Destruction of Aflatoxin in Corn with Sodium Bisulfite1,2,3

1982 ◽  
Vol 45 (14) ◽  
pp. 1287-1291 ◽  
Author(s):  
WINSTON M. HAGLER ◽  
JAMES E. HUTCHINS ◽  
PAT B. HAMILTON
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Sodium Bisulfite ◽  
The Other ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Complete Destruction ◽  
Plastic Bags ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Aflatoxin B2

The ability of sodium bisulfite to destroy aflatoxins B1 and B2 in naturally contaminated corn containing about 2350 ppb of B1 and 450 ppb of B2 was investigated. Under certain conditions, complete destruction of aflatoxin B1 was achieved. Aflatoxin B2, on the other hand, was resistant to sodium bisulfite and never over about 50% was destroyed. Moisture, sodium bisulfite level, time, as well as temperature had significant effects on aflatoxin degradation. Moisture levels of over 50% (wet weight basis) had a strongly adverse effect on the aflatoxin-bisulfite reaction. The most effective treatment involved soaking whole-kernel corn in a 10% sodium bisulfite solution for 72 h, removing the solution and incubating the corn in sealed plastic bags at 50°C. Complete destruction of aflatoxin B1 was achieved by 21 d. Sodium bisulfite exhibited antimicrobial activity in corn comparable to that of propionic acid, indicating possible utility as an effective mold inhibitor in stored corn at up to 40% moisture. Feed consumption by young chickens was unaffected until feed containing over 20 g of sodium bisulfite/kg was presented.

Aflatoxin Destruction in Corn Using Sodium Bisulfite, Sodium Hydroxide and Aqueous Ammonia

1980 ◽  
Vol 43 (7) ◽  
pp. 571-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
KURT E. MOERCK ◽  
PAUL McELFRESH ◽  
ALAN WOHLMAN ◽  
BARNEY W. HILTON
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Aqueous Ammonia ◽  
Sodium Bisulfite ◽  
Total Aflatoxin ◽  
Yellow Corn ◽  
Dent Corn ◽  
Aflatoxin B2

Naturally contaminated yellow dent corn containing 235 ppb of aflatoxin B1 and B2 was adjusted to a moisture content of 20% and then treated for 24 h at ambient temperature with NaHS03, NaOH or aqueous NH3 at 0.5%, 1.0%, or 2.0% concentrations. All treatments were effective in reducing aflatoxin B1 and B2 levels. Sodium bisulfite was more effective in destroying aflatoxins than were NaOH or aqueous NH3 at 0.5% and 1.0% concentrations, while NaOH and aqueous NH3 were more effective than bisulfite at 2.0% concentration. Subjecting yellow corn samples to either NaHSO3, NaOH or aqueous NH3 at 2.0% concentrations reduced aflatoxin B1 and B2 levels to below the FDA guideline of 20 ppb total aflatoxin. Sodium bisulfite was also effective in reducing the levels of aflatoxins in a white dent corn sample containing 81 ppb of aflatoxin B1 and 12 ppb of aflatoxin B2. Results suggest that NaHSO3, NaOH or aqueous NH3 can be used to effectively destroy aflatoxins in corn and possibly other agricultural commodities.

Assessment of micro and macro nutrients in poultry feeds available in Dhaka city, Bangladesh.

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 264
Author(s):  
Md Didarul Islam ◽  
Ashiqur Rahaman ◽  
Fahmida Jannat
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Adverse Effect ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nutrient Level ◽  
Dhaka City ◽  
Toxic Heavy Metals ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Low Concentration ◽  
Feed Formulation ◽  
Macro Nutrients

This study was based on to determine the concentration of macro and micro nutrients as well as toxic and nontoxic heavy metals present in the chicken feed available in Dhaka city of Bangladesh. All macro nutrients, if present in the feed at high concentration have some adverse effect, at the same time if this nutrient present in the feed at low concentration this have some adverse effect too. So that this nutrient level should be maintained at a marginal level. On the other side toxic heavy metals if present in the feed at very low concentration those can contaminate the total environment of the ecosystem. In this study six brand samples (starter, grower, finisher and layer) which was collected from different renowned chicken feed formulation industry in Bangladesh. Those samples were prepared for analysis by wet ashing and then metals were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. It was found that 27.7 to 68.4, 57.3 to 121.9, 0.21 to 4.1, 0.32 to 2.1, 0.11 to 1.58, 0.28 to 2.11 and 0.28 to 1.78 for zinc, iron, copper, mercury, cadmium, nickel and cobalt respectively. It was found that essential macro and micro nutrients were present in the feed in low concentration on the other side mercury was present in high concentration in the feed samples.

scholarly journals Occurrence of mycotoxins in selected agricultural and commercial products available in eastern Poland

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 653-664
Author(s):  
Grażyna Kowalska ◽  
Radosław Kowalski
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Extraction Method ◽  
Maximum Allowable Concentration ◽  
Commercial Products ◽  
Ms Analysis ◽  
Rye Flour ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Aflatoxin B2

Abstract The objective of this study was the estimation of the content of 13 mycotoxins (diacetoxyscirpenol, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, fusarenone X, aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin B2, aflatoxin G1, aflatoxin G2, ochratoxin A, and zearalenone) in various products from the eastern part of Poland. The content of mycotoxins in the analysed samples was assayed using the extraction method combined with HPLC-MS/MS analysis. We found mycotoxins in 25 of the 92 samples tested (27%). Contamination with mycotoxins was noted most frequently in samples of cereals – 56% – and also in samples of flour and cocoa, in which a content of mycotoxins was noted in 24 and 16% of the samples, respectively. The most frequently identified were the following – deoxynivalenol detected in 18 samples (72%), zearalenone detected in eight samples (32%), toxin HT-2 detected in four samples (16%), ochratoxin A identified in three samples (12%), and toxin T-2 detected in one sample (4%). In one analysed sample of mixed flour and in one analysed sample of wheat and rye flour, the maximum allowable concentration was exceeded in the case of two identified mycotoxins – deoxynivalenol (2,250 μg/kg) and ochratoxin A (15.6 and 17.1 μg/kg).

On the Chemical Form of Mercury in Edible Fish and Marine Invertebrate Tissue

1992 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 1010-1017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas S. Bloom
Keyword(s):  
Total Mercury ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Marine Invertebrate ◽  
Chemical Form ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry ◽  
Atomic Fluorescence ◽  
Saltwater Fish ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Wet Weight

Total mercury, monomethylmercury (CH3Hg), and dimethylmercury ((CH3)2Hg) in edible muscle were examined in 229 samples, representing seven freshwater and eight saltwater fish species and several species of marine invertebrates using ultraclean techniques. Total mercury was determined by hot HNO3/H2SO4/BrClldigestion, SnCl2 reduction, purging onto gold, and analysis by cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometry (CVAFS). Methylmercury was determined by KOH/methanol digestion using aqueous phase ethylation, cryogenic gas chromatography, and CVAFS detection. Total mercury and CH3Hg concentrations varied from 0.011 to 2.78 μg∙g−1 (wet weight basis, as Hg) for all samples, while no sample contained detectable (CH3)2Hg (<0.001 μg∙g−1 as Hg). The observed proportion of total mercury (as CH3Hg) ranged from 69 to 132%, with a relative standard deviation for quintuplicate analysis of about 10%; nearly all of this variability can be explained by the analytical variability of total mercury and CH3Hg. Poorly homogenized samples showed greater variability, primarily because total mercury and CH3Hg were measured on separate aliquots, which vary in mercury concentration, not speciation. I conclude that for all species studied, virtually ail (>95%) of the mercury present is as CH3Hg and that past reports of substantially lower CH3Hg fractions may have been biased by analytical and homogeneity variability.

scholarly journals THE MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF RHODOPSIN AND THE NATURE OF THE RHODOPSIN-DIGITONIN COMPLEX

1954 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Hubbard
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Single Molecule ◽  
Extinction Coefficient ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Sedimentation Behavior ◽  
A Value ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Single Boundary ◽  
Stoichiometric Complex

The sedimentation behavior of aqueous solutions of digitonin and of cattle rhodopsin in digitonin has been examined in the ultracentrifuge. In confirmation of earlier work, digitonin was found to sediment as a micelle (D-1) with an s20 of about 6.35 Svedberg units, and containing at least 60 molecules. The rhodopsin solutions sediment as a stoichiometric complex of rhodopsin with digitonin (RD-1) with an s20 of about 9.77 Svedberg units. The s20 of the RD-1 micelle is constant between pH 6.3 and 9.6, and in the presence of excess digitonin. RD-1 travels as a single boundary also in the electrophoresis apparatus at pH 8.5, and on filter paper at pH 8.0. The molecular weight of the RD-1 micelle lies between 260,000 and 290,000. Of this, only about 40,000 gm. are due to rhodopsin; the rest is digitonin (180 to 200 moles). Comparison of the relative concentrations of RD-1 and retinene in solutions of rhodopsin-digitonin shows that RD-1 contains only one retinene equivalent. It can therefore contain only one molecule of rhodopsin with a molecular weight of about 40,000. Cattle rhodopsin therefore contains only one chromophore consisting of a single molecule of retinene. It is likely that frog rhodopsin has a similar molecular weight and also contains only one chromophore per molecule. The molar extinction coefficient of rhodopsin is therefore identical with the extinction coefficient per mole of retinene (40,600 cm.2 per mole) and the E(1 per cent, 1 cm., 500 mµ) has a value of about 10. Rhodopsin constitutes about 14 per cent of the dry weight, and 3.7 per cent of the wet weight of cattle outer limbs. This corresponds to about 4.2 x 106 molecules of rhodopsin per outer limb. The rhodopsin content of frog outer limbs is considerably higher: about 35 per cent of the dry weight, and 10 per cent of the wet weight, corresponding to about 2.1 x 109 molecules per outer limb. Thus the frog outer limb contains about five hundred times as much rhodopsin as the cattle outer limb. But the relative volumes of these structures are such that the ratio of concentrations is only about 2.5 to 1 on a weight basis. Rhodopsin accounts for at least one-fifth of the total protein of the cattle outer limb; for the frog, this value must be higher. The extinction (K500) along its axis is about 0.037 cm.2 for the cattle outer limb, and about 0.50 cm.2 for the frog outer limb.

Dogfish Gelatin

1962 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shirley E. Geiger ◽  
Eve Roberts ◽  
N. Tomlinson
Keyword(s):  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Melting Points ◽  
Wet Weight

Gelatin has been prepared from the skin and skeleton (separately) of the dogfish, Squalus suckleyi. The gelling and melting points of a 10% solution were 15 and 22 °C respectively, for gelatin from skin, and 14 and 23 °C for that from skeleton. The skin gelatin contained 16.3%, total nitrogen, 6.4% hydroxyproline, and 0.28% tyrosine. The corresponding values for skeleton gelatin were 15.7, 8.8, and 0.29%. Yields of gelatin were low, being 7% from skin and 2% from skeleton on a wet-weight basis.

Isolation and assay of dipalmityl lecithin in lung extracts

1964 ◽  
Vol 207 (2) ◽  
pp. 402-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elwyn S. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Phosphatidyl Choline ◽  
Trichloroacetic Acid ◽  
Cadmium Chloride ◽  
Active Material ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Alcohol Extract ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Surface Active ◽  
Surface Active Material ◽  
Surface Balance

Lung extracts were obtained by either mincing the lungs in saline or by washing the lung with saline through the trachea. The surface tensions of the extracts on compression to 10% of the original area in a surface balance decreased to 7.5 ± 2.1 dynes/cm for rabbits, 10.0 ± 1.8 dynes/cm for dogs, and 6.8 ± 3.8 dynes/cm for man. The surface-active material in the extracts was completely precipitated with trichloroacetic acid. Ethyl or methyl alcohol extracted the activity from the precipitate. By concentrating and chilling the alcohol extract, a very surface-active white precipitate was obtained which was identified as dipalmityl phosphatidyl choline by melting point, chemical analysis, and paper chromatography. Cadmium chloride also precipitated a surface-active complex from the alcohol extract which was identified chemically as dipalmityl phosphatidyl choline. The quantity of hydrolecithin extracted from the lungs was 0.09–0.18% on a wet weight basis. No evidence of the presence of sphingomyelin or other surface-active phospholipid was obtained.

measurements. This paper is confined to the different forms of sampling odourous gases for olfactometric measurements and the problems involved. It refers to existing guidelines for olfactometric measurements in the countries of the EEC, as well. 2. TYPES OF SAMPLING Samples of odourous gas may be collected in unconcentrated or concentrated form. Concentrated sampling is usually neces­ sary when gas chromatography or other chemical analytical meth­ ods are to be used. Unconcentrated sampling is provided if o-dour threshold concentrations are required (2). Depending on the type of olfactometer used dynamic sam­ pling or static sampling are provided. The principle of dynam­ ic sampling is shown in Figure 1. It requires a part-flow of the odourous gas to be continoulsy extracted from the source and subsequently directed to the olfactometer. This sampling method implies that the measurements are carried out close to the source. An advantage of the method is that there is the possibility of controlling a process, directly, and in case of the break-down of the process this can be noticed right away. A disadvantage of the dynamic method is that odour sources that are not readily accessible require a relatively great ef­ fort in order to install the olfactometer and suitable sam­ pling pipes which often should be insulated or heated to avoid adsorption or condensation (3). When static sampling is used a partial stream of the o-dourous air is collected in a sampling vessel. Samples are taken from this vessel or bag to dilute the odourous air for the olfactometer using syringes or on-line tubings. When using this method odour measurement with the panel can be carried out at any arbitrary location, if the vessel is a transport­ able one. An example for static sampling is given in Figure 2. 3. PROBLEMS OF SAMPLING the main problems encountered when sampling odourous air derive from surface effects of the sampling tubes and vessels, namely by - adsorption, - desorption, and - condensation. This depends mainly on the material of the tube, the vessel or the bag (adsorption) or on the nature of the gas, whether it is hot and/or containes a high amount of humidity (condensa­ tion). On the other hand the sample can be altered by trace components bleeding from the material of the walls of the ves­ sel or the tube (desorption). The following factors are to be observed for valid static sampli ng. aTTTToTce of_m£teri aj_ For tWe sampling of odourous gases glas vessels, stain­ less steel tanks (4) and flexible plastic bags (5) were tested. The initial concentrations of the test gases decrease consider­ ably with storage time in glass and steel vessels. In recent years bags made of Polyethylene(6), Teflon (3) and Tedlar (7), (8) were usually used. Figure 3 shows a graph from SCHUETZLE

1986 ◽  
pp. 59-59
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Storage Time ◽  
Dynamic Method ◽  
The Other ◽  
Plastic Bags ◽  
Steel Tanks ◽  
On Line ◽  
Arbitrary Location ◽  
Adsorption Desorption ◽  
Trace Components

scholarly journals Effects of Methionine-Cysteine Amino Acid Supplementations in the Aflatoxin B1 Contaminated Diet on Broiler Production Performance

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Listya Purnamasari ◽  
Ali Agus ◽  
Cuk Tri Noviandi
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Interaction Effect ◽  
Broiler Chicken ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Cysteine Amino Acid

This research aimed to observe the interaction of methionine-cysteine amino acid supplementation to decrease the effect of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on diet against production performance of broiler chicken. A number of 240 mixed sex broiler chickens were treated in 9 treatments by factorial design 3 x 3 with methionine-cysteine amino acid (M+C) (75,100, dan 125%) factors and AFB1 levels (0, 200, dan 400 ppb). Variables observed were: Weight gain, feed consumption, and feed conversion ratio (FCR). The results showed that increased AFB1 content in diet from 0 to 400 ppb increased chicken body weight (P <0.05) in each age group. The high body weight was balanced with high feed consumption along with increased nutrient needs, mainly sulfuric amino acid (M+C) as the precursor of glutathione to eliminate toxic through conjugation reactions. The interaction effect was firstly occurred between M + C and AFB1 treatment (P <0.05). Meanwhile increased supplementation of M + C from 75 to 125% caused decreased feed consumption in each age group of chickens, but increased AFB1 levels further increased feed consumption (P<0.05). The interaction effect between the level of M + C and AFB1 contamination in diets on feed consumption were seen in 21-day-old chickens (P<0.05). FCR was also increased (P <0.05) with the reduction of M + C content in diet at 7 days old. The effect of AFB1 on diet and interaction between M + C and AFB1 on chicken FCR in this study was not significant in all age groups. It can be concluded from the current study that supplying methionine-cystine amino acid with 75, 100 and 125% in AFB1 contaminated diet of 0, 200 and 400 ppb improves the performance of broiler chicken production.

EFFECTS OF FEEDING A HIGH LEVEL OF TOWER RAPESEED MEAL IN DAIRY RATIONS ON FEED INTAKE AND MILK PRODUCTION

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 653-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. R. SHARMA ◽  
J. R. INGALLS ◽  
J. A. MCKIRDY
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Short Term ◽  
N Retention ◽  
High Level

In experiment 1, 12 cows were used to compare the two (0–0) rapeseed meal (1788 and Tower) varieties with the commercial rapeseed meal (CRSM) and soybean meal (SBM). Feed intake, milk yield and fat content were not different (P > 0.05) among the four treatments; however, protein content was higher (P < 0.05) for the cows fed CRSM and SBM diets than for those fed the 1788–RSM diet. But more (P < 0.05) milk fat was produced by the cows fed 1788–RSM than by those fed CRSM and SBM diets. In experiment 2, eight cows were used to determine the effects of replacing SBM with Tower and also replacing a portion of Tower with urea (TU) in a mixed or extruded (TUE) form on feed intake, milk yield and nitrogen (N) retention. No differences were observed in feed consumption, milk yield or composition among the treatments. Serum thyroxine (T4) level was higher (P < 0.05) for the cows fed SBM than for those fed the 1788–SBM and was similar to levels for cows fed CRSM and Tower in the first experiment. However, no differences were found in thyroxine level in the second experiment. Extrusion of Tower–urea mixture increased (P < 0.05) the N retention compared with other treatments. These short-term studies suggest that up to 25% Tower RSM can be used in dairy rations without adverse effect on performance.

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