Protein supplementation of high protein alfalfa silage fed to lactating dairy cows

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 831-841 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. H. Robinson ◽  
R. E. McQueen ◽  
E. Charmley
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Casein Diet ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Alfalfa Silage

Eight multiparous cows in late lactation were fed alfalfa silage ad libitum twice daily and one of four supplements seven times daily. Supplements differed in level of barley (1.65 kg DM d−1) for the control diet and 2.40 kg DM d−1 for supplemented diets) and source of supplemental protein (control diet: none; blood meal diet: 100% blood meal; blood meal–casein diet: 50% blood meal and 50% casein; casein diet: 100% casein). Silage contributed approximately 90% of dietary dry matter (DM) in the control diet and about 85% in supplemented diets. Intake of DM and crude protein (CP) was lower for control than for supplemented diets. Intake of DM, organic matter, neutral detergent fibre and CP all increased linearly as casein replaced blood meal. Rumen concentrations of volatile fatty acids and pH suggested that fermentation was stimulated as casein replaced blood meal. Production of milk, protein and lactose was higher for supplemented cows. Control cows lost 0.66 kg d−1 of body weight, and this differed from the body weight change for supplemented cows. The overall performance of animals on supplemented diets was judged superior to that of animals on the control diet, and overall performance was also judged to have improved within supplemented diets as casein replaced blood meal. Data collected did not conclusively identify the mechanism for improved performance with casein; however, it seems likely that increased rumen microbial growth and passage to the lower digestive tract improved both energy and protein status. Key words: Dairy cows, protein, rumen, casein, blood meal

Digestibility of Nutrients as Influenced by Supplementation of Exogenous Fibrolytic Enzymes in Dry Non-pregnant Cows

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (04) ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M, Lunagariya ◽  
R. S. Gupta ◽  
S. V. Shah ◽  
Y. G. Patel
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
The Body ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Fibrolytic Enzymes ◽  
Nitrogen Free Extract

The study was planned to evaluate the effect of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (EFE) supplementation for 56 days @ 240 mg/kg total mixed ration (TMR) on digestibility of dry matter and nutrients in dairy cows. Six dry non-pregnant cows were assigned in each treatment with and without EFE. The digestibility trial of seven days was conducted after 49 days of feeding. Dry matter and nutrients intake of cows was not influenced by EFE. The supplementation of EFE had improved digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber, cellulose (p less than 0.01), as well as digestibility of nitrogen-free extract and acid detergent fiber, was also higher (pless than 0.05). The body weight gain of cows was higher on the supplementation of EFE in TMR. The study concluded that feeding exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (240 mg/kg) supplemented TMR improved digestibility of dry matter and nutrients, which was reflected as higher body weight gain in dry non-pregnant Gir and crossbred dairy cows.

scholarly journals The growth and development of rats given a low-protein diet

1972 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 527-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. T. Dickerson ◽  
P. C. R. Hughes ◽  
P. A. McAnulty
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
The Body ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Casein Diet ◽  
Control Value ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
The Brain

1. Weanling (24-d-old) rats of a black and white hooded strain were allowed free access for 28 d to a diet containing 5% casein supplemented with methionine, and sucrose as the carbohydrate. Controls were fed on a 25% casein diet with a corresponding reduction in sucrose. Animals given the deficient diet were killed either at 52 d of age or after subsequent rehabilitation on the 25% casein diet when aged 140 d. These animals were compared with controls killed at these two ages and at the start of the experiment.2. The skeletons were X-rayed, skeletal maturity was determined according to a scoring system, and various bones were measured. The forebrain and cerebellum were analysed for cholesterol and DNA and the brain stem for cholesterol only. The DNA content of the paired quadriceps muscles and the livers was also determined.3. On the low-protein diet the body-weight rose by 7 g compared with the control value of 115 g. On rehabilitation, the body-weight of the previously malnourished group showed the expected growth spurt, but failed to attain that of the controls at 140 d.4. With the exception of the pelvis width, all the bones grew a little during the period on the low-protein diet. After rehabilitation, the hind limb, pelvis, iliac and spine lengths and the bi-iliac width remained smaller than these measurements in the corresponding controls, whereas there was no difference in the length of the fore limb, width of the pelvis or in the bone maturity score.5. The forebrains and cerebellums of the malnourished rats did not increase in weight, whereas some increase occurred in the brain stem. The concentration of cholesterol in the forebrains of the deficient animals was the same as that in controls of the same age, but on rehabilitation the concentration did not rise to the control value. The concentration of cholesterol in the cerebellum and brain stem of the deficient rats was lower than in controls of the same age but, whereas that in the cerebellum attained an almost normal level on rehabilitation, that in the brain stem remained significantly lower. The low-protein diet prevented the normal increase in cerebellum DNA and the amount remained low in the rehabilitated animals.6. The experimental diet caused a complete cessation of growth of the quadriceps muscles, and even after rehabilitation they weighed less than their controls. The DNA content, however, was not significantly lower.7. The low-protein diet did not permanently affect either the weight or DNA content of the liver.

scholarly journals A Method to Increase the Viability of Cyprinus Carpio (Linnaeus, 1758) Stocking of the Aquatories Under the Influence Advanced Biotechnologies

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 139-148
Author(s):  
Olena Honcharova ◽  
Pavlo Kutishchev ◽  
Yevgen Korzhov
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Chlorella Vulgaris ◽  
Spirulina Platensis ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Artemia Salina ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Natural Food

This research investigated Spirulina Platensis, Chlorella vulgaris and Artemia salina as additional sources of protein and biologically active substances that affect the parameters of the carp body. Additional addition of carp to the diet in the ratio: Spirulina Platensis - 40%, Chlorella vulgaris - 30% and Artemia salina - 30% made an impact on the parameters of carp development. The components were cultured in a bioreactor built into a recirculating aquaculture system. The results showed that after additional feeding of carp with the indicated components, the body weight of one-year carp was higher than the control group by 8.9%, and safety by 3.4%. Body weight two year carp was greater in the experimental group than in the group where the fish ate the total diet. The difference was 12.1% in body weight and 2.9% in safety. These parameters were significantly lower in fish fed the control diet (P<0.05). This scientific work has demonstrated the additional use of natural food as a method for improving the blood composition of carp: an increase in hemoglobin by 15.5% (P<0.05), erythrocytes by 5.5% in comparison with the control group. Indicators of gas-discharge visualization of a biological object supplemented the obtained result.

FEEDING VALUE OF WET CORN GLUTEN FEED FOR LACTATING DAIRY COWS

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. K. MACLEOD ◽  
D. G. GRIEVE ◽  
D. J. BARNEY ◽  
W. RAFALOWSKI ◽  
T. E. DROPPO
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Corn Gluten ◽  
Corn Gluten Feed ◽  
Wet Corn Gluten Feed ◽  
Gluten Feed

In two trials 57 and 44 Holstein cows were used to determine the effect of feeding wet corn gluten feed (CGF) on total dry matter (DM) intake and milk production. Treatments compared were: Trial I, control vs. wet CGF at either 18.6 or 37.1% of ration DM; Trial II, control vs. dried or wet CGF each at 26% of ration DM. Within each treatment in Trial II, cows were balanced to receive sodium bicarbonate in either the first or second half of the 10-wk experimental period. Total mixed rations were offered ad libitum. In Trial I the multiparous cows fed either level of CGF, consumed less DM and produced less actual and solids-corrected milk (SCM) than did those fed the control diet. Differences across treatments were greater in the first 4 wk. Primiparous cows showed no (P > 0.05) treatment effects. In Trial II parities were similar in response to treatment. Sodium bicarbonate did not (P > 0.05) affect performance. Milk yield was lower (P < 0.05) on wet CGF than on the control diet but fat- and solids-corrected milk yield, DM intake and body weight change were similar, and fat percent in milk greater for wet CGF. Feeding dried CGF resulted in greater (P < 0.05) DM intake, SCM, percent protein in milk and body weight changes than either control or wet CGF. Wet CGF was lower (P < 0.05) in insoluble N and higher in soluble NPN than dried CGF. We concluded that dried CGF is superior to wet CGF for lactating cows but that wet CGF should be considered for feeding when cost/benefit analysis suggests an economic advantage. Key words: Wet corn gluten feed, lactation, dairy cows, protein solubility

Effect of soybean roasting and monensin on microbial protein synthesis, ruminal parameters and plasma metabolites of lactating dairy cows

2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 625
Author(s):  
E. Abdi ◽  
F. Fatahnia ◽  
M. Dehghan Banadaki ◽  
A. Azarfar ◽  
S. G. Mosavi
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Plasma Metabolites ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Dietary Treatments

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of inclusion of roasted whole soybean seed and monensin (MO) in the diets of lactating dairy cows on plasma metabolites, ruminal parameters, and microbial protein synthesised in the rumen. Four multiparous Holstein lactating dairy cows (third parity; 656 ± 55 kg of liveweight; 83 ± 10 days in milk; 35 ± 4 kg/day milk yield) were assigned to a balanced 4 × 4 Latin square design. Each experimental period lasted 21 days with 14 days of treatment adaptation and 7 days of data collection. The control diet (C) was a total mixed ration consisting of 40% forage and 60% concentrate mixture on a dry matter (DM) basis. These cows were randomly assigned to one of the four dietary treatments. The first treatment was the C diet of unprocessed whole soybean seed, second was the C diet supplemented with 24 mg of MO/kg of DM (M), the third was roasted whole soybean seed (R) and the fourth treatment was R diet supplemented with 24 mg of MO/kg of DM (RM). Urinary excretion of creatinine and purine derivatives, microbial protein synthesised in the rumen, rumen pH and rumen concentrations of volatile fatty acids and ammonia were similar among the dietary treatments (P > 0.05). Orthogonal contrasts showed that the rumen concentration of acetate was lower in MO-supplemented cows than non-supplemented cows (P < 0.05). Dietary treatments had no effects on plasma concentrations of glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides and total protein (P > 0.05). Plasma concentration of urea was significantly lower in cows fed with the RM diet compared with cows fed the C and M diets (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary treatments had no effect on microbial protein synthesised in the rumen, plasma metabolites (except for plasma concentration of urea) and ruminal parameters of dairy cows.

scholarly journals Rumen fermentation and microbial population in lactating dairy cows receiving diets containing oilseeds rich in C-18 fatty acids

2012 ◽  
Vol 109 (7) ◽  
pp. 1211-1218 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ivan ◽  
H. V. Petit ◽  
J. Chiquette ◽  
A.-D. G. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Cellulolytic Bacteria ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Dietary Linoleic Acid ◽  
Quality Of Milk

Sixteen Holstein rumen-cannulated primiparous milking dairy cows were fed a control diet (CN) based on maize silage and soyabean meal during a 4-week period before the start of a 21-d experiment with oilseeds containing high concentration of linoleic acid (Linola™) or linolenic acid (NuLin™). Thereafter, four cows receivedad libitumone of each of four dietary treatments comprising of CN, Linola (LN), NuLin (NL) and LN/NL (50/50 % combination). Each LN, NL and LN/NL treatment contained 6 % oil of DM. Rumen digesta samples were collected on days 6, 11, 16 and 21 and milk samples on days 13, 15 and 17. There were no effects (P>0·05) of the oilseeds on pH and concentrations of NH3-N and total volatile fatty acids, while the acetate:propionate ratio was decreased (P< 0·05). The oilseeds also decreased (P< 0·05) protozoa and increased (P< 0·1) total cellulolytic bacteria in rumen fluid, especially when containing high dietary linoleic acid (P< 0·05). The milk protein concentration was increased (P< 0·1) by the dietary linoleic acid, which produced most beneficial results. It was concluded that supplements of linoleic acid in diets of ruminants might contribute to better digestion of dietary fibre and increased quality of milk.

scholarly journals Nutritional Value of Putak: Apparent Metabolisable Energy, and Growth Performance

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Catootjie L. Nalle ◽  
Marlin R.K. Yowi ◽  
Defrys R. Tulle
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
The Body ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate nutritional value of putak for broilers. Experiment 1. The apparent metabolisable energy of raw and fermented putak were determined. The experimental design used was completely randomized design with three treatments and four replicates. Total of 64 broilers were randomly distributed to 16 pens. A maize-soybean meal basal diet was formulated and three assay diets were then developed by substituting putak (raw, and fermented, 250 g kg-1, w/w), and maize (500 g kg-1, w/w) of the basal diet. Even though the AME and AMEn values of fermented putak were comparable to that of raw putak and maize, but it was slightly higher than that of raw putak. Experiment 2. Using the AME value of raw putak obtained in Experiment 1, five treatment diets containing 0 to 200 g kg-1 putak were formulated. The body weight gain of broilers fed 150 - 200 g kg-1-1 putak was higher to that of control diet, but it was similar to those fed 50-100 g kg-1 putak. No differences were found in FCR and mortality rate. Feed intake of broilers fed diets containing putak was higher than that of control diet. In conclusion, the AME and AMEn values of putak, fermented putak, and maize were comparable. Putak can be included in broiler diets up to 200 g kg-1 without detrimental effects.

scholarly journals Growth Performance and Digestibility of Starter Broiler Chicks Fed Diets Containing Different Duration of Fermented Baobab (Adansonia digitata) Seed Meal

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 37-42
Author(s):  
I. Y. Gang ◽  
F. B. P. Abang ◽  
D. T. Shaahu
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
The Body ◽  
Seed Meal ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Adansonia Digitata ◽  
Final Body Weight

A nutrient retention and growth performance study were conducted with broiler chicks to evaluate the effect of different duration of fermented baobab seed meal (FBSM). Fermented baobab (Adansonia digitata) seeds were ground and incorporated in the diets at 12% dietary level. Diet 1 (control diet) had no BSM. Diet 2 had unfermented BSM. Diets 3, 4 and 5 had baobab seed meal (BSM) fermented for 48 h, 72 h and 96 h, respectively. Two hundred and forty (240) Arbor Acre chicks at one-week old were weighed and distributed to these dietary treatments. The five (5) treatments were replicated four (4) times in a completely randomized design, with 12 birds per replicate (48 per treatment). The diets did not significantly (p>0.05) influenced Feed intake, final body weight, feed conversion ratio and protein intake across treatments. The body weight gain and protein efficiency ratio of the chicks fed 96 h fermented BSM were not significantly (p>0.05) different with those fed control diet but were significantly (p<0.05) higher than chicks of other treatment groups. Starter broiler chicks fed T4 had significantly (p<0.05) higher nutrient digestibility parameters across treatments, except for EE and CF that were highly digested by chicks fed T3 and T1 respectively. In conclusion the performance of broiler chicks fed 96 h FBSM competed favorably with those fed control diet, whereas, chicks placed on 72 h FBSM recorded better result of nutrient digestibility.

scholarly journals Dietary Encapsulated Essential Oils Improve Production Performance of Coccidiosis Vaccine-challenged Broiler Chickens

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeong-Woo Lee ◽  
Da-Hye Kim ◽  
Yoo Bhin Kim ◽  
Su-Been Jeong ◽  
Sungtaek Oh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Vaccine Dose ◽  
Production Performance

The present study was conducted to evaluate encapsulated essential oils as an alternative anticoccidial in coccidiosis vaccine challenged broiler chickens. A total of 600 day-old male broiler chicks were provided with no-added corn-soybean meal-based control diet or diets that contained either salinomycin or EO at 60 and 120 mg per kg of diet. On day 21, half of the control groups were orally challenged with a coccidiosis vaccine at 25 times higher than the recommended vaccine dose. During 22 to 28 days (i.e., one-week post coccidiosis vaccine challenge), the challenged chickens had decrease (P &lt; 0.05) in body weight gain and feed intake but increase in feed conversion ratio compared with the non-challenged, na&iuml;ve control chickens. However, dietary EO significantly counteracted (P &lt; 0.05) coccidiosis vaccine-induced depression in body weight gain and feed intake. Increasing dietary EO linearly decreased (P &lt; 0.05) the concentrations of the volatile fatty acids. Dietary SAL and EO affected gut morphology in chickens at 20 days posthatch. Increasing dietary EO linearly (P = 0.073) increased serum catalase activity. Collectively, our study shows that dietary EO increased coccidiosis vaccine-induced growth depression and altered gut physiology in broiler chickens.

scholarly journals Feed intake, morphological characteristics and economics of production of Red Sokoto goats fed urea treated ensiled cowpea husk based diets

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 218-226
Author(s):  
O. A. Olafadehan ◽  
S. A. Okunade ◽  
A. A. Njidda ◽  
A. J. Shoyombo ◽  
G. C. Okoye
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
The Body ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
Body Dimension ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Daily Intakes

Body dimension measurements have been used in estimating body weight and appropriate pricing of meat animals. Thus, 18 healthy intact growing Red Sokoto male goats, with 13.4±0.59 kg body weight (BW), were used in a completely randomized design to evaluate the inclusion rates of urea treated ensiled cowpea husk (UECH) at 0, 35 and 70% to replace 0, 50 and 100% of dried brewers' grains (DBG) on voluntary intake, body weight, morphological and testicular characteristics, and economics of production for 70 d. Daily intakes of dry matter (g/d and % BW), crude protein, organic matter, nitrogen free extract, neutral detergent fibre and lignin were not (p>0.05) affected by diets. Whereas intakes of ether extract and hemicellulose progressively decreased (p<0.05), intakes of cellulose and mineral contrastingly increased (p<005) with increasing UECH replacement for DBG. Intake of acid detergent fibre was greater (p<0.05) for the treatment diets relative to the control diet. Diet effects on the body weight, linear body measurements and testicular morphology of the goats were marginal (p>0.05), except for initial scrotal length which was markedly (p<0.05) affected. Cost of feeding declined with the increasing UECH rate in the diet. Cost of feed consumed/goat and cost of feeding/kg BW gain were higher (p<0.05) for the control diet than for the treatment diets. In contrast to savings on cost of feeding which was higher (p<0.05) for 70%UECHthan 35%UECH, differential and relative benefitswere outstanding (p<0.05) for 35%UECH. Value of chevon and net benefitwere greater (p<0.05) for 35% UECH relative to 0 and 70% UECH. These findings suggest that UECH can be safely used up to 70% level in a concentrate mixture for growing goats, completely substituting dried brewers' grains, without depressing voluntary intake, body weight, morphological and testicular parameters, and improve economic benefits to farmers. However, for better economic returns, 35%UECHis superior to70%UECH.

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