Antimicrobial activities and phytochemical analysis of extracts from Ormocarpum trichocarpum (Taub.) and Euclea divinorum (Hiern) used as traditional medicine in Tanzania

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Mhuji Kilonzo ◽  
Chrispinus Rubanza ◽  
Upendo Richard ◽  
Gideon Sangiwa
Keyword(s):  
Traditional Medicine ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Root Bark ◽  
Final Volume ◽  
Mic Value

Background: Medicinal plants have been of great value to human healthcare in most parts of the world for thousands of years. In Tanzania, over 12,000 species of higher plants have been reported, and about 10% are estimated to be used as medicines to treat different human health conditions. The present study aimed to determine in vitro antimicrobial activities and phytochemical analysis of Ormocarpum trichocarpum and Euclea divinorum which are commonly used as a traditional medicine in Tanzania. Methods: Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of plants extracts against tested bacterial and fungal species were determined using 96 wells microdilution method. In this method, 50 μL of nutrient and saboraud’s dextrose broth for bacteria and fungus respectively were loaded in each well followed by 50 μL of extract to make final volume of 100 μL. Subsequently 50 μL were transferred from first rows of each well to the second rows and the process was repeated down the columns to the last wells from which 50 μL were discarded. Thereafter, 50 μL of the selected bacterial and fungal suspension was added to each well thus making final volume of 100μL. The lowest concentration which showed no microbe growth was considered as MIC. The study also evaluated phytochemical compounds present in the ethyl acetate extracts from O. trichocarpum stem bark and E. divinorum root bark extract using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. Results: It was revealed that 66% of the tested microbes were susceptible to plant extracts at MIC value of 0.39 mg/mL whereas 83% being susceptible to extracts at MIC value of 0.781 mg/mL. Interestingly, four out of 18 tested plant extracts exhibited high antifungal activity below that of the standard antifungal drug, fluconazole. The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of various low molecular weight phytochemicals which belongs to six groups of secondary metabolites namely dieterpenes, alphatic hydrocarbons, tetraterpenes, sesquiterpenes, steroid and triterpenes. Conclusion: It was concluded that the presence of various phytochemicals in the tested plant extracts may be associated with pharmacological properties of O. trichocarpum and E. divinorum and therefore justifying ethnomedical usage of such plants.   Keywords: Antibacterial, antifungal, Ormocarpum trichocarpum, Euclea divinorum

scholarly journals Chemical Profile of Lipophilic Fractions of Different Parts of Zizyphus lotus L. by GC-MS and Evaluation of Their Antiproliferative and Antibacterial Activities

Molecules ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 483
Author(s):  
Sofia Zazouli ◽  
Mohammed Chigr ◽  
Patrícia A. B. Ramos ◽  
Daniela Rosa ◽  
Maria M. Castro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Cancer Cell Line ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Root Bark ◽  
Lipophilic Compounds

Zizyphus lotus L. is a perennial shrub particularly used in Algerian folk medicine, but little is known concerning the lipophilic compounds in the most frequently used parts, namely, root bark, pulp, leaves and seeds, which are associated with health benefits. In this vein, the lipophilic fractions of these morphological parts of Z. lotus from Morocco were studied by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), and their antiproliferative and antimicrobial activities were evaluated. GC–MS analysis allowed the identification and quantification of 99 lipophilic compounds, including fatty acids, long-chain aliphatic alcohols, pentacyclic triterpenic compounds, sterols, monoglycerides, aromatic compounds and other minor components. Lipophilic extracts of pulp, leaves and seeds were revealed to be mainly composed of fatty acids, representing 54.3–88.6% of the total compounds detected. The leaves and seeds were particularly rich in unsaturated fatty acids, namely, (9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoic acid (2431 mg kg−1 of dry weight) and (9Z)-octadec-9-enoic acid (6255 mg kg−1 of dry weight). In contrast, root bark contained a high content of pentacyclic triterpenic compounds, particularly betulinic acid, accounting for 9838 mg kg−1 of dry weight. Root bark extract showed promising antiproliferative activity against a triple-negative breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 4.23 ± 0.18 µg mL−1 of extract. Leaf extract displayed interesting antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermis, presenting minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values from 1024 to 2048 µg mL−1 of extract. Our results demonstrate that Zizyphus lotus L. is a source of promising bioactive components, which can be exploited as natural ingredients in pharmaceutical formulations.

scholarly journals Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis and In vitro Antimicrobial Study of the Root and Stem Bark Extracts of Ficus sycomorus Linn

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
I. Toma ◽  
D. Dahiru ◽  
M. A. Madusolumou
Keyword(s):  
Stem Bark ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Reducing Sugar ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Root Bark ◽  
Antimicrobial Studies ◽  
Stem Bark Extract ◽  
Ficus Sycomorus

This study was conducted to carryout preliminary phytochemical analysis and in vitro antimicrobial activities of aqueous and ethanolic root and stem bark extracts of Ficus sycomorus. Qualitative phytochemical analysis for tannins, saponin, terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, phenols, and reducing sugar was done using standard methods. The antimicrobial activities of the extracts were tested against four micro- organisms; Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella dysentrae, and Salmonella typhi. Agar well diffusion method was used for the antimicrobial studies. Phytochemical screening of both root and stem bark aqueous extracts showed the presence of tannin, saponin, terpenoid, flavonoid, alkaloids,  glycoside, steroid, reducing sugar, and phenol. Glycoside was not detected in both the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the root bark. The result of the antimicrobial studies showed that the aqueous root extract have higher antimicrobial activity ranging from (2-12 mm) on the tested microorganisms than aqueous stem bark extract (3-9 mm), while for ethanol extract both stem and root bark extract has almost the same effect or antimicrobial activity on the tested pathogens ranging from (2-15 mm) which is having higher activity compared to the aqueous extracts. The Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of both the extracts were found to be 50 mg/mL and 100 mg/mL respectively.  From this study, it can, therefore, be concluded that the root and stem bark extract is a potential antimicrobial agent which support the claim of the traditional users of this plant in herbal medicine for the treatment of diseases that are of microbial origin.

scholarly journals IDENTIFICATION OF ETHNOMEDICINAL COMPOUNDS AND ANTIMICROBIAL STUDIES OF SALVADORA PERSICA L. (SALVADORACEAE)

2019 ◽  
pp. 183-188
Author(s):  
PRABHAKARAN K ◽  
JOHN BRITTO S ◽  
PREETHI J
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽  
Tree Bark ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Salvadora Persica ◽  
Benzyl Isothiocyanate

Objective: Salvadora persica L. is a dense foliaceous evergreen shrub or small tree with diversified medicinal properties. The objective of this work was to do a comparative study on phytochemical composition between different plant parts of S. persica collected from the southern region of India. Methods: The phytochemical analysis of ethyl acetate fraction of ethanolic extracts from leaves, tender stems and tree bark of S. persica was done by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Also, the anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activity of extracts was analyzed in vitro by Disc-diffusion method. Results: GC-MS/MS analysis of S. persica showed 29 phytocompounds. Among them, except for eugenol, caryophyllene, benzyl isothiocyanate, oleic acid, and fatty acid, the remaining 24 phytocompounds were newly reported in the present study. For the first time, a maximum amount of benzyl isothiocyanate (73.5%) was identified from tree bark extract of S. persica and this extract showed higher in vitro antimicrobial activity against gram-positive, gram-negative bacteria and fungi than leaves and tender stems. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that benzyl isothiocyanate could be the major antimicrobial component in S. persica.

scholarly journals Phytochemical and microbial analyses of Berberis sp. extracts

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 2132-2139
Author(s):  
CORNELIA UNGUREAN ◽  
RAHELA CARPA ◽  
RAMONA CÂMPEAN ◽  
MARIA CORNELIA MAIOR ◽  
NELI-KINGA OLAH
Keyword(s):  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Reversed Phase ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Root Bark ◽  
Reversed Phase Hplc ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Oregon Grape ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
And Staphylococcus Aureus

In the near past the use of herbs for health enhanced and scientists are studying new anti-microbial phytochemicals. Although plants have a wide variety of secondary metabolites, very few are still used as antimicrobial. This study performes phytochemical and antibacterial analysis of ethanolic extracts from Berberis vulgaris and Berberis aquifolium. Extracts were prepared from stem and root bark of Berberis sp. with 70% ethanol. After obtaining the plant extracts qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis were performed through spectrophotometry, thin layer chromatography, reversed phase HPLC and UV-VIS spectra. The results showed that B. aquifolium extract has a bigger concentration of alkaloids (5.555%) than B. vulgaris extract (4.161%). The analysis from reversed phase HPLC showed that berberine concentration in B. aquifolium is 0.515 mg/ml and in B. vulgaris extract is 1.369 mg/ml, so in oregon grape is found a smaller concentration of berberine than in common barberry. The plant extracts were tested on Escherichia coli (Gram negative) and Staphylococcus aureus (Gram positive) bacteria. We found inhibition between 10-12 mm on S. aureus and on E. coli between 8-10 mm. The extracts exhibited a stronger activity versus S. aureus, which demonstrates that berberine extracts are usefull in treatment of infections.

Phytochemical Analysis and Assessment of Biological Properties of Essential Oils Obtained from Thyme and Rosmarinus Species

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 414-424
Author(s):  
Amira Zaïri ◽  
Sahar Nouir ◽  
Mohamed A. Khalifa ◽  
Bouraoui Ouni ◽  
Houda Haddad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Traditional Medicine ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Cytotoxic Potential ◽  
Thymus Algeriensis

Background: The plant species Thymus algeriensis (TA); Thymus capitatus (TC) and Rosmarinus officinalis (RO), are widely used in traditional medicine in Tunisia. The bioactivities of their essential oils have been also reported previously. The main objective of this work was to assess the phytochemical composition, the antioxidant activity, cytotoxic potential and the antibacterial, antifungal, of the essential oil (EO) of these plants. Methods: Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify and quantify the constituents of the tested EO, chemical tests and spectrophotometric methods were used for antioxidant activities and for the screening, the quantification of phytochemicals. The cytotoxic potential of the EO was checked using HCT 116 cultures. Extracts were evaluated for their antibacterial potential by the microdilution method. Antifungal activities were tested using the Poisoned food method against: Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus. Results: The EO of tested plants presented several components, mainly monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. Results revealed that T. capitatus EO is not toxic comparing to the other tested samples. Phenolic compounds were detected and this EO showed excellent antioxidant activity presenting dose dependent relationship. Regarding antimicrobial activity, T. capitatus EO, also had the highest inhibition against all tested bacteria and fungi. Conclusions: This study showed the importance of the bioactivities (antioxidant, antimicrobial, and safety potential) of EOs of the plant species TC, RO, and TA used in traditional medicine.

Phytochemical Analysis and Antimicrobial Activities of Atalantia monophylla (L) Correa and Atalantia racemosa Wight and Arn

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 427-436
Author(s):  
Mahadevan Subramaniyan ◽  
Vijayakumar Subramaniyan ◽  
Arulmozhi Praveenkumar
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Root Bark ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Microdilution Method ◽  
Isolation And Characterization

Background: Infectious diseases are major leading cause of death in all parts of the world, because of the appearance of new multi drug resistant microbes. Therefore, the discovery of potential drug for effective treatment will help the slaughter of the microbes. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the presence of photochemical and antimicrobial activities of various crude extracts of leaves, fruits and root bark of Atalantia monophylla and Atalantia racemosa against human pathogens by using well diffusion method. Methods: Antimicrobial properties of the various extracts of Atalantia monophylla and Atalantia racemosa were studied against some human pathogenic microbes such as Gram-positive Bacteria, (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus) Gram-negative Bacteria (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli) and human opportunistic fungal pathogens (Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger). All the extracts were comparable with standard drugs (Ciprofloxacin, Gentamicin, Nystatin. and Amphotericin B). Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal /fungicidal concentration (MBC/MFC) values were determined through a microdilution method. The phytochemical analysis of these plant extracts were carried out using standard mthods. Results: Methanolic leaf extract of A. monophylla has showed excellent antimicrobial activity against S. aureus (40mm). As well, the A. racemosa methanolic leaf extract shows notable inhibitory activity against S. aureus (38mm). At the same time, the least inhibition was observed in aqueous extract of A. monophylla against E.coli (9mm). The MIC ranged from 0.78 µg/mL to 50 µg/mL and MBC/MFC 1.56 to 50 µg/mL were recorded. Phytochemical analysis of alkaloids, steroids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, phenolics and cardiae glycoside were recorded in various extracts of A. monophylla and A. racemosa respectively. Flavonoids, phenolics and cardiac glycoside were present only in methonalic leaf extract of A. monophylla. Conclusion: The result of this study concluded that methanolic leaf extract has possessed novel compounds with significant antimicrobial properties. Hence, we recommend this plant for further studies on the isolation and characterization of that lead antimicrobial potential molecule.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Activity of Selected Medicinal Plants from a Sub-Saharan African Country Against Bacterial Pathogens from Post-Operative Wound Infections

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Enid Owusu ◽  
Martin Mensah Ahorlu ◽  
Emmanuel Afutu ◽  
Amos Akumwena ◽  
George Awuku Asare
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Traditional Medicine ◽  
Chronic Wounds ◽  
Bacterial Pathogens ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Aureus Strain ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis

Background: Globally, the application of medicinal plants in the management of acute and chronic wounds can be considered a common occurrence in most traditional medicine practices. In view of this, many plants in the tropical and subtropical regions have been screened for their wound-healing activities. Consequently, plants having antimicrobial activity against multidrug-resistant (MD-R) pathogens can be considered great assets. Therefore, this study evaluated ethanolic and aqueous extracts of five medicinal plants (Psidium guajava, Myrianthus arboreus, Alchornea cordifolia, Momordica charantia, and Justicia flava) for their antimicrobial activities against MD-R bacterial pathogens isolated from post-operative wounds; Methods: This involved the aqueous and ethanolic extraction of the selected medicinal plants. Preliminary phytochemical constituents of the plants were examined. The agar well diffusion method was then used to determine the antibacterial activity of the leaves against reference strains (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Salmonella typhi ATCC 19430, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, and a Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain) as well as the MDR clinical isolates (E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and CoNS) from the wounds; Results: The preliminary phytochemical analysis of the leaves showed the presence of saponins, phenolics, and reducing sugars in almost all the plants tested. All plant extracts were observed to have some antimicrobial activity against at least one reference strain. For the clinical MDR isolates, A. cordifolia from this study showed highest inhibition to growth of all bacteria used. Activity of J. flava against S. aureus was highest as compared to that of E.coli and P. aeruginosa. Similar observation was made for M. arboreus, P. guajava and M. charantia where the highest activity was observed against S. aureus; Conclusion: This study has mainly shown that P. guajava, M. arboreus, A. cordifolia, M. charantia, and J. flava exhibits antimicrobial activities against MD-R bacterial pathogens isolated from post-operative wounds. Also, these plants has bioactive phytochemical compounds with potential medicinal values for the treatment of numerous infections. Therefore, these plants may be helpful in the management of acute and chronic wounds, especially in traditional medicine practices.

scholarly journals Phytochemical Analysis of Muntingia calabura Extracts Possessing Anti-Microbial and Anti-Fouling Activities

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Singh R. ◽  
Iye S. ◽  
Prasad S. ◽  
Deshmukh N. ◽  
Gupta U. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traditional Medicine ◽  
Microbial Activity ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Hemagglutination Activity ◽  
Standard Drug ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Methanolic Extracts ◽  
Muntingia Calabura

The present study was carried out to determine the possible antifouling and anti microbial activity of plant extracts prepared from Muntingia calabura and phytochemical screening was demonstrated. The extracts from the following plant parts like stem, leaves, fruits, flower and stems were prepared in different aqueous solvents like ethanol, methanol, acetone, acetonitrile and water. The highest antimicrobial potentials were observed for the methanolic extracts against K. pneumonia, B. subtilis, B. megaterium and P. aeruginosa. Its efficacy was comparable to the standard drug, ampicillin. Significant amount of tannins, alkaloids, steroids and flavonoids were found. Interestingly, the present study showed anti fouling effect against pathogenic biofilm forming bacteria. These extracts also contain high hemagglutination activity. The present study provides evidence that solvent extract of M. calabura contains medicinally important bioactive compounds and this justifies the use of plant species as traditional medicine for treatment of various diseases.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY, PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING TESTS, BIOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF CLITOREA TERNATEA LINN. PLANT EXTRACTS

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. 197-208
Author(s):  
Sriyeta Chakraborty ◽  
Souvagyalaxmi Sahoo ◽  
Anjana Bhagat ◽  
Sangita Dixit
Keyword(s):  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Zone Of Inhibition ◽  
Antibacterial Study ◽  
Methanol Extracts ◽  
Bioactive Natural Products ◽  
Biochemical Evaluation ◽  
Based Medicine

The Clitoriaternatea medicinal plant deserves multipotent bioactive secondary metabolites potentials in a great deal. The aim of this study is to analyze the phytochemical, biochemical and antimicrobial activities of the different plant extracts. Extracts from the leaves and seed of Clitoriaternatea were extracted with water and methanol. Phytochemical analysis observed the presence of flavonoids, Carbohydrates, phenols, saponins, tannins, quinines, terpenoids and oxalate components in leaves and seed extract of methanol. In seeds aqueous and methanol extracts, alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, amino acids, proteins, terpenoids were present. Quantitatively, seed and leaves methanol extract have good quantity of phenol, carbohydrates, tannin, flavonoid and terpenoid. Two bacterial and fungal strains were taken for antimicrobial analysis. The antibacterial study against E.coli and B.subtlis, result in the zone of inhibition which was more in case of methanol extracts. In antifungal analysis, the extracts were showed equally effective against A.niger whereas the seeds methanol extracts were little more effective against in case of P.chrysogenum. Hence, C. ternatea can be used to discover bioactive natural products that may serve as a base in the development of new natural plant-based medicine.

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