scholarly journals External and internal factors of innovative development of the economy

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (78) ◽  
pp. 144-148
Author(s):  
F. D. LARICHKIN ◽  
◽  
N. V. KRAUSE ◽  
U. S. ALIMBETOV ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Innovative Development ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
Speed Of Evolution

The economy is formed under the influence of many objective factors for a given country that ensure the success of innovations. Long-term determinants of the direction and speed of evolution of innovative development of the economy are such factors as the size of the country, the availability of all types of resources, features of the historical development of state institutions and forms of entrepreneurial activity.

scholarly journals Trust between the state and business as factor of innovative development of the economy

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anton Sotnikov
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Business Community ◽  
Innovative Development ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
Innovation Infrastructure ◽  
Full Compensation ◽  
The Government ◽  
Partnership Models ◽  
The Impact

The article presents the results of a study conducted by the author on the impact of trust between business and the state on the innovative development of the economy. A brief description of the phenomenon under consideration in the Russian Federation is given, and the main problems in the relationships of these entities are shown using specific examples. The crisis of confidence entails significant risks for the business, which in turn leads to a reduction in business activity and the outflow of capital. Overcoming this crisis is not possible with short-term targeted measures, since it is necessary to apply a long-term programmatic approach that combines various measures and mechanisms, as well as the interaction of the parties. The author, including, based on international experience, shows the mechanisms by which it is possible to structure relations between the government and the business community. According to the author, various measures, both general and specific, contribute to the improvement of the investment climate. The author sees the judicial system independent of the state as the main guarantee. Also, the article discusses issues of legislative guarantees of investments, providing for full compensation for damage when changing state policy in relation to specific types of activities; the introduction of public-private partnership models to address socially significant projects that are not of commercial interest to firms in the absence of state support; creation and functioning of entrepreneurial innovation infrastructure for the development of innovative firms through the combined efforts of state authorities and local self-government; improvement of civil society institutions and public discussion of the activities of state institutions and entrepreneurs.

scholarly journals Solo self-employment, entrepreneurial subjectivity and the security–precarity continuum: Evidence from private tutors in the supplementary education industry

2021 ◽  
pp. 0308518X2110092
Author(s):  
Sarah L Holloway ◽  
Helena Pimlott-Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Choice ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Development Economic ◽  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
Dominant Form ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Supplementary Education ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Education Industry

Entrepreneurship is regarded by policy makers and politicians as an accelerant for economic development. Economic geography demonstrates that rather than stimulating entrepreneurship in general, policy makers should support specific forms of entrepreneurship that fuel wider growth. The paper's original contribution is to insist that entrepreneurship research must also explore less growth-oriented, but crucially very widespread, forms of entrepreneurial activity. The paper therefore places solo self-employment – the self-employed without employees – centre stage as an exemplar of this trend. Research is presented on private tutors who run businesses from home, offering children one-to-one tuition in the burgeoning supplementary education industry. The paper scrutinises the causes, configuration and consequences of such solo self-employment as an economically marginal, but numerically dominant, form of entrepreneurship. In so doing, it makes three conceptual advances in the exploration of heterogeneous entrepreneurship. First, in examining why individuals become self-employed, the paper moves beyond classic efforts to understand entrepreneurship through binary push/pull mechanisms in models of occupational choice. Instead, the analysis demonstrates the importance of risk in entrepreneurship and paid employment, highlighting the multiple pathways into solo self-employment as opportunities and constraints coalesce in individual's lives. Secondly, in considering how the solo self-employed think about business, the research breaks through conventional definitions of entrepreneurship to demonstrate that solo self-employment involves a distinctively entrepreneurial subjectivity and practices. Thirdly, by investigating the consequences of solo self-employment, the findings transcend dualist interpretations of self-employment as the realm of entrepreneurial wealth or economic precarity, highlighting instead a security–precarity continuum in immediate and long-term outcomes.

scholarly journals Family feud: permanent group splitting in a highly philopatric mammal, the killer whale (Orcinus orca)

2021 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva H. Stredulinsky ◽  
Chris T. Darimont ◽  
Lance Barrett-Lennard ◽  
Graeme M. Ellis ◽  
John K. B. Ford
Keyword(s):  
Killer Whale ◽  
Group Structure ◽  
Group Living ◽  
Orcinus Orca ◽  
Learning Approaches ◽  
Killer Whales ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Individual Fitness ◽  
Leadership Experience

Abstract For animals that tend to remain with their natal group rather than individually disperse, group sizes may become too large to benefit individual fitness. In such cases, group splitting (or fission) allows philopatric animals to form more optimal group sizes without sacrificing all familiar social relationships. Although permanent group splitting is observed in many mammals, it occurs relatively infrequently. Here, we use combined generalized modeling and machine learning approaches to provide a comprehensive examination of group splitting in a population of killer whales (Orcinus orca) that occurred over three decades. Fission occurred both along and across maternal lines, where animals dispersed in parallel with their closest maternal kin. Group splitting was more common: (1) in larger natal groups, (2) when the common maternal ancestor was no longer alive, and (3) among groups with greater substructuring. The death of a matriarch did not appear to immediately trigger splitting. Our data suggest intragroup competition for food, leadership experience and kinship are important factors that influence group splitting in this population. Our approach provides a foundation for future studies to examine the dynamics and consequences of matrilineal fission in killer whales and other taxa. Significance statement Group living among mammals often involves long-term social affiliation, strengthened by kinship and cooperative behaviours. As such, changes in group membership may have significant consequences for individuals’ fitness and a population’s genetic structure. Permanent group splitting is a complex and relatively rare phenomenon that has yet to be examined in detail in killer whales. In the context of a growing population, in which offspring of both sexes remain with their mothers for life, we provide the first in-depth examination of group splitting in killer whales, where splitting occurs both along and across maternal lines. We also undertake the first comprehensive assessment of how killer whale intragroup cohesion is influenced by both external and internal factors, including group structure, population and group demography, and resource abundance.

scholarly journals A Transformation of the Approach to Evaluating a Region’s Investment Attractiveness as a Consequence of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Economies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Dmitriy G. Rodionov ◽  
Evgenii A. Konnikov ◽  
Magomedgusen N. Nasrutdinov
Keyword(s):  
Social Environment ◽  
World Order ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Innovative Development ◽  
Social Infrastructure ◽  
Regional Environment ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status

The global COVID-19 pandemic has caused a transformation of virtually all aspects of the world order today. Due to the introduction of the world quarantine, a considerable share of professional communications has been transformed into a format of distance interaction. As a result, the specific weight of traditional components of the investment attractiveness of a region is steadily going down, because modern business can be built without the need for territorial unity. It should be stated that now the criteria according to which investors decide if they are ready to invest in a region are dynamically transforming. The significance of the following characteristics is increasingly growing: the sustainable development of a region, qualities of the social environment, and consistency of the social infrastructure. Thus, the approaches to evaluating the region’s investment attractiveness must be transformed. Moreover, the investment process at the federal level involves the determination of target areas of regional development. Despite the universal significance of innovative development, the region can develop much more dynamically when a complex external environment is formed that complements its development model. Interregional interaction, as well as an integrated approach to innovative development, taking into account not only the momentary effect, but also the qualitative long-term transformation of the region, will significantly increase the return on investment. At the same time, the currently existing methods for assessing the investment attractiveness of the region are usually heuristic in nature and are not universal. The heuristic nature of the existing methods does not allow to completely abstract from the subjectivity of the researcher. Moreover, the existing methods do not take into account the cyclical properties of the innovative development of the region, which lead to the formation of a long-term effect from the transformation of the regional environment. This study is aimed at forming a comprehensive methodology that can be used to evaluate the investment attractiveness of a certain region and conclude about the lines of business that should be developed in it as well as to find ways to increase the region’s investment attractiveness. According to the results of the study, a comprehensive methodology was formed to evaluate the region’s investment attractiveness. It consists of three key indicators, namely, the level of the region’s investment attractiveness, the projected level of the region’s investment attractiveness, and the development vector of the region’s investment attractiveness. This methodology is based on a set of indicators that consider the status of the economic and social environment of the region, as well as the status of the innovative and ecological environment. The methodology can be used to make multi-dimensional conclusions both about the growth areas responsible for increasing the region’s innovative attractiveness and the lines of business that should be developed in the region.

PROBLEMS OF FORECASTING INDICATORS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS IN THE REGION

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 174-182
Author(s):  
A. D. BURYKIN ◽  
◽  
V. Ya. SERBA ◽  
R. A. GASYMOV ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Innovative Development ◽  
Education Development ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Technological Forecasting ◽  
Forecasting Methods ◽  
Educational Processes ◽  
Methodological Aspects

The article deals with the theoretical and methodological aspects of the development of methods for assessing the effectiveness of the educational process in the region. Indicators of the development of educational processes are analyzed from the perspective of long-term scientific and technical forecasting. Based on the analysis of the strategic documents, the problems existing in this area of strategic planning and the factors that hinder the innovative development of the education system in the region are identified. The basic principles and approaches to scientific and technological forecasting are defined. The main groups of scientific forecasts and the main directions of education development in Russia are identified. The considered forecasting methods are recommended for use in the work of state authorities and local governments, depending on the complexity of the implementation and the adequacy of the method, the requirements for the information base of the project.

scholarly journals PROBLEMS OF PERSONNEL SUPPORT OF INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANIZATION

2020 ◽  
pp. 17-23
Author(s):  
М. С. Ибрагимова ◽  
Т. В. Якубов
Keyword(s):  
Strategic Management ◽  
Actual State ◽  
Innovative Development ◽  
Central Object ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Long Term Forecasting

Уровень конкуренции на современных рынках таков, что у производителей товаров и услуг повышаются требования к качеству долгосрочного прогнозирования, а активное использование принципов стратегического управления уже, скорее, обыденность. В статье анализируются ключевые проблемы кадрового обеспечения организации, реализующей стратегию инновационного развития. Персонал, как ключевой ресурс, всегда является центральным объектом анализа в ходе разработки стратегии независимо от ее характера. В статье речь идет о принципиальных отличиях, характерных для инновационного развития, а именно: разработка необходимых компетенций и оценка их соответствия фактическому состоянию кадров. The level of competition in modern markets is such that manufacturers of goods and services have increased requirements for the quality of long-term forecasting, and the active use of the principles of strategic management is more likely to be commonplace. The article analyzes the key problems of staffing the organization implementing the strategy of innovative development. Personnel, as a key resource, is always the central object of analysis during the development of a strategy, regardless of its nature. The article deals with the fundamental differences characteristic of innovative development, namely: the development of the necessary competencies and assessment of their compliance with the actual state of personnel.

scholarly journals Konkurs na Europejską Stolicę Kultury jako czynnik zmiany. Doświadczenia polskich miast

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 29-46
Author(s):  
Paweł Kubicki ◽  
Bożena Gierat-Bieroń ◽  
Joanna Orzechowska-Wacławska
Keyword(s):  
Innovative Development ◽  
Cultural Institutions ◽  
Cultural Policies ◽  
European Capital Of Culture ◽  
Term Change ◽  
Development Policies ◽  
Urban Narratives ◽  
Transformation Processes

This article contains an analysis of the “ECC effect,” that is, the long-term change produced in Polish cities by participation in the competition for European Capital of Culture 2016, which lasted in Poland from 2007 to 2011. The authors concentrate on four basic subjects: (1) city identities; (2) city images; (3) the influence of new cultural institutions on the socio-cultural fabric of cities; and (4) the development of cultural policies and the Europeanization of Polish cities. Their findings are based on the research project “The ECC Effect: In Search of New Urban Narratives,” which was commissioned by the IMPART Festival Office and conducted in 2016 in 7 of the 11 candidate cities: Gdańsk, Katowice, Lublin, Łódź, Poznań, Szczecin, and Wrocław. The authors claim that the competition for European Capital of Culture indubitably initiated extensive transformation processes in Polish cities. It led to an improvement in their images more openness and internationalization, and to a redefinition of the role of culture in innovative development policies.

Psychiatric services

2017 ◽  
pp. 777-800
Author(s):  
Paul Harrison ◽  
Philip Cowen ◽  
Tom Burns ◽  
Mina Fazel
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Psychiatric Services ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Rehabilitation Services ◽  
International Service ◽  
Care Services ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Patient Groups

‘Psychiatric services’ is concerned with the provision of psychiatric care for populations. It deals mainly with the needs of and provisions for people aged 18–65 years (‘adults of working age’), and focuses on the situation in the United Kingdom. (A more global perspective is provided in Chapter 23.) The chapter begins with an account of the historical development of psychiatric services, followed by descriptions of the commonly available psychiatric services and of the problems they encounter. It outlines the components of services, both those within primary care and those within specialized secondary care. These include services for acute disorders and those for complex long-term disorders (rehabilitation services). Service adaptations for patient groups with special needs (e.g. deafness, eating disorders) are also presented. The difficulties encountered by community care services are examined, as are emerging international service principles.

scholarly journals Adaptation of mammalian protein metabolism to amino acid supply

1969 ◽  
Vol 28 (02) ◽  
pp. 215-225
Author(s):  
Hamish N. Munro
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Metabolism ◽  
External Environment ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolic Adaptation ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Physiological Adaptations ◽  
Essential Nutrient ◽  
Mammalian Protein

The metabolism of the animal is equipped to adapt to changes in both the internal and the external environment. Among internal factors are activity versus rest and sleep, and the menstrual cycle in the case of the female. Metabolism must also respond to variations in the external environment, such as heat and cold, and notably the availability of food. Metabolic adaptation to nutrient supply is of two kinds. First, there are transient physiological adaptations to the intermittent intake of nutritionally adequate meals. These short-lived adaptations account for a large part of the diurnal variations that have been observed in the protein metabolism of mammals (Wurtman, 1969). Secondly, long-term adaptive reactions occur when there is a decrease in availability of an essential nutrient in the diet. Under such circumstances, tissue constituents are lost to varying degrees from different parts of the body. It is proposed to discuss here mainly short-term physiological adaptations to variations in amino acid supply and their relevance to the needs of the body for dietary protein. Adaptive changes resulting from long-term protein deficiency are considered in the paper by Waterlow & Stephen (1969).

Exploring Entrepreneurs' Perceptions of Venture Capitalists' Added Value

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 447-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajiv Vaidyanathan ◽  
Vijay Vaidyanathan ◽  
Vivek Wadhwa
Keyword(s):  
Added Value ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Environmental Scanning ◽  
Venture Capitalists ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Strategic Direction ◽  
Practical Implications

Recent research on the marketing-entrepreneurship interface has highlighted the importance of understanding the relationships between various actors that enable entrepreneurial activity. Entrepreneurs often depend on VCs not just for funding, but also for their expertise in environmental scanning, innovation, and strategic direction. This study takes the perspective of entrepreneurs as consumers of the value offered by VC firms and uses a broad survey of entrepreneurs to understand the factors that could affect long term relationships between these actors. The results show that entrepreneurs select VCs primarily on their perceptions of the fairness of the contract, reputation, and startup valuation. We also find evidence that entrepreneurs are uniformly disappointed in their experiences with VCs when comparing their pre- and post-financing views. Our findings contain important implications for a creating a balanced macromarketing view of the VC-entrepreneur relationship and holds practical implications for venture capitalists, entrepreneurs, and policy makers.

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