Virulence Properties of Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase–Producing Klebsiella Species in Meat Samples

2011 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 559-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
NESLIHAN GUNDOGAN ◽  
SUMRU CITAK ◽  
EMEL YALCIN
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Serum Resistance ◽  
Esbl Production ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Klebsiella Species ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Meat Samples ◽  
Virulence Properties

The present study was carried out to identify virulence properties (siderophores, serum resistance, and hemolysin) and antibiotic resistance in extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)–producing Klebsiella isolates from 60 calf and chicken meat samples purchased from various supermarkets in Ankara, Turkey. Of the 45 Klebsiella isolates, 24 (53%) were identified as K. oxytoca and 21 (47%) were identified as K. pneumoniae. A high proportion of Klebsiella isolates had virulence factors such as hemolytic activity (67%), siderophore production (44%), and serum resistance (38%). The double-disk synergy test was used to determine ESBL production. ESBL production was detected in 13 (29%) of the 45 Klebsiella isolates. Resistance to 14 antimicrobials was tested in all Klebsiella isolates by the disk diffusion method. All isolates were resistant to two or more antimicrobial agents. All ESBL-producing Klebsiella isolates were highly resistant to cephalosporins and monobactams. Our findings indicate that meat and its products represent potential hazardous sources of multidrug-resistant and virulent Klebsiella species.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial resistance in bacteria isolated from pigs with respiratory clinical signs in Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. e160956
Author(s):  
Maysa Serpa ◽  
Juliana Amália Fonte Bôa do Nascimento ◽  
Mirian Fátima Alves ◽  
Maria Isabel Maldonado Coelho Guedes ◽  
Adrienny Trindade Reis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Great Level ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Pig Farms

Antimicrobial resistance is a current and important issue to public health, and it is usually associated with the indiscriminate use of antimicrobials in animal production. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility profile in bacterial isolates from pigs with clinical respiratory signs in Brazil. One hundred sixty bacterial strains isolated from pigs from 51 pig farms in Brazil were studied. In vitro disk-diffusion method was employed using 14 antimicrobial agents: amoxicillin, penicillin, ceftiofur, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, chlortetracycline, doxycycline, oxytetracycline, tetracycline, erythromycin, tilmicosin, florfenicol, lincomycin, and sulfadiazine/trimethoprim. The majority of isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent (98.75%; 158/160), while 31.25% (50/160) of the strains were multidrug resistant. Streptococcus suis and Bordetella bronchiseptica were the pathogens that showed higher resistance levels. Haemophilus parasuis showed high resistance levels to sulfadiazine/trimethoprim (9/18=50%). We observed that isolates from the midwestern and southern regions exhibited four times greater chance of being multidrug resistant than the isolates from the southeastern region studied. Overall, the results of the present study showed a great level of resistance to lincomycin, erythromycin, sulfadiazine/trimethoprim, and tetracycline among bacterial respiratory pathogens isolated from pigs in Brazil. The high levels of antimicrobial resistance in swine respiratory bacterial pathogens highlight the need for the proper use of antimicrobials in Brazilian pig farms.

scholarly journals Listerial contamination of raw beef and chevon in north-central Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Aleruchi Chuku ◽  
Godwin Attah Obande ◽  
Sani Bashir Eya
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Foodborne Pathogen ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Street Vendors ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Contamination Levels ◽  
Meat Samples

Background and objective: Listeria sp. is a ubiquitous and frequently isolated foodborne pathogen. The prevalence of Listeria sp in raw beef and chevon sold in Lafia Nigeria, as well as their antibiotic susceptibility profile was evaluated. Methods: A total 104 samples comprising of 52 raw beef and 52 chevon were obtained from street vendors (hawkers), Shinge abattoir, Lafia old market and Lafia Modern Market. Isolation of Listeria sp. was performed on Listeria Selective Agar, following enrichment in supplemented Listeria Selective Broth. Identification of Listeria sp. was carried out by cultural and biochemical methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility of isolated L. monocytogenes was performed by standard disk diffusion method. Chi-square test was used to determine association between contamination levels at p=0.05. Results: Seven types of Listeria sp. were isolated. L. monocytogenes and L. ivanovii were the most frequently isolated contaminants in all meat types and from all sample sources. L. monocytogenes was isolated with a frequency of 64.4% (67/104) in the meat samples. Beef samples had the highest listerial contamination with a frequency of 58.2% (78/134) compared to chevon which had a listerial frequency of 41.8% (56/134). Resistance of L. monocytogenes to streptomycin and sparfloxacin was 58.2% and 55.2% respectively. Resistance to ampicillin (34.3%) and gentamicin (20.9%) was also observed. Resistances to multiple antimicrobials were detected in 11 L. monocytogenes isolates. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that the raw meat sold in Lafia was contaminated with several Listeria sp. L. monocytogenes showed high rate of resistance to several antimicrobial agents used for the treatment of listerial infection. Appropriate regulation and monitoring of livestock rearing and meat retailing practices are advocated to safeguard the health of consumers. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2019; 13(2): 1-8

Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Patients Are Associated with Class 1 and 2 Integrons

Chemotherapy ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamid Lavakhamseh ◽  
Parviz Mohajeri ◽  
Samaneh Rouhi ◽  
Pegah Shakib ◽  
Rashid Ramazanzadeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Dna Elements

Background:Escherichia coli isolates displaying multidrug-resistance (MDR) are a major health care problem that results in mortality and morbidity. Integrons are DNA elements in E.coli that are related to antibiotic resistance. The aim of this study was to determine class 1 and 2 integrons and MDR in E. coli isolates obtained from patients in two Sanandaj hospitals, located in Iran. Materials and Methods: 120 isolates of E. coli were obtained from clinical specimens (from November 2013 to April 2014), and the susceptibility of E. coli antimicrobial agents was determined using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method according to the CLSI. PCR were applied for detection of class 1 and 2 integrons in E. coli isolates. SPSS software v16 and the χ2 test were used for statistical analysis in order to calculate the association between antibiotic resistance and the presence of integrons (p < 0.05). Results: In a total of 120 E. coli isolates, 42.5% had MDR. Integrons were found in 50.9% of the MDR isolates, and included 47.05% class 1 and 3.92% class 2 integrons. The strains did not have both classes of integrons simultaneously. An association between resistance to antibiotics and integrons was found. Conclusion: Our results showed that int1 and int2 genes present in E. coli isolates obtained from patients cause MDR in this isolates. Since such bacteria are a reservoir for the transmission of MDR bacteria, appropriate programs are necessary to reduce this problem.

scholarly journals Surveillance of human salmonellosis in Bulgaria, 1999-2004: trends, shifts and resistance to antimicrobial agents

2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 11-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Asseva ◽  
P Petrov ◽  
I Ivanov ◽  
T Kantardjiev
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Asymptomatic Infection ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Gene Coding ◽  
Human Illness

This article analyses the distribution of resistant salmonella and resistance mechanisms among the most frequently encountered serotypes in Bulgaria. Culture, biochemical tests and serotyping were used for identification. Screening for resistance to 14 antimicrobial agents with the standard Bauer-Kirbi disk-diffusion method. The double disk synergy method was used to determine production of extended-spectrum â-lactamases (ESBL). Transfer of genes coding for ESBLs with experimental conjugation. Specific primers were used for PCR detection of bla-CTX-M, bla-SHV and bla-TEM. 245 resistant salmonella strains were determined in our study; the majority originated from sporadic cases of human illness or asymptomatic infection and the remaining 23 were isolated from outbreaks. 79 producers of ESBL were detected: 5 S. Enteritidis, 1 S. Typhimurium, 9 S. Isangi and 62 S. Corvallis with types of enzymes: CTX-M3, TEM and SHV. Gene coding for extended-spectrum â- lactamases were successfully transferred into a recipient Escherichia coli C1A strain simultaneously with genes coding for resistance to aminoglycosides and sulphonamides (for bla-CTX-M3) and gene coding for resistance to aminoglycosides and chloramphenicol (for bla-SHVand bla-TEM). PCR amplification revealed bla-CTX-M3 genes in S. Enteritidis, and bla-SHV and bla-TEM in S. Corvallis. Salmonellae have revealed increasing resistance to all clinically important groups of antimicrobial agents. Bulgaria is the first country in the world where ESBL in serotype Corvallis has been reported. A wide diversity of resistance genes is found among the leading serotypes of salmonella causing human disease in Bulgaria.

scholarly journals Molecular Characterization of invasive Enterobacteriaceae from Pediatric Patients in Central and Northwestern Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carissa Duru ◽  
Grace M Olanipekun ◽  
Vivian Odili ◽  
Nicholas J Kocmich ◽  
Amy Rezac ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Esbl Production ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Resistance Rates

AbstractBackgroundBacteremia is a leading cause of death in developing countries but etiologic evaluation is infrequent and empiric antibiotics are not evidence-based. Very little is known about the types of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) in pediatric bacteremia patients in Nigeria. We evaluated the patterns of ESBL resistance in children enrolled into surveillance for community acquired bacteremic syndromes across health facilities in Central and Northwestern Nigeria.MethodBlood culture from suspected cases of sepsis from children age less than 5 years were processed using automated Bactec® incubator System from Sept 2008-Dec 2016. Enterobacteriacea were identified to the species level using Analytical Profile Index (API20E®) identification strip and antibiotic susceptibility profile was determined by the disc diffusion method. The multidrug resistant strains were then screened and confirmed for extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) production by the combination disc method as recommended by Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI). Real time PCR was used to elucidate the genes responsible for ESBL production characterize the resistance genesResultOf 21,000 children screened from Sept 2008-Dec 2016, 2,625(12.5%) were culture-positive. A total of 413 Enterobacteriaceae available for analysis were screened for ESBL. ESBL production was detected in 160/413(38.7%), comprising Klebsiella pneumoniae 105/160(65.6%), Enterobacter cloacae 21/160(13.1%), Escherichia coli 22/160(13.8%), Serratia species 4/160(2.5%), Pantoea species 7/160(4.4%) and Citrobacter species 1/160(0.6%). Of the 160 ESBL-producing isolates, high resistance rates were observed among ESBL-positive isolates for Ceftriaxone (92.3%), Aztreonam (96.8%), Cefpodoxime (96.25%), Cefotaxime (98.75%) and sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim (90%), while 87.5 %, 90.63%, and 91.87% of the isolates were susceptible to Imipenem, Amikacin and Meropenem respectively. Frequently detected resistance genes were blaTEM 83.75%) (134/160), and, blaCTX-M 83.12% (133/160) followed by blaSHV genes 66.25% (106/160). Co-existence of blaCTX-M, blaTEM and blaSHV was seen in 94/160 (58.8%), blaCTX-M and blaTEM in 118/160 (73.8%), blaTEM and blaSHV in 97/160 (60.6%) and blaCTX-M and blaSHV in 100/160 (62.5%) of isolates tested.ConclusionOur results indicate a high prevalence of ESBL resistance to commonly used antibiotics in Enterobacteriaceae isolates from bloodstream infections in children in this study. Careful choice of antibiotic treatment options and further studies to evaluate transmission dynamics of resistance genes could help in the reduction of ESBL resistance in these settings.

scholarly journals Beta Lactamase Genes of Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase Producing Escherichia coli from Anorectal Sepsis Cases in Bangladesh

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 23-29
Author(s):  
Sheikh Shahidul Islam ◽  
Md Abdul Malek ◽  
AKM Fazlul Haque ◽  
Kaisar Ali Talukder ◽  
Marufa Zerin Akhter
Keyword(s):  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Beta Lactamase ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Esbl Production ◽  
Disc Diffusion Method ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Extended Spectrum

A microbiological study was carried out to determine the prevalence of extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) producing E. coli in anorectal sepsis patients in Bangladesh. One hundred specimens of pus, swab, or exudates from anorectal sepsis cases were studied. All the 61 isolates of E. coli were found to be highly resistant to most of the drugs used. Among these, 14 multidrug resistant E. coli were examined for ESBL production by double disc diffusion method. Six of these were found to be ESBL positive. PCR analysis revealed that 3 of the 6 isolates had coexistence of blaSHV, blaOXA and blaCTXM-1 genes. Two of the isolates had only blaSHV gene, whereas 1 isolate had a combination of blaTEM and blaSHV genes. Three of these were resistant to all the drugs tested, while two were sensitive to getamicin and one to ciprofloxacin. None of the E. coli strains possessed blaCTXM-2, blaCTXM-8, blaCTXM-9, and qnr genes.Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 30, Number 1-2,June-Dec 2013, pp 23-29

scholarly journals Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella Species in Pediatric Patients Visiting International Friendship Children’s Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 117863372090979 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karuna Kayastha ◽  
Binod Dhungel ◽  
Shovana Karki ◽  
Bipin Adhikari ◽  
Megha Raj Banjara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Esbl Production ◽  
Klebsiella Species ◽  
Children's Hospital ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Routine Identification ◽  
Children’S Hospital ◽  
Esbl Producers

Introduction: Emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global threat and significantly affects the treatment options for common infectious diseases. Inappropriate use of antibiotics, particularly third-generation cephalosporins, has contributed to the development of AMR. This study aims to determine the prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species isolated from various clinical samples. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at International Friendship Children’s Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal, from August 2017 to January 2018. A total of 1443 samples that included urine, pus, wound swab, endotracheal tip, catheter tip, and blood were collected from pediatric patients below 15 years and processed by standard microbiological methods. Following sufficient incubation, isolates were identified by colony morphology, gram staining, and necessary biochemical tests. Identified bacterial isolates were then tested for antibiotic susceptibility test by modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method and were subjected to ESBL screening by using 30 µg cefotaxime and ceftazidime. The ESBL production was confirmed by combination disk method. Results: From a total of 103 nonduplicated clinical isolates, E. coli (n = 79), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 18), and Klebsiella oxytoca (n = 6) were isolated from different clinical specimens. Of which, 64 (62.1%) exhibited multidrug resistance, and 29 (28.2%) were ESBL producers. All ESBL-producing isolates were resistant toward ampicillin, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, and ceftazidime. Most ESBL producers were susceptible toward imipenem (89.7%; 26/29), nitrofurantoin (82.8%; 24/29), piperacillin/tazobactam (79.3%; 23/29), and amikacin (72.4%; 21/29). Conclusions: A high prevalence of multidrug-resistant ESBL organisms was found in this study among pediatric patients. Treatment based on their routine identification and susceptibility to specific antibiotics is critical to halt the spread of AMR and ESBL.

scholarly journals Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Purulent Subcutaneous Lesions of Farm Rabbits

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Silva ◽  
Telma de Sousa ◽  
Paula Gómez ◽  
Carolina Sabença ◽  
Madalena Vieira-Pinto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Spa Typing ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Resistance To Penicillin ◽  
Mrsa Strains

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are one of the main pathogens associated with purulent infections. MRSA clonal complex 97 (CC97) has been identified in a wide diversity of livestock animals. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the antibiotic resistance profiles of MRSA strains isolated from purulent lesions of food-producing rabbits. Samples from purulent lesions of 66 rabbits were collected in a slaughterhouse in Portugal. Samples were seeded onto ORSAB plates with 2 mg/L of oxacillin for MRSA isolation. Susceptibility to antibiotics was tested by the disk diffusion method against 14 antimicrobial agents. The presence of resistance genes, virulence factors and the immune evasion cluster (IEC) system was studied by polymerase chain reaction. All isolates were characterized by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), agr and spa typing. From the 66 samples analyzed, 16 (24.2%) MRSA were detected. All strains were classified as multidrug-resistant as they were resistant to at least three classes of antibiotics. All isolates showed resistance to penicillin, erythromycin and clindamycin. Seven isolates were resistant to gentamicin and harbored the aac(6′)-Ie-aph (2″)-Ia gene. Resistance to tetracycline was detected in 10 isolates harboring the tet(K) gene. The IEC genes were detected in three isolates. MRSA strains belonged to CC97, CC1, CC5, CC15 or CC22. The isolates were assigned to six different spa types. In this study we found a moderate prevalence of multidrug-resistant MRSA strains in food-producing rabbits. This may represent concern for food safety and public health, since cross-contamination may occur, leading to the spread of MRSA and, eventually, the possibility of ingestion of contaminated meat.

scholarly journals Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Salmonella and Shigella isolates among children aged below five years with diarrhea attending Robe General Hospital and Goba Referral Hospital, South East Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Addisu Assefa ◽  
Mengistu Girma
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Hand Washing ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Environmental Sanitation ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Susceptibility Patterns

Abstract Background Diarrheal diseases are responsible for high level of morbidity and mortality, particularly in children below 5 years. Salmonella and Shigella spp. are pathogenic microbes responsible for the major diarrheal associated mortality. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence, factors associated with Salmonella and Shigella isolates infections and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns among diarrheic children aged below 5 years attending BRGH and GRH, Ethiopia. Methods A health institution based cross-sectional study was conducted from April to July 2016. One stool samples was collected from 422 diarrheic children under the ages of five and were cultured on to Hektoen Enteric (HE) and Salmonella-Shigella agar. Isolation identification of the Salmonella and Shigella isolates were conducted using standard bacteriological methods. Antibiotic susceptibility was done by Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method. The isolates were defined as multidrug resistant if it was resistant to two or more antimicrobial agents. Descriptive statistics were employed and logistic regression models were constructed to determine factors associated with Shigella/Salmonella prevalence. Results The prevalence of Salmonella and Shigella isolates were 6.9 and 4.3%, respectively. Children aged between 1 to 3 years were significantly associated with Salmonella infection [AOR = 19.08, 95% CI (2.68–135.86)]. The odd of prevalence of Salmonella/Shigella isolates was significantly associated with absence of latrine, absence of hand washing after latrine, and in unimmunized children in adjusted odd ratio. Unimproved water sources and hand washing before meal had also higher odd of prevalence although the difference was not significant. All Salmonella and Shigella isolates were resistant to amoxicillin (100%). In addition, all Shigella isolates were completely resistant to chloramphenicol, and tetracycline, and were multidrug resistant. However, all Salmonella and Shigella isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone. Conclusion There was a relatively low prevalence of Salmonella and Shigella species in the study areas and were significantly associated with lack of personal hygiene and environmental sanitation. There were also higher drug resistance and multidrug resistant pattern. Personal hygiene and environmental sanitation, including access to latrine and supply of safe drinking water are suggested. Checking susceptibilities of Shigella and Salmonella isolates causing diarrhea is also suggested.

scholarly journals Exploring Multidrug Resistant and Possible Extensively Drug Resistant Extended-Spectrum Β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli Isolated from Frozen Chicken Meat in Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mst. Sonia Parvin ◽  
Sudipta Talukder ◽  
Md. Yamin Ali ◽  
Emdadul Haque Chowdhury ◽  
Md. Tanvir Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Chicken Meat ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Beta Lactamase ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Extended Spectrum

Multidrug resistant extended-spectrum &beta;-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli is considered a serious concern to public health worldwide including Bangladesh, and chicken meat is recognized as an important reservoir of ESBL-Ec dissemination to humans. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence, and phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance pattern of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-Ec) in frozen chicken meat. A total of 113 frozen chicken meat samples were purchased from 40 outlets of 9 branded supershops in five megacities in Bangladesh. Isolation and identification of Escherichia coli were done based on cultural, biochemical properties and PCR assay. The resistance pattern was determined by disk diffusion method. ESBL-encoding genes were determined by multiplex PCR. The results showed that 76.1% samples were positive for Escherichia coli, of which 86% were ESBL producers. All the isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Resistance to 9&ndash;11 and 12&ndash;13 antimicrobial classes was observed in 38.4% and 17.4% isolates, respectively while only 11.6% were resistant to 3&ndash;5 classes. The possible extensively drug resistance (pXDR) was found in 2.3% isolates. The high single resistance was observed for oxytetracycline (93%) and amoxicillin (91.9%), followed by ampicillin (89.5%), trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole and pefloxacin (88.4%), and tetracycline (84.9%). Most importantly, 89.6% of isolates were resistant to carbapenems. All the isolates were positive for blaTEM gene. However, the blaSHV and blaCTX-M-2 genes were identified in two ESBL-non producer isolates. None of the isolates were carried blaCTX-M-1 gene. This study provided evidence of wide dissemination of MDR and existence of pXDR ESBL-Ec in frozen chicken meat in Bangladesh. Our data clearly indicated that frozen chicken meat is, at the present time, the most significant known food source of ESBL-Ec to which peoples are regularly exposed.

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