of the individual trusses of the microlattices, as well as, microlattice block structures. Low laser powers were shown to result in significantly lower strand strengths due to the presence of inclusions of unmelted powder in the strut cross-sections. Higher laser powers resulted in struts that were near to full density as the measured strengths were comparable to the bulk 316L values. Uniaxial compression tests on microlattice blocks highlighted the effect of manufacturing parameters on the mechanical properties of these structures and a linear relationship was found between the plateau stress and elastic modulus relative to the measured relative density.

scholarly journals Experimental and Numerical Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed Stainless Steel 316L Lattice Structures

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Carraturo ◽  
G. Alaimo ◽  
S. Marconi ◽  
E. Negrello ◽  
E. Sgambitterra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Mechanical Behavior ◽  
Numerical Simulations ◽  
Uniaxial Tensile ◽  
Uniaxial Tensile Test ◽  
Lattice Structures ◽  
Stainless Steel 316L ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Octet Truss

AbstractAdditive manufacturing (AM), and in particular selective laser melting (SLM) technology, allows to produce structural components made of lattice structures. These kinds of structures have received a lot of research attention over recent years due to their capacity to generate easy-to-manufacture and lightweight components with enhanced mechanical properties. Despite a large amount of work available in the literature, the prediction of the mechanical behavior of lattice structures is still an open issue for researchers. Numerical simulations can help to better understand the mechanical behavior of such a kind of structure without undergoing long and expensive experimental campaigns. In this work, we compare numerical and experimental results of a uniaxial tensile test for stainless steel 316L octet-truss lattice specimen. Numerical simulations are based on both the nominal as-designed geometry and the as-build geometry obtained through the analysis of µ-CT images. We find that the use of the as-build geometry is fundamental for an accurate prediction of the mechanical behavior of lattice structures.

scholarly journals Experimental-numerical studies of the effect of cell structure on the mechanical properties of polypropylene foams

e-Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 713-723
Author(s):  
Wei Gong ◽  
Tuan-Hui Jiang ◽  
Xiang-Bu Zeng ◽  
Li He ◽  
Chun Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Structure Parameters ◽  
Cell Size Distribution ◽  
Numerical Studies ◽  
Polypropylene Foam ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe effects of the cell size and distribution on the mechanical properties of polypropylene foam were simulated and analyzed by finite element modeling with ANSYS and supporting experiments. The results show that the reduced cell size and narrow size distribution have beneficial influences on both the tensile and impact strengths. Decreasing the cell size or narrowing the cell size distribution was more effective for increasing the impact strength than the tensile strength in the same case. The relationship between the mechanical properties and cell structure parameters has a good correlation with the theoretical model.

Effects of Sintering Temperature on the Properties of Stainless Steel Foam

2015 ◽  
Vol 1087 ◽  
pp. 232-235
Author(s):  
Fazimah Mat Noor ◽  
N.I. Mad Rosip ◽  
Khairur Rijal Jamaludin ◽  
Sufizar Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Average Pore Size ◽  
Vacuum Furnace ◽  
Stainless Steel 316L ◽  
Average Pore ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Replication Method ◽  
Pore Dimension ◽  
Steel Foam ◽  
Highly Porous

Foam replication method is capable of producing foams with a highly porous structure with adjustable pore dimension, shape and size. In this work, this method has been used to prepare stainless steel 316L foam and sintered at 1200°C, 1250°C and 1300°C in a vacuum furnace. The microstructure and elemental analysis of the sample were examined using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X–Ray (EDX), while the mechanical properties of the samples was determined by using compression test. It was found that the average pore size was in the range of 330µm-350µm. The yield strength and elastic modulus are in the range of 58-66 GPa and 0.46-0.50GPa respectively.

Cell structure and mechanical properties of microcellular PLA foams prepared via autoclave constrained foaming

2020 ◽  
pp. 026248932093032
Author(s):  
Jinwei Chen ◽  
Ling Yang ◽  
Dahua Chen ◽  
Qunshan Mai ◽  
Meigui Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Saturation Pressure ◽  
Tensile Modulus ◽  
Cell Structures ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Constrained Foaming ◽  
The Relationship

Microcellular polylactic acid (PLA) foams with various cell size and cell morphologies were prepared using supercritical carbon dioxide (sc-CO2) solid-state foaming to investigate the relationship between the cell structure and mechanical properties. Constrained foaming was used and a wide range of cell structures with a constant porosity of ∼75% by tuning saturation pressure (8–24 MPa) was developed. Experiments varying the saturation pressure while holding other variables’ constant show that the mean cell size and the mean cell wall thickness decreased, while the cell density and the open porosity increased with increase of pressure. Tensile modulus of PLA foams decreased with increasing the saturation pressure, but the specific tensile modulus of PLA foams was still 15–80% higher than that of solid PLA. Tensile strength and elongation at break first increased with increasing saturation pressure up to 16 MPa and then decreased with further increasing saturation pressure (20 MPa and 24 MPa) at which opened-cell structure produced. Compressive modulus, compressive strength, and compressive yield stress also followed the same variation trend. The results indicated that not only cell size plays an important role in properties of PLA foams but also cell morphology can influence these properties significantly.

scholarly journals Correlations of Geometry and Infill Degree of Extrusion Additively Manufactured 316L Stainless Steel Components

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (18) ◽  
pp. 5173
Author(s):  
Tobias Rosnitschek ◽  
Andressa Seefeldt ◽  
Bettina Alber-Laukant ◽  
Thomas Neumeyer ◽  
Volker Altstädt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Product Development ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Dimensional Accuracy ◽  
Product Development Process ◽  
Stainless Steel 316L ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Metal Extrusion

This study focuses on the effect of part geometry and infill degrees on effective mechanical properties of extrusion additively manufactured stainless steel 316L parts produced with BASF’s Ultrafuse 316LX filament. Knowledge about correlations between infill degrees, mechanical properties and dimensional deviations are essential to enhance the part performance and further establish efficient methods for the product development for lightweight metal engineering applications. To investigate the effective Young’s modulus, yield strength and bending stress, standard testing methods for tensile testing and bending testing were used. For evaluating the dimensional accuracy, the tensile and bending specimens were measured before and after sintering to analyze anisotropic shrinkage effects and dimensional deviations linked to the infill structure. The results showed that dimensions larger than 10 mm have minor geometrical deviations and that the effective Young’s modulus varied in the range of 176%. These findings provide a more profound understanding of the process and its capabilities and enhance the product development process for metal extrusion-based additive manufacturing.

Metallic Materials Prepared by Selective Laser Melting: Part Orientation Issue

2018 ◽  
Vol 779 ◽  
pp. 165-173
Author(s):  
Michaela Fousova ◽  
Drahomír Dvorský ◽  
Pavel Lejček ◽  
Dalibor Vojtěch
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Selective Laser Melting ◽  
Metallic Materials ◽  
Stainless Steel 316L ◽  
Laser Melting ◽  
Individual Effects ◽  
Oriented Samples ◽  
Part Orientation ◽  
Melting Part

This paper shows part orientation issue in the process of Selective Laser Melting (SLM) at four examples of metallic materials (Fe, stainless steel 316L, TiAl6V4 alloy and AlSi11Mg alloy). Horizontally and vertically oriented samples differ in their mechanical properties, especially in plasticity. The causes of these differences are related to a thermal history, microstructural features and porosity. Depending on a particular material, individual effects are manifested under different extents.

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