scholarly journals Foreign Guests in Ancient Greece

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 19-32
Author(s):  
Zora Žbontar
Keyword(s):  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Special Relationship ◽  
Mutual Aid ◽  
Greek Drama ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The People ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
Foreign Guest ◽  
Social Backgrounds

Xenía was a special relationship between a foreign guest and his host in Ancient Greece. The ritual of hosting a foreigner included an exchange of objects, feasting, and the establishment of friendship between people from different social backgrounds. This relationship implied trust, loyalty, friendship, and mutual aid between the people involved. Goods and services were also exchanged without any form of payment. There were no formal laws governing xenía – it was based entirely on a moral appeal. Mutual appreciation between the host and the guest was established during the ritual, but the host did retain a certain level of superiority over the guest. Xenía was one of the most important institutions in Ancient Greece. It had a lot of features and obligations similar to kinship and marriage. In literary sources the word xénos varies in meaning from “enemy stranger”, “friendly stranger”, “foreigner”, “guest”, “host” to “ritual friend”, and it is often hard to tell which usage is appropriate in a given passage. The paper describes the emphasis on hospitality towards foreigners. It presents an example of a depiction indicating xenía is presented, as well as several objects which were traded during the ritual. The paper also addresses the importance of hospitality in Greek drama in general, especially with examples of violations of the hospitality code.

scholarly journals Foreign Guests in Ancient Greece

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 19-32
Author(s):  
Zora Žbontar
Keyword(s):  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Special Relationship ◽  
Mutual Aid ◽  
Greek Drama ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The People ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
Foreign Guest ◽  
Social Backgrounds

Xenía was a special relationship between a foreign guest and his host in Ancient Greece. The ritual of hosting a foreigner included an exchange of objects, feasting, and the establishment of friendship between people from different social backgrounds. This relationship implied trust, loyalty, friendship, and mutual aid between the people involved. Goods and services were also exchanged without any form of payment. There were no formal laws governing xenía – it was based entirely on a moral appeal. Mutual appreciation between the host and the guest was established during the ritual, but the host did retain a certain level of superiority over the guest. Xenía was one of the most important institutions in Ancient Greece. It had a lot of features and obligations similar to kinship and marriage. In literary sources the word xénos varies in meaning from “enemy stranger”, “friendly stranger”, “foreigner”, “guest”, “host” to “ritual friend”, and it is often hard to tell which usage is appropriate in a given passage. The paper describes the emphasis on hospitality towards foreigners. It presents an example of a depiction indicating xenía is presented, as well as several objects which were traded during the ritual. The paper also addresses the importance of hospitality in Greek drama in general, especially with examples of violations of the hospitality code.

GST - Sway On Small Scale Industries

2019 ◽  
Vol 118 (10) ◽  
pp. 365-372
Author(s):  
Jayanti.G ◽  
Dr. V.Selvam
Keyword(s):  
State Government ◽  
Tax Reform ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Single Tax ◽  
The People ◽  
Indirect Taxes ◽  
The Government

India being a democratic and republic country, has witnessed the biggest indirect tax reform after much exploration, GST bill roll out on 1 April 2017.  The concept of this reform is for a unified country-wide tax reform system.  Enterprises particularly SMEs are caught in a state of instability.  Several taxes such s excise, service tax etc., have been subsumed with a single tax structure. it is the responsibilities of both centre and state government to shoulder the important responsibility to cater the needs of the people and the nation as a whole.  The main basis of income to the government is through levy of taxes.  To meet the so called socio-economic needs and economic growth, taxes are considered as a main source of revenue for the government.  As per Wikipedia “A tax is a mandatory financial charge or some other type of levy imposed upon tax payer by the government in order to fund various public expenditure”   it is said that tax payment is mandatory, failure to pay such taxes will be punishable under the law.   The Indian tax system is classified as direct and indirect tax.   The indirect taxes are levied on purchase, sale, and manufacture of goods and provision of service.  The indirect tax on goods and services increases its price, this can lead to inflationary trend.  Contribution of indirect taxes to total tax revenue is more than 50% in India, therefore, indirect tax is considered as a major source of tax revenue for the government, which in turn is one of source for GDP growth.  Though indirect tax is a major source of revenue, it had lot of hassles.  To overcome the major issues of indirect tax system the government of India subsumed most of the indirect tax which in turn gave birth to the concept called Goods and Service Tax.

Concept and Applications of M-Commerce in India

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 58-60
Author(s):  
Katanakal Sarada ◽  
◽  
Dr. K. Nirmalamma ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Online Shopping ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
Mobile App ◽  
Smart Phones ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Portable Devices ◽  
Market Place ◽  
Desktop Computer ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The People

Mobile commerce is the buying and selling of goods and Services through wireless handled devices such as smart phones and tablets etc. Ecommerce Users to access M-commerce enables online shopping platforms without needing to use & a desktop computer. For example, purchase and sale of products. Online like banking and paying bills. (Virtual market place apps the Amazon mobile App, Android pay, Samsung pay etc...) The main idea behind M. commerce Is to enable various applications and services available on the internet to portable devices (mobiles, laptops, tables etc.) to overcome the constraints of a desktop computer. M commerce aims Serve all information and material needs of the people in a convenient and easy way.

Ripples from the First Wave: The Monarchical Origins of the Welfare State

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 992-1016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eileen McDonagh
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
Max Weber ◽  
Care Work ◽  
Public Provision ◽  
The Public ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Parental Roles ◽  
The People ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Welfare State

Before the welfare state, people were protected from disabilities resulting from illness, old age, and other infirmities by care work provided within the family. When the state assumes responsibility for care-work tasks, in effect it assumes parental roles, thereby becoming a form offamilial governmentin which the public provision of goods and services is analogous to care work provided in the family. My research pushes back the origins of the state’s obligation to care for people to a preindustrial form of government, hereditary monarchies—what Max Weber termed patrimonialism. It explicates how monarchs were cast as the parents of the people, thereby constituting kingship as a care work regime that assigned to political rulers parental responsibility for the welfare of the people. Using historical and quantitative analysis, I establish that retaining the legitimacy of monarchies as the first form of familial government in the course of Western European democratizing makes it more credible to the public and to political elites to accept the welfare state as the second form of familial government. That, in turn, promotes a more robust public sector supportive of social provision. The results reformulate conceptions of the contemporary welfare state and its developmental legacies.

scholarly journals Legal Protection for Consumers on Unlabelled Processed Food from Seaweed in Brebes Regency

2018 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 06010
Author(s):  
Dwi Edi Wibowo ◽  
Benny Diah Madusari
Keyword(s):  
Legal Protection ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Processed Food ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The People ◽  
Sense Of Security ◽  
Approach Method ◽  
The Government ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
Set Up

Some certain types of seaweed, such as Euchema, Cottoni, Gracelaria, are also cultivated by people who live at coastal areas in Java. They make seaweed as a processed food like candies and solid porridge (dodol) because seaweed contains many nutrient substances, such as water (27,8%), protein (5,4%), carbohydrate (33,3%), fat (8,6%), coarse fiber (3%) and ashes (22,25%). Government should convince or guarantee with legal certainties, that people who consume goods and services, especially food products are safe, so that the existing of Rules as well as the regulations and other law for products set up and launched by the government, for giving protection to the people who use or consume the goods and products, will possibly bring a sense of security and improve welfare. The question is how is the legal protection for consumers on unlabelled processed food from seaweed? The Approach method used is empirical-juridical method which is used to solve problems by conducting research on primary data in the field. Juridical itself is a kind of research method referring to the law, the currently in force laws and regulations, and the theory of law.The regulations used in this research are Regulation No 8 / 1999 concerning Customers’ protection that is Regulation No.18 / 2012 concerning food.

Lay Community and Church Instituions of the Lahngau in the Late Middle ages

1969 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-47
Author(s):  
Theodor Brodek
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Statistical Approach ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
The People ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
Development Of Attitudes ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship of the lay community to clerical institutions during the Middle Ages and especially in the pre–Reformation Era has long been a subject of methodical investigation. It has, however, proven extremely difficult to gain reliable evidence regarding subjective attitudes towards the clergy. Once the basic literary sources have been culled, further elucidation of the development of attitudes on the part of the majority of the people tends to become vague and hesitant or to rely on post hoc explanations. In this brief study, I have experimented with a statistical approach to the problem by tabulating the records of donations to three church institutions of the Lahngau in order to be able to trace, if at all possible, the evolution of attitudes which they reflect. I have, furthermore, attempted to test the hypothesis that the subjective attitudes of a social class towards a church institution are partially conditioned by the effective power exercised on the institution in question at the local level by the donor group.

Ut musica poesis: Music and Poetry in France in the Late Sixteenth Century

1994 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 1-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard Mayer Brown
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
World Order ◽  
Pierre De Ronsard ◽  
Ideal Form ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Crucial Part

By praising rulers, whose magnificence formed a crucial part of the world order, Pierre de Ronsard and his French colleagues in the second half of the sixteenth century often depicted the world not as it was but as it ought to be. This idea informs Margaret McGowan's book on ideal forms in the age of Ronsard, in which she explores the ways poets and painters extolled the virtues and the theatrical magnificence of perfect princes following the Horatian dictum ut pictura poesis: as is painting so is poetry. McGowan demonstrates the virtuosity of the painters and poets of the sixteenth century in shaping their hymns of praise from the subject matter and ideals of ancient Greece and Rome by following Horace's advice to regard paintings as mute poems and poems as speaking pictures. McGowan shows how artists and intellectuals pursued their goals by creating four kinds of ideal form: iconic forms, sacred images derived from classical literary sources offering princes some guarantee of immortality; triumphal forms that evoke the heroic imperial past; ideal forms of beauty to be found in contemplating the beloved; and dancing forms that mirror rituals of celebration. McGowan claims that such ideal forms were intended to enlighten the ruler himself as much as they celebrated his grandeur in the eyes of others.

scholarly journals Goods and Services Tax and Sales and Services Tax in Malaysia: A Review of Literature

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 208
Author(s):  
Morni Hayati Jaafar Sidik ◽  
Nur Jannah Muhaidin ◽  
Masniza Supar
Keyword(s):  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Tax Reforms ◽  
Scholarly Journals ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The People ◽  
Prior Literature ◽  
The Government ◽  
Business Entities ◽  
Analyse Data ◽  
Malaysian Government

Introduction: Tax is the main source of revenue for the Malaysian government. Thus, to increase the government revenue, Goods Services Tax (GST) was implemented in Malaysia starting from April 2015 to replace the Sales and Services Tax (SST). However, starting from September 2018, the GST has been replaced back by the SST.Methodology: The study will review the prior literature on the tax reforms. It will analyse data from scholarly journals, newspapers, review articles and other related documents. The focus will be on the implementation of GST and new SST in Malaysia from different stakeholders’ perspective.Results: The results indicate that SST is much better to match with the Malaysian environment. This is because SST is tax friendly for both the business entities and the people of Malaysia.Conclusion and Recommendations: The findings would contribute to the literature and explains whether the move made by the Malaysian government to revert to SST is justifiable.

Sport

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay Schulkin
Keyword(s):  
Human Activities ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Behavioral Research ◽  
Professional Athletes ◽  
Philosophical Inquiry ◽  
Fundamental Part ◽  
The People ◽  
Intellectual Achievement

Sports are as varied as the people who play them. We run, jump, and swim. We kick, hit, and shoot balls. We ride sleds in the snow and surf in the sea. From the Olympians of ancient Greece to today’s professional athletes, from adult pickup soccer games to children’s gymnastics classes, people at all levels of ability at all times and in all places have engaged in sport. What drives this phenomenon? In Sport, the neuroscientist Jay Schulkin argues that biology and culture do more than coexist when we play sports—they blend together seamlessly, propelling each other toward greater physical and intellectual achievement. To support this claim, Schulkin discusses history, literature, and art—and engages philosophical inquiry and recent behavioral research. He connects sport’s basic neural requirements, including spatial and temporal awareness, inference, memory, agency, direction, competitive spirit, and endurance, to the demands of other human activities. He affirms sport’s natural role as a creative evolutionary catalyst, turning the external play of sports inward and bringing insight to the diversion that defines our species. Sport, we learn, is a fundamental part of human life.

Aspects of ancient Macedonian costume

1993 ◽  
Vol 113 ◽  
pp. 122-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chryssoula Saatsoglou-Paliadeli
Keyword(s):  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Northern Greece ◽  
Archaeological Investigation ◽  
The Past ◽  
The People ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
Hellenistic World

A judicious combination of literary sources and archaeological research has often offered rewarding historical insights. In Macedonian studies such attempts have tended to be less fruitful, due to the scanty nature of the material and literary evidence. Now that archaeological investigation has expanded so widely in Northern Greece, it may be time to reassess aspects of Macedonian culture which have in the past been tackled with more enthusiasm than actual evidence, not surprisingly in view of the age-long interest in the people who shaped the Hellenistic world.

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