Knowledge Levels Match Control Practices of Cerebral Coenurosis by Pastoral Community in Iringa District Council, Tanzania

Cerebral coenurosis is a disease of small ruminants which causes economic loss worldwide. Different studies in Tanzania have reported the cause, transmission, signs, prevalence, risk factors and control measures of cerebral coenurosis. Transfer of this research-based information to livestock keepers may influence practicability and efficacy of intervention. The present study aimed at assessing the knowledge levels and control practices of coenurosis by pastoralists in Iringa district. A total of 267 respondents were interviewed on livestock management practices, knowledge, losses and coping strategies of coenurosis. The average knowledge score on coenurosis detection (definition, hosts, signs, and diagnosis, including postmortem) was 90.3%. In contrast, knowledge on infection cycle and control was zero, implying that respondents were completely not informed about etiology, transmission and control of coenurosis. Involvement of dogs in coenurosis cycle was not known to respondents such that they all gave head of sheep and goats to dogs while 82.8% had never dewormed their dogs. About 83% of respondents experienced at least, one cases of coenurosis in the last 12 months. There was no formal coenurosis control program, but heating the head of sick animal with hot iron, selling, slaughter, treatment with antibiotics, or local herbs and doing nothing were the reported management strategies. Lack of knowledge on the cause, transmission and control of cerebral coenurosis may be associated with inappropriate animal management and control of coenurosis in pastoral community in Iringa rural District, including transmission facilitating practices. A coenurosis training package is recommended to farmers before intervention program is instituted.

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Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices and its associated risk factors related to Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Ilam province of Iran

The Gazette of Medical Sciences ◽

10.46766/thegms.pubheal.21111602 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 01-14

Author(s):

Fatima Ibrahim ABDULSALAM ◽

◽

Tabarak Malik ◽

Keyword(s):

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽

Intervention Program ◽

Control Measures ◽

Endemic Region ◽

Attitudes And Practices ◽

Disease Occurrence ◽

Kap Survey ◽

Border Town ◽

Associated Risk Factors ◽

And Control

Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices (KAP) surveys precede an awareness or intervention program, it addresses a felt need in a population in which that need exists. In an endemic region of cutaneous leishmaniasis disease occurrence, public enlightenment on its preventive and control measures is highly important. Ilam province of Iran is a provincial border town transited annually by pilgrims was reported to have the most cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis ranking highest since 2010 yet no report on KAP survey has been previously conducted.

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A community-based randomized trial for the prevention and control of brucellosis among rural populations in Iran: application of the PRECEDE planning model

10.21203/rs.2.13991/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Leila Jahangiry ◽

Maryam Khazaee-Pool ◽

Towhid Babazadeh ◽

Parvin Sarbakhsh ◽

Koen Ponnet

Keyword(s):

Prevention And Control ◽

Intervention Program ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Animal Health ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Control Program ◽

Control Group ◽

Community Based ◽

History Of ◽

And Control

Abstract Background: Brucellosis is one of the most frequently occurring zoonotic diseases of veterinary and a public health problem in developing countries. It affects human and animal health and has measurable effects on the productive and reproductive performance of livestock. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to develop a community-based intervention program for brucellosis prevention and control. A two-arm parallel cluster randomized controlled trial investigated the effectiveness of the program over six months in a rural population in Ahar, East Azerbaijan, Iran. A total of 16 village health houses were randomly allocated to the intervention and the control groups (eight per arm), and 400 participants were recruited via household health records in the health houses. The PRECEDE model, which is an acronym for Predisposing, Reinforcing and Enabling Constructs in Educational Diagnosis and Evaluation, was used to design, implement, and evaluate the brucellosis prevention and control program. Knowledge, attitudes, self-efficacy, social support, environmental enabling, and behavioral factors were measured at the baseline and the six-month follow-up. A generalized mixed effects model was used to analyze data. Results: The mean ages (SD) of the intervention and control group respondents were 35.9 (11.87) and 37.28 (11.04) years, respectively. After the six-month intervention, significant between-group differences were found on all PRECEDE variables, adjusted for education, history of brucellosis, and family history of brucellosis. Conclusion: There is a need to consolidate collaborative health and veterinary sector efforts, as well as increase regular vaccination practices and financial resources to support farmers willing to slaughter animals and/or offer slaughter facilities. The present study was able to demonstrate which educational and ecological factors influence behaviors and environments related to brucellosis and, as such, provide evidence of the effectiveness of interventions based on the PROCEDE model.

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The effectiveness of a Comprehensive Device Associated Healthcare-Associated Infections Prevention and Control Program: results of a 3-year program in the Republic of Cyprus

10.21203/rs.2.9530/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Stelios Iordanou ◽

Nicos Middleton ◽

Elizabeth Papathanassoglou ◽

Lakis Palazis ◽

VASILIOS RAFTOPOULOS

Keyword(s):

Infection Control ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

Control Program ◽

Control Measures ◽

Infection Prevention And Control ◽

Second Phase ◽

Infection Control Program ◽

The Republic ◽

Republic Of Cyprus ◽

And Control

Abstract Background: Device-associated health care-associated infections (DA-HAIs) are a major threat to patient safety, particularly in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a bundle of infection control measures to reduce DA-HAIs in the ICU of a General Hospital in the Republic of Cyprus, over a three-year period. Methods: We studied 599 ICU patients with length of stay (LOS) for at least 48 hours. Our prospective cohort study was divided into three surveillance phases. VAP, CLABSI, and CAUTI incidence rates, LOS and mortality were calculated before, during and after the infection prevention and control program. Results: There was a statistically significant reduction in the number of DA-HAI events during the surveillance periods, associated with DA-HAIs prevention efforts. In 2015 (prior to program implementation), the baseline DA-HAIs instances were 43: 16 VAP (10.1/1000 Device Days), 21 (15.9/1000DD) CLABSIs and 6 (2.66/1000DD) CAUTIs, (n=198). During the second phase (2016), CLABSIs prevention measures were implemented and the number of infections were 24: 14 VAP (12.21/1000DD), 4 (4.2/1000DD) CLABSIs & 6 (3.22/1000DD) CAUTIs, (n=184). During the third phase (2017), VAP and CAUTI prevention measure were again implemented and the rates were 6: (3 VAP: 12.21/1000DD), 2 (1.95/1000DD) CLABSIs & 1 (0.41/1000DD) CAUTIs, (n=217). There was an overall reduction of 87% in the total number of DA-HAIs instances for the period 01/01/15 to 31/12/17. Conclusions: The significant overall reduction in DA-HAI rates, indicates that a comprehensive infection control program can affect DA-HAI rates.

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Implications of Initial Assumptions in Agri-Environmental Nitrogen Pollution Reduction Policy Design: Quasi-Empirical Evidence from Croatia

German Journal of Agricultural Economics ◽

10.30430/69.2020.4.253-277 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 69 (4) ◽

pp. 253-277

Author(s):

Ozana Nadoveza Jelić

Keyword(s):

Labor Market ◽

Agricultural Production ◽

Management Practices ◽

Command And Control ◽

Nitrogen Pollution ◽

Control Measures ◽

Pollution Reduction ◽

Nitrogen Reduction ◽

Cge Models ◽

And Control

This paper aims to extend understanding of potential general equilibrium effects of nitrogen pollution reduction policies in multifunctional agriculture. Under the EU Nitrates Directive, to achieve agricultural nitrogen pollution reduction, a country can choose between (or combine) market and command-and-control measures. To deal with nitrate pollution from agricultural sources Croatia uses measures such as input regulations and management practices, rather than market-based measures. This paper evaluates welfare and macroeconomic effects of selected market and command-and-control based agricultural nitrogen reduction policies within Croatian data based CGE model. The paper highlights the importance of usual theoretical assumptions, i.e. labor market cleaning assumption and the degree of substitutability of nitrogen in agricultural production, for policy prescriptions. Namely, the results suggest that agri-environmental policy prescriptions largely depend upon labor market cleaning assumption and substitutability of nitrogen in agricultural production. The paper also emphasizes current limitations of CGE models for agri-environmental nitrogen reduction related policies evaluation and highlights the methodological and database development needs for future research.

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Assessing healthcare workers’ knowledge, emotions and perceived institutional preparedness about COVID-19 pandemic at Saudi hospitals in the early phase of the pandemic

Journal of Public Health Research ◽

10.4081/jphr.2020.1936 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Nashi Masnad Alreshidi ◽

Hassan Haridi ◽

Rana Alaseeri ◽

Michelle Garcia ◽

Fe Gaspar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Healthcare Workers ◽

Knowledge Score ◽

Control Measures ◽

Emotional Impact ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Web Based ◽

Effective Prevention ◽

Impact Scale ◽

Prevention And Control Measures ◽

And Control

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic extended to reach most countries in the globe during few months. Preparedness of healthcare institutions and healthcare workers (HCWs) are crucial for applying effective prevention and control measures. This study aimed to assess HCWs knowledge, emotions and perception of preparedness of their institutions towards COVID-19 pandemic.Design: A cross-sectional, web-based survey was conducted among hospital HCWs in Saudi Arabia during April 27, 2020 to May 03, 2020.Results: Overall, 1004 completed responses were received. The majority were females (78.8), nurses (84.9%) at middle age 25-39 years (71.8%). Among participants, 95.5% reported receiving training on safely use of personal protective equipment (PPE) and 94.9% did fit the test for N95 respirator. The participants possessed a fair knowledge about COVID-19 disease with a mean knowledge score 6. 61±1.35 points on a scale of 10 points. Most participants (88.7%) were committed to continue work as a professional and ethical duty, however, 27.1% of them scored high on a negative emotional impact scale. Participants appreciated most aspects of institutional preparedness for COVID-19 pandemic; however, they were concerned with the continuous PPE supply. Factors that independently associated with good knowledge and negative emotional response were determined using multivariate logistic regression analysis.Conclusions: Findings revealed fair knowledge about COVID-19 pandemic among HCWs in Saudi hospitals. Concerns and worries were expressed regard working with the highly infectious COVID-19 patients. Participants, appreciated most aspects of institutional preparedness, however they were concerned about the continuous availability and supply of PPE.

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Diseases of Fruit Crops in Australia

10.1071/9780643098282 ◽

2009 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Keyword(s):

Plant Pathology ◽

Management Practices ◽

Control Measures ◽

New Work ◽

Fruit Crops ◽

High Quality ◽

Source Of Infection ◽

Management Personnel ◽

Nut Production ◽

And Control

Diseases of Fruit Crops in Australia is the new standard reference in applied plant pathology in Australia covering important diseases affecting the broad range of fruit and nut crops grown throughout Australia. It is an essential tool for growers, horticulturists, crop consultants, research scientists, plant pathologists, quarantine officers, agribusiness representatives, pest management personnel, educators and students. The book is generously illustrated with high quality colour images to help diagnose diseases and explains how to identify and manage each disease, describing the symptoms of the disease, its importance, the source of infection and spread and control measures. Based on the highly regarded 1993 edition of Diseases of Fruit Crops, this new work updates management practices that have evolved since then. Importantly, it contains the latest information on diseases that have recently emerged in Australia as well as exotic diseases that are biosecurity threats to Australian fruit and nut production.

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Inequalities in Mortality From Infectious Diseases and Tuberculosis by the Level of Education in Lithuania

Medicina ◽

10.3390/medicina47060049 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 47 (6) ◽

pp. 49 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Snieguolė Kaselienė ◽

Ramunė Kalėdienė

Keyword(s):

Infectious Diseases ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

Control Program ◽

Control Measures ◽

University Education ◽

Educational Levels ◽

Tuberculosis Prevention ◽

Prevention And Control Measures ◽

And Control ◽

Inequalities In Mortality

The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in inequalities in mortality from infectious diseases and tuberculosis by educational level among men and women in Lithuania. Material and Methods. The data on mortality from infectious diseases in the Lithuanian population aged more than 30 years for the years 1989 and 2001 gathered from the Department of Statistics and censuses were used for the analysis. The relative and slope indices of inequality were calculated. Results. Mortality from infectious diseases and tuberculosis among persons with primary education was higher than that among persons with university education, and these inequalities were found to be increased in 2000–2002 as compare with 1988–1990 due to declining mortality among persons with university education and increasing mortality among less educated persons. Similar tendencies were observed while evaluating the inequalities in mortality from tuberculosis. In 1988– 1990, the relative indices of inequality for mortality from all infectious diseases and tuberculosis among men were 9 and 13, respectively. In 2000–2002, the relative indices of inequality increased significantly to 16.5 and 28.8, respectively. Inequalities in mortality from abovementioned causes for women with different educational levels were lower than those for men. The slope indices of inequality for mortality from infectious diseases among men with different educational levels were considerably higher than among their female counterparts, and in 2000–2002, they were greater compared with 1988–1990. Conclusions. While implementing tuberculosis prevention and control program and planning prevention and control measures, greater attention should be paid to less educated Lithuanian population at highest risk of this disease.

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THE INJURY CONTROL PROGRAM OF THE U.S. PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.44.5.888 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 44 (5) ◽

pp. 888-890

Author(s):

Richard E. Marland ◽

Frederic David Burg

Keyword(s):

Health Problem ◽

Control Program ◽

Control Measures ◽

Morbidity Rate ◽

Control Programs ◽

Stage Of Development ◽

Preventive Health Programs ◽

Benefit Cost ◽

Injury Control ◽

And Control

Today the center for action and support of accident prevention activities within the Federal Government is the Injury Control Program. Therefore, it is appropriate to discuss the Government's role in solving this health problem. The present stage of development in injury control allows us to define, comprehend, and control some injury types as if they were disease entities. If the appropriate funds were made available, the estimated 16 billion dollars per year lost to the economy from accidents, the 50 million injuries caused by accidents, the 100,000 plus deaths resulting from accidents, and the 20 million plus hospital bed days used up by accident victims could all be reduced by about 30%. Figure 1 shows the benefit-cost potential to be found in the control of accidental injuries and is derived from study of cost-effectiveness of previous injury control programs. The present situation (point A) has been relatively static over the past few years-that is, a reasonably low return is being made from our investment. With a 20 to 30% increase in resources, the curve reaches a steeper slope where you will get the greatest benefits per dollars spent. Fundamentally, injury control needs a high Federal priority to receive adequate resources to make progress in overcoming this health problem. The basic criteria used to ascertain a prioritY rating in preventive health programs are: (1) mortality rate (including age-specific rates), (2) morbidity rate (including age-specific rates), (3) financial impact on national economy, (4) utilization of space in our nation's hospitals by those involved in caring for those incapacitated or requiring care, (6) the control measures available for attacking the problem-or the case with which they can be attained, (7) available resources, both personnel and monetary, to attack and solve the problem, and (8) public reception to the idea of controlling the problem.

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Investigation and Control of an Outbreak ofAchromobacter xylosoxidansBacteremia

Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology ◽

10.1086/663710 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 33 (2) ◽

pp. 180-184 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Brie Behrens-Muller ◽

Judith Conway ◽

Jonathan Yoder ◽

Craig S. Conover

Keyword(s):

Binomial Distribution ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Control Program ◽

Case Control ◽

Control Measures ◽

Achromobacter Xylosoxidans ◽

Case Control Studies ◽

Opioid Medication ◽

And Control ◽

Surgical Unit

Objective.To define the extent of an outbreakof Achromobacter xylosoxidansbacteremia, determine the source of the outbreak, and implement control measures.Design.An outbreak investigation, including environmental and infection control assessment, and evaluation of hypotheses using the binomial distribution and case control studies.Setting.A 50-bed medical surgical unit in a hospital in Illinois during the period January 1–July 15, 2006.Interventions.Discontinuation of use of opioid delivery via patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) until the source of the outbreak was identified and implementation of new protocols to ensure more rigorous observation of PCA pump cartridge manipulations.Results.Calculations based on the binomial distribution indicated the probability that all 9 patients withA. xylosoxidansbacteremia were PCA pump users by chance alone was <.001. A subsequent case control study identified PCA pump use for administration of morphine as a risk factor forA. xylosoxidansbacteremia (odds ratio, undefined;P< .001). Having a PCA pump cartridge with morphine started by nurse C was significantly associated with becoming a case-patient (odds ratio, 46; 95% confidence interval, 4.0–525.0;P< .001).Conclusions.We hypothesize that actions related to diversion of morphine by nurse C were the likely cause of the outbreak. An aggressive pain control program involving the use of opioid medication warrants an equally aggressive policy to prevent diversion of medication by staff.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol2012;33(2):180-184

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Occurrence of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Small Ruminants in the Central Part of Myanmar

Journal of Parasitology Research ◽

10.1155/2020/8826327 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Shwe Yee Win ◽

Myintzu Win ◽

Ei Phyu Thwin ◽

Lat Lat Htun ◽

Myint Myint Hmoon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Small Ruminants ◽

Parasite Infection ◽

Gastrointestinal Parasites ◽

Control Measures ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Single Infection ◽

Parasitic Infections ◽

Gastrointestinal Parasite ◽

Eimeria Spp ◽

And Control

Gastrointestinal parasite infection in small ruminants remains one of the major economic losses caused by reduced productivity. A total of 380 faecal samples were taken from 280 sheeps in Magway and Pwintbyu Townships and 100 goats in Natmauk Township, Myanmar. Faecal flotation and sedimentation methods were carried out to detect the presence of parasitic infections. Faecal egg and oocyst counts were carried out using the McMaster technique. The overall occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in small ruminants was 98.4% (374/380). The occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in sheep (99.3%) was higher than that in goats (96%). The highest occurrence was found in Eimeria spp. (96%), followed by Trichostrongyle (77.1%), Trichuris spp. (35%), and Moniezia expansa (14%). The mixed infection rate was 84.8% (317/374), while a single infection was 15.2% (57/374). The mean eggs per gram (EPG) and oocysts per gram (OPG) of faeces were ranged from 50 to 600 and 50 to 29,800, respectively. Among the 4 nucleotide sequences isolated, one sequence was 94.10-94.47% similarity with Trichostrongylus colubriformis, reported from Laos, and three sequences showed 96.64-99.46% identity with Haemonchus contortus from Laos, China, India, and Mongolia. As gastrointestinal parasite infection in small ruminants was relatively high in the study area, the development of appropriate treatment and control measures should be provided to reduce production losses.

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