Co-infections of malaria and soil-transmitted helminths in localities with different levels of urbanisation in the Mount Cameroon region

2012 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Lum ◽  
H.K. Kimbi ◽  
J. Mbuh ◽  
J. Ndamukong-Nyanga ◽  
A.L. Njunda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Determination ◽  
Intestinal Helminths ◽  
Malaria Parasitaemia ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Soil Transmitted Helminths ◽  
Mount Cameroon ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Different Levels

Malaria co-exists with intestinal helminths and they have different effects on infected individuals. A total of 235 and 208 children from Ekona and Great Soppo respectively of both sexes aged 4–14 years were enrolled into a cross-sectional study.Capillary blood was collected for detection and determination of malaria parasitaemia as well as PCV. Stool samples were collected for quantitative determination of helminth ova by Kato-Katz technique.The prevalence of malaria and helminths was higher in Ekona than Great Soppo. In Great Soppo, Trichuris was the most prevalent helminth than Great Soppo and an association was found between these co-infections. More children were co-infected in Ekona and co-infecting species were Ascaris and Plasmodium falciparum.The prevalence of malaria and intestinal helminths as well as co-infection was lower in Great Soppo than in Ekona, probably due to increased urbanization in Great Soppo than Ekona.

scholarly journals Circulating bioactive sclerostin levels in an Austrian population-based cohort

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharina Kerschan-Schindl ◽  
Ursula Föger-Samwald ◽  
Andreas Gleiss ◽  
Stefan Kudlacek ◽  
Jacqueline Wallwitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Serum Levels ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Total Serum ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Robust Parameter ◽  
Austrian Population ◽  
Different Levels

Summary Background Circulating serum sclerostin levels are supposed to give a good estimation of the levels of this negative regulator of bone mass within bone. Most studies evaluating total serum sclerostin found different levels in males compared to females and in older compared to younger subjects. Besides an ELISA detecting total sclerostin an ELISA determining bioactive sclerostin has been developed. The aim of this study was to investigate serum levels of bioactive sclerostin in an Austrian population-based cohort. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional observational study in 235 healthy subjects. Using the bioactive ELISA assay (Biomedica) bioactive sclerostin levels were evaluated. Results Serum levels of bioactive sclerostin were higher in men than in women (24%). The levels correlated positively with age (r = 0.47). A positive correlation could also be detected with body mass index and bone mineral density. Conclusion Using the ELISA detecting bioactive sclerostin our results are consistent with data in the literature obtained by different sclerostin assays. The determination of sclerostin concentrations in peripheral blood thus appears to be a robust parameter of bone metabolism.

scholarly journals Soil Transmitted Helminths and Plasmodium falciparum Co-infections among School Children in Bugesera District, Rwanda: Implications for National Control Programs

2021 ◽  
pp. 30-36
Author(s):  
Umwanankundi Marcelline ◽  
Mazigo D. Humphrey ◽  
Tumusiime David ◽  
Mucumbitsi Joseph ◽  
Arpita Sharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
School Children ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Soil Transmitted Helminths ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
The Impact ◽  
National Control

Soil Transmitted Helminths and Plasmodium infections are ubiquitous with morbidity and mortality within the tropical and subtropical regions. However, the extent and consequences of STH-Plasmodium co-infection at different spatial scales are poorly understood. This study aimed at determining the prevalence of Soil Transmitted Helminths and Plasmodium coinfection, and, the impact thereof among school children in Bugesera District of Eastern Rwanda. Study Design: Cross Sectional Survey Place and Duration of Study: The survey was conducted in Bugesera district, Eastern Rwanda, between May and December 2020. Methodology: The survey was conducted among children between ages 5 and 18 years, across 21 randomly selected primary schools. Stool samples were collected and screened for soil transmitted helminths using Kato-Katz, while finger-prick blood samples were examined under the microscope to determine Plasmodium infection. Results: Overall the prevalence of A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura, Hookworm and P. falciparum was 4.43%, 0.76%, 0.16% and 3.15% respectively. On the other hand, 36.15% were co-infected with A. lumbricoides and P. falciparum. Surprisingly, the coinfection was higher 41.79%, (P<0.001) in girls than the overall coinfection prevalence. Conclusion: Helminthiasis and malaria remain dominant, in spite of the continuing and tremendous national control programs. The strikingly surprising higher prevalence of A. lumbricoides-P. falciparum co-infection in girls calls for additional investigations.

scholarly journals The Association between Environmental Sanitation and Soil Transmitted Helminths (STH) Coinfection of Tuberculosis Patients in Panti District, Jember Regency

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 354-361
Author(s):  
Nita Alfianti ◽  
Yunita Armiyanti ◽  
Bagus Hermansyah ◽  
Enny Suswati ◽  
Dini Agustina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Philippines ◽  
Observational Research ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Environmental Sanitation ◽  
Tuberculosis Patients ◽  
Soil Transmitted Helminths ◽  
Helminth Infections ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Analytic Design

Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infectious disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. More than 80% of TB cases attack the pulmonary organs and the rest are extra-pulmonary TB. Indonesia is one of the countries with the high number of tuberculosis cases besides India, China, the Philippines, and Pakistan. Aside from being a country with a high TB incidence, Indonesia is also an endemic country for helminth infections, especially Soil-Transmitted Helminths (STH). The high prevalence of STH infections in Indonesia allows STH coinfection in TB patients to cause decreasing immunity, thus affecting the outcome of TB infection. STH infection is very closely related to environmental sanitation. The purpose of this study was to identify and determine the association of environmental sanitation risk factors to the coinfection of Soil-Transmitted Helminths (STH) in tuberculosis patients in Panti District, Jember Regency. This type of research was observational research with cross-sectional analytic design. Of the 49 TB patients who were undergoing treatment at the Panti Health Center, 32 people were willing to be respondents, but only 25 people collected stool samples. Fisher's test results showed that the incidence of intestinal co-infection in TB patients in Panti District, Jember Regency was 12% and was caused by two STH species, namely A. lumbricoides and Hookworm. Environmental sanitation in TB patients was mostly good, e.g 54.5% of respondents had good environmental sanitation, but there was no significant association between environmental sanitation and the incidence of intestinal co-infection in TB patients in Panti District, Jember Regency (p> 0.05).

scholarly journals Determination of antibiotics susceptibility profile of Shigella species isolated from children with acute diarrhea

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 054-058
Author(s):  
Ali Muhammad ◽  
Diso Sani U ◽  
Abdullah Muhammad S ◽  
Mu’azu Lurwan ◽  
Nas Farouk S
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Acute Diarrhea ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Shigella Species ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Antibiotics Susceptibility

Diarrheal diseases continue to be the major cause of morbidity and mortality among children under 5 years. This study aimed to isolate, identify and determining the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Shigella sp associated with acute diarrhea among children in Kano, Northern Nigeria. A cross sectional study was conducted among children less than 5 years diagnosed with acute diarrhea and admitted to paediatric ward of Murtala Muhammad Specialist Hospital Kano. Stool samples from a total of 37 (20 male and 17 female) subjects were used to isolate and identified the pathogen. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was conducted using disc diffusion method. The result showed 12 out of 37 samples were positive for Shigella sp which accounted for 32.4%. Higher incidence of Shigella sp was found among subjects of age between 2 – 3 years. The isolates were 100% resistant to Ampicillin. High resistance was also observed in Amoxicillin (83.33%), Chloramphenicol (58.33%) and Tetracycline (25%). The isolates are 100% sensitive to ciprofloxacin, 66.7% to Levofloxacin and Gentamicin each and 58.33% to Erythromycin. Three (3) isolates were resistance to Ampicillin and Amoxicillin, 5 isolates were resistance to Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol and Amoxicillin while 2 isolates were resistance to Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol, Tetracycline and Amoxicillin. It is concluded that Shigella sp is one of the etiological agent of diarrhea in children. Ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and Gentamicin are drugs of choice for treating diarrhea caused by Shigella sp.

scholarly journals Prevalence, Intensity of Soil-Transmitted Helminths, and Factors Associated with Infection: Importance in Control Program with Ivermectin and Albendazole in Eastern Côte d’Ivoire

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agodio Loukouri ◽  
Aboulaye Méité ◽  
Olivier K. Kouadio ◽  
Norbert N. Djè ◽  
Gotré Trayé-Bi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Program ◽  
The Other ◽  
Intestinal Helminths ◽  
Open Defecation ◽  
Soil Transmitted Helminths ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Chi Squared ◽  
Successful Control ◽  
Stool Samples

Evaluation of soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) and implementation of additional interventions are required in the region of a filariasis control program, given that antifilariasis drugs also have a beneficial effect on STHs. Thus, this study determines the extensive epidemiology of STHs to improve their successful control. Stool samples were analyzed using the Kato-Katz method. Chi-squared and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to measure differences in infection rates and intensities, respectively, and logistic regression identified the risks of infection. The main intestinal helminths (A. lumbricoides, hookworm [N. americanus],S. mansoni,andT. trichiura) were found in the population. The overall prevalence of STHs was 19.5%. The prevalence of hookworm, the predominant species, ranged from 2% (n=6) to 28% (n=97). The overall prevalence of the other intestinal helminths was less than 6% (n=18). Intensity of hookworm was mostly light with a range from 1.6% (n=5) to 25.9% (n=90). However, the intensity of the species was significantly greater in Soribadougou compared to the other localities. Heavy infection was found in old children and adults but not in young children. Open defecation (OR=3.23, p≤0.05), dog/cat raising (OR=1.94, p≤0.05), farming (OR=14.10, p≤0.05), and irrigated culture (OR=3.23, p≤0.05) were positively associated with hookworm. It was observed that the participants missed the follow-up examinations due to trip (32.7%) or misunderstanding (15%) and lack of information (11.8%) of the purpose of the survey. Thus, to sustain the control of STHs, the MDA program should target the entire community and add education about the use of toilets, best practices of farming, and dog/cat raising.

scholarly journals Long Term School Based Deworming against Soil-Transmitted Helminths Also Benefits the Untreated Adult Population: Results from a Community-Wide Cross Sectional Survey

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Paul M. Gichuki ◽  
Gabriel Mbugua ◽  
Edwin K. Kiplelgo ◽  
Tabitha W. Irungu ◽  
Charles Mwandawiro
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Preschool Age ◽  
World Health ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Soil Transmitted Helminths ◽  
School Based ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Endemic Areas

Background. Soil-transmitted helminths (STH) are a public health problem in Kenya. The primary control strategy for these infections is preventive chemotherapy (PC) delivered through school based deworming (SBD) programs. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the inclusion of other at-risk groups in the PC. The untreated groups in endemic areas have been shown to act as reservoirs for STH transmission. Few field based studies have focused on the possible benefits of SBD to the untreated groups in the community. This study sought to determine the levels of STH among all age groups in a community where SBD has been going on for more than 10 years. Methods. This was a cross sectional study where 3,292 individuals, ranging from 2 to 98 years, were enrolled. Stool samples were analyzed using duplicate Kato Katz thick smear technique for presence of STH eggs. Statistical analysis was conducted using STATA software 14.0 (Stata corporation). Results. Out of the total 3,292 stool samples analyzed, only 13 were positive for any STH. Of these, 12 were infected with Trichuris trichiura and one case was of hookworm. There was no Ascaris lumbricoides infection detected. Of the 13 STH infections, seven of the infections were of school going age (6-18 years), 5 were of preschool age (<6 years), and one was of adult age group (18>). More male (61.5%) than female were infected with STH. Conclusion. This study shows very low prevalence of STH among all age groups in Mwea, suggesting that long term SBD may also be benefitting the untreated groups in the community and thus the potential to achieve STH elimination in such endemic areas.

scholarly journals Prevalensi dan Tingkat Infeksi Soil Transmitted Helminths Dihubungkan dengan Golongan Usia dan Jenis Kelamin pada 5 Sekolah Dasar

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 086 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ambar Hardjanti ◽  
Putri Rachmawati ◽  
Titis Cresnaulan Desiyanti ◽  
Rizki Fauzi Rahman ◽  
Yudi Wahyudi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elementary Schools ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Exclusion Criteria ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Soil Transmitted Helminths ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Primary School Age ◽  
Age And Sex

<p>Soil transmitted helminths (STH) infection is an infectious disease with a high prevalence,<br />especially in developing countries. More than 1.5 billion people or 24% of the world's population are infected with STH. Indonesia is one of 11 countries in Southeast Asia which are declared as endemic for STH infection. Data on the prevalence of STH infection in children in Indonesia is still quite high, namely 60-90%. Meanwhile, infections that occur continuously will reduce the quality of human resources, especially children. This study was conducted with the aim to determine the prevalence and level of STH infection in children of primary school age, and to find out whether there is a relationship between the prevalence and rate of STH infection with age and sex. This research was conducted in 5 State Elementary Schools (SD) located in Jakarta, Bekasi and Serang (Banten) in 2016. This study used analytical cross sectional method. Samples in the form of feces of students int he 5 state elementary schools. Stool samples collected were 61 from SDN Tanah Tinggi 01 Pagi<br />Central Jakarta, 57 from SDN Pondok Bambu 04 Duren Sawit East Jakarta, 57 from SDN 02 Bantar Gebang Bekasi, 52 from SDN Cikedokan 01 Kecamatan Cikarang Barat Bekasi and 55 from SDN Cakung Serang. The samples collected had fulfilled the inclusion criteria, aged 6-12 years, had agreed and signed the informed consent sheet. Exclusion criteria included taking worm medicine 6 months earlier and not collecting feces on a predetermined day. Examination of the sample was carried out by the Kato-Katz method. The results of this study indicate that, there is only one school that is positive for helminthiasis, while 4 other schools are negative. At SDN in Serang (Banten) 9 children were found infected with STH or prevalence was 16.4% with mild intensity. The types of STH found were Ascaris lumbricoides (68.75%), Trichuris trichiura (31.25%), and no eggs from Necator americanus. The highest frequency occurs in children aged 6-8 years. There is no significant relationship between the prevalence and rate of STH infection with age and sex.</p>

scholarly journals Asymptomatic and sub-microscopic Plasmodium falciparum infection in children in the Mount Cameroon area: a cross-sectional study on altitudinal influence, haematological parameters and risk factors

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Ule Ngole Sumbele ◽  
Rene Ning Teh ◽  
Gillian Asoba Nkeudem ◽  
Sorelle Mekachie Sandie ◽  
Marcel Nyuylam Moyeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Haemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Haematological Parameters ◽  
Full Blood Count ◽  
Asymptomatic Malaria ◽  
Malaria Parasitaemia ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mount Cameroon ◽  
Cell Counts

Abstract Background The Mount Cameroon area has experienced a 57.2% decline in confirmed malaria cases between 2006 and 2013 with the implementation of different control measures but, the disease is still of public health concern. The objective of the study was to assess the burden of asymptomatic and sub-microscopic Plasmodium infection, altitudinal influence on it, their effect on haematological parameters as well as identify the risk factors of infection. Methodology A cross-sectional community-based survey involving 1319 children of both sexes aged 6 months to 14 years was conducted between July 2017 and May 2018. Malaria parasitaemia was confirmed by Giemsa-stained microscopy, sub-microscopic Plasmodium infection by 18S mRNA using nested PCR and full blood count analysis was done using an auto haematology analyser. Results Malaria parasite, asymptomatic malaria parasitaemia and sub-microscopic Plasmodium infection and anaemia were prevalent in 36.4%, 34.0%, 43.8% and 62.3% of the children, respectively. The risk of having sub-microscopic Plasmodium infection was highest in children 5‒9 (OR = 3.13, P < 0.001) and 10‒14 years of age (OR = 8.18, P < 0.001), non-insecticide treated net users (OR = 1.69, P < 0.04) and those anaemic (OR = 9.01, P < 0.001). Children with sub-microscopic infection had a significantly lower mean haemoglobin (9.86 ± 1.7 g/dL, P < 0.001), red blood cell counts (4.48 ± 1.1 × 1012/L, P < 0.001), haematocrit (31.92%, P < 0.001), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (313.25 ± 47.36, P = 0.035) and platelet counts (280.83 ± 112.62, P < 0.001) than their negative counterparts. Children < 5 years old (73.8%), having asymptomatic (69.8%) and sub-microscopic Plasmodium infection (78.3%) as well as resident in the middle belt (72.7%) had a higher prevalence of anaemia than their peers. Conclusion The meaningful individual-level heterogeneity in the burden of asymptomatic and sub-microscopic Plasmodium infection in addition to its corollary on haematological variables among children in the different attitudinal sites of the Mount Cameroon Region accentuate the need for strategic context specific planning of malaria control and preventative measures.

scholarly journals THE CORRELATION BETWEEN WATER, SANITATION, AND HYGIENE WITH SOIL-TRANSMITTED HELMINTHS INFECTION AMONG ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CHILDREN OF ARU ISLANDS DISTRICT, MALUKU

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 273
Author(s):  
Tiffany Konstantin ◽  
Indah Setyawati Tantular ◽  
Alpha Fardah Athiyyah ◽  
Lynda Rossyanti
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
School Students ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Soil Transmitted Helminths ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Stool Samples

ABSTRACTSoil-Transmitted Helminths (STH) infection is the most common intestinal parasite infection in Indonesia. STH infection can interfere with child development and cause cognitive impairment in severe cases.  The school-age group is the most susceptible to STH infection because of direct contact with soil in the school yard. STH infection incidence can be avoided by adequate water, healthy latrines, and good hygiene and can be improved by proper interventions. This study aimed to analyze the correlation between Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) with STH infection in Aru Islands District, Maluku. This study used a cross-sectional design and was conducted in Elementary Schools in Karangguli and Wokam villages, Aru Islands district, Maluku. One hundred and six stool samples were collected from both villages. The sociodemographic and WASH data were collected using the interview method. Stool samples were collected and examined for STH infection using a direct smear technique on the light microscope. Data statistical analysis was performed by the SPSS program using the Chi-square or Fischer’s Exact test. The examination results showed that 73 students (68.9%) were infected with STH. The bivariate analysis showed that water source (p = 0.000002), defecation place (p = 0.002), and washing hands after defecation (p = 0.048) were all significantly correlated with STH infection. This study concluded that WASH variables which were water source, defecation place, and washing hands after defecation had a significant correlation with STH infection. Keywords: Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH); soil-transmitted helminths infection; elementary school students.

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