scholarly journals THE "GREAT TERROR” AS A CONSEQUENCE OF THE STRUGGLE WITHIN THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE OF THE CPSU

2021 ◽  
pp. 44-51
Author(s):  
Т.З. БАБАЕВ
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
Central Committee ◽  
Basic Structure ◽  
Social Attitudes ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Social Expectations ◽  
Actual Problem ◽  
Local Leadership ◽  
Cultural Foundations

В статье рассмотрена одна из причин начала «Большого террора». Противостояние Сталина с другими представителями ЦК КПСС, а также внезапное убийство С.М. Кирова привели к «чисткам» внутри политического и военного руководства Советского Союза. Поиск виноватых продолжился и среди простого населения, поскольку в стране отмечалось невыполнение «планов» чистки. Также проанализирована отечественная историография 1950-2000-х гг. по проблеме «Большого террора». Сталинская система опиралась на механизм «чрезвычайщины» на всем протяжении своего существования: волны террора прокатились в 1930–1932 гг., в 1932–1934 гг., в 1936–1938 гг., в 1939–1945 гг., в 1946–1953 гг. С точки зрения автора, масштабы массового террора в 1930–1932 и в 1936–1938 гг. сопоставимы по своей ожесточенности, скоротечности и количеству репрессированных. Историографический анализ показал, что российские историки достигли консенсуса по базовой структуре «Большого террора». Ряд аспектов проблемы сохраняет свою дискуссионность: предпосылки и причины, периодизация, причины завершения; другие требуют дополнительного исследования: роль культурного генотипа и социальных настроений общества, последствия террора. Автор, вопреки преобладающему мнению, включает в содержание «Большого террора» репрессии против элиты наряду с массовым террором, «антикулацкой» и «национальными» операциями. Применение методов новейшей социальной истории заставляет глубже задуматься о социокультурных основаниях террора. Акцентируя внимание на исключительной роли Сталина в организации «Большого террора», не следует забывать, что диктатор действовал, находя опору в утопических социальных ожиданиях и ментальности крестьянских масс, «комбатантной брутальности» своих сподвижников, порожденной опытом Гражданской войны. The article discusses the reasons for the beginning of the "Great Terror". The influence of the NKVD № 00447, which was one of the main regulators of the terror of the late 30s, is comprehended. The position of the "triples" in sentencing on the basis of the report of the Prosecutor's Office of the USSR has been studied. The severity of the sentence received is determined depending on belonging to a certain category in the gradation of the accused. The influence of the local leadership on a significant increase in the number of repressed citizens is considered. The domestic historiography of the 1950s-2000s on the actual problem of the "Great Terror" is also analyzed. The Stalinist system relied on the mechanism of "extraordinary" throughout its existence: waves of terror swept in 1930-1932, in1932-1934, in1936-1938, in1939-1945, in1946- 1953. From the author's point of view, the scale of the mass terror of 1930-1932 and 1936-1938 are comparable in their bitterness, transience and the number of repressed. Historiographical analysis has shown that a consensus has been reached among Russian historians on the basic structure of the "Great Terror". A number of aspects of the problem remain controversial: prerequisites and causes, periodization, reasons for completion; others require additional research: the role of the cultural genotype and social attitudes of society, the consequences of terror, etc. The author, contrary to the prevailing opinion, includes in the content of the "Great Terror" repression against the elite along with the mass terror of "anti-Kulak" and "national" operations. The application of the methods of modern social history makes us think more deeply about the socio-cultural foundations of terror. Focusing on the exceptional role of Stalin in the organization of the "Great Terror", we should not forget that the dictator acted, finding support in utopian social expectations and the mentality of the unbridled masses, the "combatant brutality" of his associates, generated by the experience of the Civil War.

scholarly journals Skandinavijos investicijų vaidmuo Latvijos žiniasklaidos reintegracijoje į Šiaurės ir Vidurio Europos žiniasklaidos modelį

2008 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 37-43
Author(s):  
Ainārs Dimants
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Media Ownership ◽  
North Central ◽  
Central European ◽  
The North ◽  
Media System ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

Straipsnio tikslas – trumpai apžvelgti Latvijos žiniasklaidos privatizacijos ir koncentracijos procesus, sąlygotus užsienio investicijų. Straipsnyje nagrinėjama Skandinavijos, daugiausia Švedijos, kapitalo įtaka redakciniam autonomiškumui, naujų redakcinių instrumentų įdiegimui, siekiant žurnalistikos kokybės ir profesionalumo, o taip pat tokioms žurnalistikos struktūroms, kaip: profesinės sąjungos, žurnalistų rengimas ir mokymas bei žiniasklaidos tyrimai.Straipsnyje teigiama, jog pastarųjų metų Latvijos žiniasklaidos raidą atitinka Šiaurės/Vidurio Europos arba demokratinis-korporacinis žiniasklaidos sistemos modelis, suformuluotas mokslininkų Daniel C. Hallin ir Paolo Mancini trijų žiniasklaidos modelių ir politikos koncepcijoje.The role of Scandinavian investments for the re-integration of Latvian media in the North/Central European model of media systemAinārs Dimants SummaryThe aim of the paper is to give a brief overview about the development and concentration of Latvian media ownership since privatization, from the point of view of the impact of foreign investment. The paper examines the impact of Scandinavian, mainly Swedish, capital on editorial autonomy, on establishing editorial instruments to increase the quality and professionalism of journalism as well as on journalistic infrastructures such as professional unions, training and education and media research.The paper suggests that the North/Central European or Democratic Corporatist Model of media system described by Daniel C. Hallin and Paolo Mancini in their concept of three models of media and politics corresponds to the Latvian media development in the present and in the past.Key words: Latvian media system, models of media system, social history, history of communication, transparency of media ownership, investments, editorial autonomy, journalistic cultures, journalistic infrastructures, professional standards of journalism

The Riot of A.D. 387 in Antioch: The Role of the Theatrical Claques in the Later Empire

1952 ◽  
Vol 42 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 13-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Browning
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Social ◽  
John Chrysostom ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ad Populum

The riot at Antioch in the early spring of A.D. 387 is described in two eye-witness accounts, that of Libanius—in particular Orations 19–23—and that of John Chrysostom—in particular the 21 Homiliae ad populum Antiochenum de statuis. Consequently, it has often been studied in more or less detail by modern scholars, each approaching it from his own point of view. It might seem that all that could be said has been said. Nevertheless, certain features of the disorders, which have some interest for the social history of the period, have not been adequately dealt with. It is as a contribution to the understanding of these that the present study is written.

Elucidation of block boundaries as the dissolution channels in hydrated cement

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 484-485
Author(s):  
N.V. Belov ◽  
U.I. Papiashwili ◽  
B.E. Yudovich
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Grain Boundaries ◽  
Benzoyl Peroxide ◽  
Phase Contrast ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Hardened Cement ◽  
Hydrated Cement ◽  
Hardened Cement Paste

It has been almost universally adopted that dissolution of solids proceeds with development of uniform, continuous frontiers of reaction.However this point of view is doubtful / 1 /. E.g. we have proved the active role of the block (grain) boundaries in the main phases of cement, these boundaries being the areas of hydrate phases' nucleation / 2 /. It has brought to the supposition that the dissolution frontier of cement particles in water is discrete. It seems also probable that the dissolution proceeds through the channels, which serve both for the liquid phase movement and for the drainage of the incongruant solution products. These channels can be appeared along the block boundaries.In order to demonsrate it, we have offered the method of phase-contrast impregnation of the hardened cement paste with the solution of methyl metacrylahe and benzoyl peroxide. The viscosity of this solution is equal to that of water.

Whatever Happened to the Cambridge Capital Theory Controversies? (With comments by L. Pasinetti, F. Fisher, J. Felipe and J. McCombie, R. Greenfield and reply by the authors)

2009 ◽  
pp. 4-27
Author(s):  
A. Cohen ◽  
G. Harcourt
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Economic Thought ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Chronological Order ◽  
Capital Theory

The article written by the well-known theorists and historians of economic thought contains a detailed overview of the Cambridge capital controversy, which had raged from the mid-1950-s through the mid-1970-s. The authors track the origins of the controversy and cover arguments of both sides in chronological order. From their point of view, the discussion hasnt been resolved, and its main underlying aspects were ideological beliefs and fundamental methodological controversies on the nature of equilibrium and on the role of time in economic theory. The article is published with comments written by other leading theoreticians.

УКРАЇНОЗНАВЧИЙ ОСВІТНІЙ ЧИННИК В УМОВАХ СУЧАСНОЇ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ МАСОВОЇ КУЛЬТУРИ

2019 ◽  
pp. 22-29
Author(s):  
Н. В. Фрадкіна
Keyword(s):  
Mass Culture ◽  
Personal Development ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Character Trait ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
The Individual

The purpose and tasks of the work are to analyze the contemporary Ukrainian mass culture in terms of its value and humanistic components, as well as the importance of cultural studies and Ukrainian studies in educational disciplines for the formation of a holistic worldview of modern youth.Analysis of research and publications. Scientists repeatedly turned to the problems of the role of spirituality in the formation of society and its culture. This problem is highlighted in the publications by O. Losev, V. Lytvyn, D. Likhachev, S. Avierintsev, M. Zakovych, I. Stepanenko and E. Kostyshyn.Experts see the main negative impact of mass culture on the quality approach, which determines mass culture through the market, because mass culture, from our point of view, is everything that is sold and used in mass demand.One of the most interesting studies on this issue was the work by the representatives of Frankfurt School M. Horkheimer and T. Adorno «Dialectics of Enlightenment» (1947), devoted to a detailed analysis of mass culture. Propaganda at all socio-cultural levels in the form is similar in both totalitarian and democratic countries. It is connected, according to the authors, with the direction of European enlightenment. The tendency to unify people is a manifestation of the influence of mass culture, from cinema to pop. Mass culture is a phenomenon whose existence is associated with commerce (accumulation in any form – this is the main feature of education), in general, the fact that it exists in this form is related to the direction of the history of civilization.Modern mass culture, with its externally attractive and easily assimilated ideas and symbols, appealing to the trends of modern fashion, becomes a standard of prestigious consumption, does not require intense reflection, allows you to relax, distract, not teach, but entertains, preaches hedonism as the main spiritual value. And as a consequence, there are socio-cultural risks: an active rejection of other people, which leads to the formation of indifference; cruelty as a character trait; increase of violent and mercenary crime; increase in the number of alcohol and drug addicts; anti-patriotism; indifference to the values of the family and as a result of social orphanhood and prostitution.Conclusions, perspectives of research. Thus, we can conclude that modern Ukrainian education is predominantly formed by the values of mass culture. Namely, according to the «Dialectic» by Horkheimer and Adorno, «semi-enlightenment becomes an objective spirit» of our modern society.It is concluded that only high-quality education can create the opposite of the onset of mass culture and the destruction of spirituality in our society. It is proved that only by realizing the importance of cultivating disciplines in the educational process and the spiritual upbringing of the nation, through educational reforms, humanitarian knowledge will gradually return to student audiences.Formation of youth occurs under the influence of social environment, culture, education and self-education. The optimal combination of these factors determines both the process of socialization itself and how successful it will be. In this context, one can see the leading role of education and upbringing. It turns out that the main task of modern education is to spread its influence on the development of spiritual culture of the individual, which eventually becomes a solid foundation for the formation of the individual. Such a subject requires both philosophical and humanitarian approaches in further integrated interdisciplinary research, since the availability of such research will provide the theoretical foundation for truly modern educational and personal development.

The role of graining in ensuring food security

2020 ◽  
pp. 75-79
Author(s):  
R. M. Gambarova
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
The Government ◽  
Favorable Conditions ◽  
Grain Farms

Relevance. Grain is the key to strategic products to ensure food security. From this point of view, the creation of large grain farms is a matter for the country's selfsufficiency and it leading to a decrease in financial expense for import. Creation of such farms creates an abundance of productivity from the area and leads to obtaining increased reproductive seeds. The main policy of the government is to minimize dependency from import, create abundance of food and create favorable conditions for export potential.The purpose of the study: the development of grain production in order to ensure food security of the country and strengthen government support for this industry.Methods: comparative analysis, systems approach.Results. As shown in the research, if we pay attention to the activities of private entrepreneurship in the country, we can see result of the implementation of agrarian reforms after which various types of farms have been created in republic.The role of privateentrepreneurshipinthedevelopmentofproduction is great. Тhe article outlines the sowing area, production, productivity, import, export of grain and the level of selfsufficiency in this country from 2015 till 2017.

Tauchnitz for Translators. The Circulation of English-language Literature in Finland

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 161-179
Author(s):  
Outi Paloposki
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
English Language ◽  
Book History ◽  
Language Skills ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Book Production ◽  
German Publisher ◽  
Language Literature ◽  
Selection Of

The article looks at book production and circulation from the point of view of translators, who, as purchasers and readers of foreign-language books, are an important mediating force in the selection of literature for translation. Taking the German publisher Tauchnitz's series ‘Collection of British Authors’ and its circulation in Finland in the nineteenth and early twentieth century as a case in point, the article argues that the increased availability of English-language books facilitated the acquiring and honing of translators' language skills and gradually diminished the need for indirect translating. Book history and translation studies meet here in an examination of the role of the Collection in Finnish translators' work.

Physical capital stock, technological upgrading and modernisation in Hungary

2005 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Szalavetz
Keyword(s):  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Physical Capital ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Technology Generation ◽  
Development Policies ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Physical Capital Accumulation

This paper discusses the relation between the quality and quantity indicators of physical capital and modernisation. While international academic literature emphasises the role of intangible factors enabling technology generation and absorption rather than that of physical capital accumulation, this paper argues that the quantity and quality of physical capital are important modernisation factors, particularly in the case of small, undercapitalised countries that recently integrated into the world economy. The paper shows that in Hungary, as opposed to developed countries, the technological upgrading of capital assets was not necessarily accompanied by the upgrading of human capital i.e. the thesis of capital skill complementarity did not apply to the first decade of transformation and capital accumulation in Hungary. Finally, the paper shows that there are large differences between the average technological levels of individual industries. The dualism of the Hungarian economy, which is also manifest in terms of differences in the size of individual industries' technological gaps, is a disadvantage from the point of view of competitiveness. The increasing differences in the size of the technological gaps can be explained not only with industry-specific factors, but also with the weakness of technology and regional development policies, as well as with institutional deficiencies.

Assessment of Roma Children from Socially Disadvantageous Environment

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-139
Author(s):  
Ján Ferjenčík
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Assessment ◽  
Psychological Functioning ◽  
Social Attitudes ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Recent Theory ◽  
Assessment Practice ◽  
Teaching Expertise ◽  
Financial Conditions ◽  
Roma People

AbstractIntroduction:Psychological assessment of Roma children belongs to the most controversial topics in recent theory and practice of school psychology in Slovakia. The paper discusses the problem from the three main aspects.Discussion:The first of them raises into question the usability of “general intelligence” construct in the assessment practice. It is shown that from the psychometric point of view it is improper to represent couple of qualitatively different attributes by sole number. Moreover, intelligence as a construct refers to general mental achievement of child here and now but it says nothing about the causes and reasons of the achievement.The second part is devoted to the problem of test adaptation. The author draws attention to the fact that Roma people are the minority with own characteristics, including language, style of life, customs and values. Due to this, it is necessary to use in the psychological assessment solely well adapted psychological tests with special norms for Roma children.The third topic discusses the position of psychologists in decision-making with regard to the type of education of a particular child.Limitations:Because education is realized in a broad social context (policy, social attitudes and expectations, material and financial conditions, teaching expertise, etc.), many of these factors are out of psychologists´ direct control and competencies. Due to this, the primary task in the psychological assessment of Roma pupils should not be based on the question about the advisability of their special education. Instead of this, the psychologist should be concerned more on the proper description and explanation of children’s psychological functioning and, following this, on formulating individual and particular recommendations how and what cognitive, emotional or motivational elements it is necessary to develop at school.

POLIVARIABILITY OF THE BASTARD MOTIF IN THE SHORT STORIES BY GUY DE MAUPASSANT: CHARACTER IN SEARCH OF SELF-IDENTIFICATION

2018 ◽  
pp. 20-27
Author(s):  
Oksana Galchuk
Keyword(s):  
Short Stories ◽  
Short Story ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Guy De Maupassant ◽  
Traditional Values ◽  
The Social ◽  
Role Of It ◽  
Structural Methods

The theme of illegitimacy Guy de Maupassant evolved in his works this article perceives as one of the factors of the author’s concept of a person and the plane of intersection of the most typical motifs of his short stories. The study of the author’s concept of a person through the prism of polivariability of the motif of a bastard is relevant in today’s revision of traditional values, transformation of the usual social institutions and search for identities, etc. The purpose of the study is to give a definition to the existence specifics of the bastard motif in the Maupassant’s short stories by using historical and literary, comparative, structural methods of analysis as dominant. To do this, I analyze the content, variability and the role of this motive in the formation of the Maupassant’s concept of a person, the author’s innovations in its interpretation from the point of view of literary diachrony. Maupassant interprets the bastard motif in the social, psychological and metaphorical-symbolic sense. For the short stories with the presentation of this motif, I suggest the typology based on the role of it in the structure of the work and the ideological and thematic content: the short stories with a motif-fragment, the ones with the bastard’s leitmotif and the group where the bastard motif becomes a central theme. The Maupassant’s interpretation of the bastard motif combines the general tendencies of its existence in the world’s literary tradition and individual reading. The latter is the result of the author’s understanding of the relevant for the era issues: the transformation of the family model, the interest in the theory of heredity, the strengthening of atheistic sentiments, the growth of frustration in the system of traditional social and moral values etc. This study sets the ground for a prospective analysis of the evolution the bastard motif in the short-story collections of different years or a comparative study of the motif in short stories and novels by Maupassant.

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