scholarly journals https://ecotoxbrasil.org.br/revista/28/ecotoxicology-and-environmental-contamination/

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-62
Author(s):  
J.S. Moraes ◽  
Oliveira T.P. ◽  
Guimarães P.S. ◽  
Martins C.M.G.
Keyword(s):  
Cell Viability ◽  
Optical Density ◽  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Environmental Contamination ◽  
Synechococcus Elongatus ◽  
Biomass Growth ◽  
Inhibition Concentration ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Glyphosate Formulations

Glyphosate is an active ingredient used in herbicide formulations worldwide. However, besides glyphosate, these formulations have other components to facilitate glyphosate absorption by plants. These include the surfactants such as polyoxyethylene amine (POEA) present in the Roundup Transorb® (RT) formulation. Glyphosate formulations are potentially more toxic to non-target organisms than the pure active ingredient. In this work, we evaluated the toxicity (72 h) of pure glyphosate and RT for the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus, based on biomass growth and cell viability. The formulation proved more toxic than pure glyphosate for both parameters analysed, with an IC50 (Inhibition concentration mean) based on biomass measured by optical density (750 nm) that was sixty times lower. Cell viability was not as sensitive as the biomass because, of the few cells left in the culture, most were viable. This indicates that there is a variation in tolerance between the cyanobacteria present in the inoculum. Thus, cell viability may underestimate the results of glyphosate and RT toxicity and be useful only in low concentrations of exposure

scholarly journals Facile Green, Room-Temperature Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using Combretum erythrophyllum Leaf Extract: Antibacterial and Cell Viability Studies against Normal and Cancerous Cells

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 893
Author(s):  
Olufunto T. Fanoro ◽  
Sundararajan Parani ◽  
Rodney Maluleke ◽  
Thabang C. Lebepe ◽  
Jose R. Varghese ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gold Nanoparticles ◽  
Cell Viability ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Klebsiella Oxytoca ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Inhibition Concentration ◽  
First Time

We herein report a facile, green, cost-effective, plant-mediated synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for the first time using Combretum erythrophyllum (CE) plant leaves. The synthesis was conducted at room temperature using CE leaf extract serving as a reducing and capping agent. The as-synthesized AuNPs were found to be crystalline, well dispersed, and spherical in shape with an average diameter of 13.20 nm and an excellent stability of over 60 days. The AuNPs showed broad-spectrum antibacterial activities against both pathogenic Gram-positive (Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC14990), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Mycobacterium smegmatis (MC 215)) and Gram-negative bacteria (Proteus mirabilis (ATCC 7002), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 13822), Klebsiella oxytoca (ATCC 8724)), with a minimum inhibition concentration of 62.5 µg/mL. In addition, the as-synthesized AuNPs were highly stable with exceptional cell viability towards normal cells (BHK- 21) and cancerous cancer cell lines (cervical and lung cancer).

scholarly journals 601 An Evaluation of Sulphosate and Four Glyphosate Formulations on Conifers

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 550E-551
Author(s):  
Larry Kuhns ◽  
Tracey Harpster
Keyword(s):  
Active Ingredient ◽  
New Product ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Herbicidal Activity ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Fraser Fir ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
White Fir ◽  
Glyphosate Formulations

Though glyphosate is considered to be a nonselective herbicide, conifer growers have long known that under certain conditions, they could contact the lower branches of their trees with the herbicide Roundup without injuring them. Species, time of application, rate of application, surfactant, method of application, and pruning wounds are all factors affecting conifer tolerance to glyphosate. Because Roundup was widely used by conifer growers, they were very concerned when the formulation of Roundup was changed to contain a more active surfactant. The new product was marketed under the name Roundup Pro. This change increased its herbicidal activity and raised the possibility that it could damage trees if applied in the same way as Roundup. To determine the tolerance of conifers grown in the northeast to a variety of glyphosate formulations, and sulfosate, a set of studies was established. Roundup, Roundup Pro, Glyfos, Accord, and Sulfosate were all applied to field grown hemlock, white fir, Canaan fir, fraser fir, douglas fir, Colorado spruce, and eastern white pine. Rates of 1 to 3 lb active ingredient/A were applied in the fall after new growth was hardened off. In general, it was found that the risk of injuring trees with Roundup Pro is greater than with the old formulation of Roundup. However, in all cases in which Roundup Pro caused more injury than Roundup, the Roundup Pro was applied at 3 lb active ingredient/A. This rate is double the rate recommended for this use. In calibrated, directed spray applications at 1.5 lb active ingredient/A or less, Roundup Pro should be safe for use around the species tested after their growth has fully hardened in the fall.

scholarly journals Fluorescence-Based Cell Viability Screening Assays Using Water-Soluble Oxygen Probes

2003 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 264-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Hynes ◽  
Suzanne Floyd ◽  
Aleksi E. Soini ◽  
Rosemary O'Connor ◽  
Dmitri B. Papkovsky
Keyword(s):  
Cell Viability ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
High Throughput Analysis ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Cell Line Cell ◽  
Plate Analysis ◽  
Soluble Oxygen

A simple luminescence-based assay for screening the viability of mammalian cells is described, based on the monitoring of cell respiration by means of a phosphorescent water-soluble oxygen probe that responds to changes in the concentration of dissolved oxygen by changing its emission intensity and lifetime. The probe was added at low concentrations (0.3 μM to 0.5 nM) to each sample containing a culture of cells in the wells of a standard 96-well plate. Analysis of oxygen consumption was initiated by applying a layer of mineral oil on top of each sample followed by monitoring of the phosphorescent signal on a prompt or time-resolved fluorescence plate reader. Rates of oxygen uptake could be determined on the basis of kinetic changes of the phosphorescence (initial slopes) and correlated with cell numbers (105 to 107 cells/mL for FL5.12 lymphoblastic cell line), cell viability, or drug/effector action using appropriate control samples. The assay is cell noninvasive, more simple, robust, and cost-effective than existing microplate-based cell viability assays; is compatible with existing instrumentation; and allows for high-throughput analysis of cell viability. ( Journal of Biomolecular Screening 2003:264-272)

scholarly journals Influence of Glyphosate Formulations on the Behavior of Sulfentrazone in Soil in Mixed Applications

Toxics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 123
Author(s):  
Ana Cláudia Langaro ◽  
Matheus de Freitas Souza ◽  
Gustavo Antônio Mendes Pereira ◽  
João Pedro Ambrósio Barros ◽  
Antonio Alberto da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Environmental Contamination ◽  
The Other ◽  
Roundup Ready ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Glyphosate Formulations ◽  
Vertical Mobility

The selection of weed biotypes that are resistant to glyphosate has increased the demand for its use mixed with other herbicides, such as sulfentrazone. However, when chemical molecules are mixed, interactions may occur, modifying the behavior of these molecules in the environment, such as the sorption and desorption in soil. In this study, we hypothesized that the presence of glyphosate-formulated products might increase the sorption or decrease the desorption of sulfentrazone, thereby increasing the risk of the contamination of water resources. Therefore, our work aimed to evaluate the sorption, desorption, and leaching of sulfentrazone in the soil in an isolated and mixed application with different glyphosate formulations. The sorption coefficients (Kfs) for the sulfentrazone, sulfentrazone + Roundup Ready, sulfentrazone + Roundup Ultra, and sulfentrazone + Zapp Qi foram were 1.3, 2.1, 2.3, and 1.9, respectively. The desorption coefficients (Kfd) for the sulfentrazone, sulfentrazone + Roundup Ready, sulfentrazone + Roundup Ultra, and sulfentrazone + Zapp Qi foram were 65.7, 125.2, 733.3 and 239.8, respectively. The experiments demonstrated that the sorption and desorption of sulfentrazone in combination with the other formulated glyphosate products are altered, supporting the hypothesis suggested by this work, i.e., that the presence of other molecules is a factor that affects the behavior of herbicides in the soil. This phenomenon altered the vertical mobility of sulfentrazone. Situations involving mixtures of pesticides should be evaluated in order to improve our understanding of the dynamics of these molecules and thus avoid environmental contamination.

scholarly journals Nitrite Transport Activity of the ABC-Type Cyanate Transporter of the Cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus

2009 ◽  
Vol 191 (10) ◽  
pp. 3265-3272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shin-ichi Maeda ◽  
Tatsuo Omata
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Deficiency ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Synechococcus Elongatus ◽  
Transport Activity ◽  
High Affinity ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Cyanobacterial Species ◽  
Relative Specificity ◽  
Nitrite Transport

ABSTRACT In addition to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC)-type nitrate/nitrite-bispecific transporter, which has a high affinity for both substrates (Km , ∼1 μM), Synechococcus elongatus has an active nitrite transport system with an apparent Km (NO2 −) value of 20 μM. We found that this activity depends on the cynABD genes, which encode a putative cyanate (NCO−) ABC-type transporter. Accordingly, nitrite transport by CynABD was competitively inhibited by NCO− with a Ki value of 0.025 μM. The transporter was induced under conditions of nitrogen deficiency, and the induced cells showed a V max value of 11 to 13 μmol/mg of chlorophyll per h for cyanate or nitrite, which could supply ∼30% of the amount of nitrogen required for optimum growth. Its relative specificity for the substrates and regulation at transcriptional and posttranslational levels suggested that the physiological role of the bispecific cyanate/nitrite transporter in S. elongatus is to allow nitrogen-deficient cells to assimilate low concentrations of cyanate in the medium. Its contribution to nitrite assimilation was significant in a mutant lacking the ABC-type nitrate/nitrite transporter, suggesting a possible role for CynABD in nitrite assimilation by cyanobacterial species that lack another high-affinity mechanism(s) for nitrite transport.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Viability and Proliferation Profiles on Macrophages Treated with Silica Nanoparticles In Vitro via Plate-Based, Flow Cytometry, and Coulter Counter Assays

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Bancos ◽  
D.-H. Tsai ◽  
V. Hackley ◽  
J. L. Weaver ◽  
K. M. Tyner
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Cell Viability ◽  
Coulter Counter ◽  
Raw 264.7 Cells ◽  
Raw 264.7 ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Cell Granularity ◽  
Proliferation Assays ◽  
Mouse Macrophage Cell Line

Nanoparticles (NPs) are known to interfere with many high-throughput cell viability and cell proliferation assays, which complicates the assessment of their potential toxic effects. The aim of this study was to compare viability and proliferation results for colloidal silica (SiO2 NP; 7 nm) in the RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cell line using three different techniques: plate-based assays, flow cytometry analysis, and Coulter counter assays. Our data indicate that CellTiter-Blue, XTT, and CyQuant plate-based assays show increased values over control at low SiO2 NPs concentrations (0.001–0.01 g/L). SiO2 NPs show little-to-no interference with flow cytometry and Coulter counter assays, which not only were more reliable in determining cell viability and proliferation at low concentrations in vitro, but also identified changes in cell granularity and size that were not captured by the plate-based assays. At high SiO2 NP concentrations (1 g/L) all techniques indicated cytotoxicity. In conclusion, flow cytometry and Coulter counter identified new cellular features, and flow cytometry offered more flexibility in analyzing the viability and proliferation profile of SiO2 NP-treated RAW 264.7 cells.

scholarly journals Pengaruh variansi konsentrasi ekstrak kulit batang jambu mete terhadap sitotoksikitas sel fibroblas

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
H. Harsini ◽  
Ahmad Febri
Keyword(s):  
Cell Viability ◽  
Optical Density ◽  
Fibroblast Cell ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Cytotoxicity Test ◽  
Plate Reader ◽  
Stem Bark Extract ◽  
Elisa Plate ◽  
The Mean

The influence of cashew stembark extract on citotoxicity fibroblast. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of variation in the concentration of cashew stem bark extract as the base material of mouthwash of the cytotoxic effect on fibroblast cells. The material used in this study was cashew stem bark extracted by maceration method using 70% of ethanol. A total of 15 samples were grouped into 5, each of which consisted of 3 samples (ISO 10993-5). Concentrations used were 1.6%, 0.8%, 0.4%, 0.2% and 0.05%. Cytotoxicity test used the MTT method by comparing the optical density (ELISA plate reader) between treated groups with control groups. Cell viability was obtained by comparing the treated groups with control groups. Cell viability data was analyzed using one-way ANOVA and LSD. The results showed that cashew stem bark has an anticardia acid. Cytotoxicity test used the mean of fibroblast cell viability due to various cashew stem bark extracts successively from concentrations 1.6%, 0.8%, 0.4%, 0.2% and 0.05% with the mean of 15.35 ± 0.443%, 30.84% ± 1.59, 47.78 ± 8.09%, 65.74% ± 3.20, 74.95 ± 7.26%. ANOVA showed a significant influence of various cashew stem bark on cell viability (p<0,05). The results of LSD showed a significant difference between treated groups except between concentrations 0.95% and 0.2%. In conclusion, Cashew extract have anacardic acid and there was influence on various cashew stem bark extract concentrations on the cytotoxicity of fibroblast cell. The concentration of 2% was not cytotoxic.ABSTRAKTujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kandungan ekstrak kulit batang jambu mete dan pengaruh variasi konsentrasi terhadap sitotosisitas sel fibroblas. Penelitian ini menggunakan bahan kulit batang jambu mete (Mojolegi) yang diindentifikasi dan diekstrak menggunakan metode maserasi dengan pelarut etanol 70%. Ekstrak diuji kandungannya menggunakan metode KLT (Kromatografi  Lapis Tipis). Uji sitotoksikistas menggunakan sampel sejumlah 15 dikelompokkan menjadi 5, masing-masing kelompok 3 (ISO-10993-5). Variasi konsentrasi adalah 1,6%, 0,8%, 0,4%, 0,2% dan 0,05%. Uji sitotoksikitas menggunakan metode MTT dengan cara membandingkan optical density (ELISA plate reader) antar kelompok perlakuan dengan kelompok kontrol. Viabilitas sel didapatkan dengan membandingkan nilai optical density pada kelompok perlakuan dan kelompok kontrol. Data viabilitas sel dianalisis menggunakan ANAVA satu jalur dan LSD. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rerata ekstrak mengandung senyawa asam anakardat dan asam galat. Uji sitotoksikistas sel fibroblas akibat variasi ekstrak kulit batang jambu mete secara berturut-turut dari konsentrasi 1,6%, 0,8%, 0,4%, 0,2% dan 0,05% dengan rerata sebesar 15,35% ± 0,443, 30,84% ± 1,59, 47,78% ± 8,09, 65,74% ± 3,20, 74,95% ± 7,26. Uji ANAVA menunjukkan adanya pengaruh variasi konsentrasi ekstrak kulit batang jambu mete bermakna terhadap viabilitas sel (p<0,05). Hasil uji LSD menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna (p<0,05) antar kelompok perlakuan, kecuali antara konsentrasi 0,05% dengan konsentrasi 0,2%. Kesimpulan Ekstrak kulit batang jambu mete mengandung asam anakardat dan asam galat dan terdapat pengaruh variasi konsentrasi ekstrak kulit batang jambu mete terhadap sitotoksikitas sel fibroblas. Konsentrasi 0,2% merupakan konsentrasi yang tidak toksis terhadap sel fibroblas secara in vitro. 

scholarly journals Psychoactive pollution suppresses individual differences in fish behaviour

2021 ◽  
Vol 288 (1944) ◽  
pp. 20202294
Author(s):  
Giovanni Polverino ◽  
Jake M. Martin ◽  
Michael G. Bertram ◽  
Vrishin R. Soman ◽  
Hung Tan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Environmental Contamination ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Poecilia Reticulata ◽  
Fish Behaviour ◽  
Adaptive Potential ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Low Concentrations

Environmental contamination by pharmaceuticals is global, substantially altering crucial behaviours in animals and impacting on their reproduction and survival. A key question is whether the consequences of these pollutants extend beyond mean behavioural changes, restraining differences in behaviour between individuals. In a controlled, two-year, multigenerational experiment with independent mesocosm populations, we exposed guppies ( Poecilia reticulata ) to environmentally realistic levels of the ubiquitous pollutant fluoxetine (Prozac). Fish (unexposed: n = 59, low fluoxetine: n = 57, high fluoxetine: n = 58) were repeatedly assayed on four separate occasions for activity and risk-taking behaviour. Fluoxetine homogenized individuals' activity, with individual variation in populations exposed to even low concentrations falling to less than half that in unexposed populations. To understand the proximate mechanism underlying these changes, we tested the relative contribution of variation within and between individuals to the overall decline in individual variation. We found strong evidence that fluoxetine erodes variation in activity between but not within individuals, revealing the hidden consequences of a ubiquitous contaminant on phenotypic variation in fish—likely to impair adaptive potential to environmental change.

scholarly journals Bacteriostatic effect of copaiba oil (Copaifera officinalis) against Streptococcus mutans

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fábio Alessandro Pieri ◽  
Maria Carolina Martins Mussi ◽  
João Evangelista Fiorini ◽  
Maria Aparecida Scatamburlo Moreira ◽  
José Mauricio Schneedorf
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Mutans ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Bacteriostatic Effect ◽  
Microbial Inhibition ◽  
Inhibition Concentration ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Copaiba Oil ◽  
Concentration Test

This study evaluated the inhibitory activity of copaiba oil (Copaifera officinalis against the cariogenic microorganism, Streptococcus mutans. For such purpose, a minimum inhibition concentration test of copaiba oil against S. mutans was performed, using the serial dilution in broth technique, with a negative control, a positive control (0.12% chlorhexidine) and a 10% copaíba oil solution as a test. A minimum bactericidal concentration test with tubes presenting microbial inhibition was also conduced. In the minimum inhibitory concentration test, copaiba oil showed inhibition of bacterial growth at all concentrations tested up to 0.78 µL/mL of the 10% copaiba oil solution in the broth. In addition, the negative control had no inhibition, and the 0.12% chlorhexidine solution was effective up to 6.25 µL/mL in the broth. Copaiba oil showed a bacteriostatic activity against S. mutans at low concentrations, and could be a an option of phytotherapic agent to be used against cariogenic bacteria in the prevention of caries disease.

Investigation of Anti-Proliferative Effects of Natural Products Quercetin Hydrate and Catechin Hydrate on Leukemia Lymphocytes

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (11) ◽  
pp. 87-93
Author(s):  
Donika Ivanova ◽  
Zvezdelina Yaneva ◽  
Dessislava Lazarova
Keyword(s):  
Cell Viability ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Experimental Basis ◽  
Normal Cells ◽  
Herbal Products ◽  
Catechin Hydrate ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Low Cytotoxicity ◽  
Selective Influence

The major problem of conventional cancer therapy is lack of selectivity and induction of harmful side-effects on normal (healthy) cells and tissues. In the recent years, scientific efforts are focused to find a proper approach for highly selective influence on cell viability, as well as induction of cell death in cancer cells only. In this regard, natural herbal products are of great interest due to their low cytotoxicity to normal cells and tissues and their potential as supplements to conventional chemotherapeutics. It is well known that flavonoids exhibit various biological activities, such as anti oxidative, anti bacterial, anti inflammatory, anti viral and anti cancer, and may play a role in cancer prevention. In the present study, the effects of low concentrations of quercetin hydrate and catechin hydrate on cell viability of leukemia lymphocytes were investigated, in order to provide an experimental basis for their future incorporation into newly-synthesized biocompatible nano-formulations.

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