Investigating the cost-efficiency of rewetting German organic soils

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Steinhauser
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Data ◽  
Cost Efficiency ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Commodity Prices ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Soil Restoration ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Emission Reductions ◽  
Wide Range

<p>Degraded organic soils are the largest source of atmospheric CO2 outside the energy sector, responsible for five percent of Germany’s total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Previous studies have shown a high potential of both protecting non-degraded soils and rewetting degraded soils for mitigating GHG emissions. However, these emission assessments provide little information about opportunity cost and regional cost-efficiency.</p><p>This study maps local emission benefits and management cost of organic soil restoration in Germany using a county-scale resolution (EU NUTS level 3/LAU level 1). We integrate these data in a recursive dynamic European agricultural sector model. This model determines the global agricultural market equilibrium for major agricultural commodities. In the European Union, the model depicts several intensities of crop and livestock production. To compute national abatement cost functions for rewetting organic soils in Germany, we solve the model for a wide range of alternative carbon prices applied to emission reductions from organic soils. From the optimal solution, we determine total emission reductions from organic soils in Germany accompanied by adjustments in agricultural production, land values, commodity prices, and international commodity trade.</p><p>The resulting spatial data will define economically attractive soil areas in Germany for agricultural mitigation efforts and for future in-depth case studies and stakeholder discussions. Thus, the results will guide optimal strategies for organic soil restoration.</p>

OXYGEN FLUX MEASUREMENTS IN ORGANIC SOIL

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 641-650 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAMES A. CAMPBELL
Keyword(s):  
Applied Voltage ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Oxygen Flux ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Effective Voltage ◽  
Flux Measurements ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Almost All

Many measurements of oxygen flux in mineral soils have been reported; however, few such measurements have been made in organic soil. Almost all reported measurements of oxygen flux are at constant applied voltage, despite criticism of this technique, possibly due to the complexity of existing techniques for measuring oxygen flux at effective voltage. Equipment suitable for measuring oxygen flux at applied and effective voltage in organic soil was designed, and simplified techniques were developed and tested. As reported for mineral soils, soil resistance is relatively constant spatially and with depth in individual soils. Limited poisoning of the platinum electrode surface occurred after long periods of time and, contrary to previous assumptions, cannot be detected by erratic readings. Unlike mineral soil, the amperage-voltage slopes are constant over a wide range of organic soils, simplifying the technique for estimating oxygen flux at constant effective volatage. Comparison of simultaneous measurements of oxygen flux at constant and effective voltage indicates that oxygen flux measurements at effective voltage were twice those at applied voltage and strongly correlated (r2 = 0.96, n = 22).

scholarly journals Methane and climate change

2002 ◽  
pp. 153-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.J. Ulyatt ◽  
H. Clark ◽  
D.K.R. Lassey
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Methane Mitigation ◽  
Global Environmental ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Composition Modification ◽  
Methane Reduction

The New Zealand government has indicated that it will ratify the Kyoto Protocol, which means that legally binding targets will be set for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In "preferred" policies to achieve these targets, the agricultural sector will not be taxed directly but is expected to contribute to research leading to methane mitigation. A wide range of possibilities other than reducing livestock numbers exist for lowering livestock methane emissions: increasing the efficiency of animal production, exploiting betweenanimal variation; anti-methanogenic feed additives; dietary manipulation, including pasture composition modification; immunisation; and, manipulation of the rumen microbial ecosystem. Reduction in methane will not only have global environmental benefits, but also, as methane represents a loss of about 6% of an animal's energy intake, any reduction should be reflected in increased animal productivity per unit of intake. It should be possible to deliver a win/win situation with respect to methane reduction and increased productivity. Keywords: climate change, inventory, methane, mitigation, ruminants

LAND-USE CHANGE AND GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN THE FAPRI-CARD MODEL SYSTEM: ADDRESSING BIAS AND UNCERTAINTY

2012 ◽  
Vol 03 (03) ◽  
pp. 1250014 ◽  
Author(s):  
AMANI E. ELOBEID ◽  
MIGUEL A. CARRIQUIRY ◽  
JACINTO F. FABIOSA
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Use Change ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Primary Concern ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Viable Approach ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Impact

Even with a normalized and standardized biofuel shock, the wide range of land-use change estimates and their associated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have raised concern on the adequacy of existing agricultural models in this new area of analysis. In particular, reducing bias and improving precision of impact estimates are of primary concern to policy makers. This paper provides a detailed overview of the FAPRI-CARD agricultural modeling system, with particular emphasis on the modifications recently introduced to reduce bias in the results. We illustrate the impact of these new model features using the example of the new yield specification that now includes updated trend parameter, intensification and extensification effects, and a spatially disaggregated Brazil specification. The paper also provides a taxonomy of the many types of uncertainty surrounding any analysis, including parameter-coefficient uncertainty and exogenous variable uncertainty, identifying where specific types of uncertainty originate, and how they interact. Finally, FAPRI-CARD's long experience in using stochastic analysis is presented as a viable approach in addressing uncertainty in the analysis of changes in the agricultural sector, associated land-use change, and impacts on GHG emissions.

scholarly journals Addressing Peatland Rewetting in Russian Federation Climate Reporting

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1200
Author(s):  
Andrey Sirin ◽  
Maria Medvedeva ◽  
Vladimir Korotkov ◽  
Victor Itkin ◽  
Tatiana Minayeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Moscow Region ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
Emission Reductions ◽  
Wet Grasslands ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Peatland Rewetting ◽  
Ground Truthing

Rewetting is the most effective way to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from drained peatlands and must significantly contribute to the implementation of the Paris Agreement on Climate within the land sector. In 2010–2013, more than 73 thousand hectares of fire-prone peatlands were rewetted in the Moscow Region (the hitherto largest rewetting program in the Northern Hemisphere). As the Russian Federation has no national accounting of rewetted areas yet, this paper presents an approach to detect them based on multispectral satellite data verified by ground truthing. We propose that effectively rewetted areas should minimally include areas with wet grasslands and those covered with water (cf. the IPCC categories “rewetted organic soils” and “flooded lands”). In 2020, these lands amounted in Moscow Region to more than 5.3 and 3.6 thousand hectares, respectively. Assuming that most rewetted areas were former peat extraction sites and using IPCC default GHG emission factors, an overall GHG emission reduction of over 36,000 tCO2-eq year−1 was calculated. We furthermore considered the uncertainty of calculations. With the example of a 1535 ha large rewetted peatland, we illustrate the estimation of GHG emission reductions for the period up to 2050. The approach presented can be used to estimate GHG emission reductions by peatland rewetting on the national, regional, and object level.

Guiding drained peatland management towards negative GHG emissions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Åsa Kasimir ◽  
Salim Belyazid ◽  
Louise Andresen ◽  
Natascha Kljun ◽  
Sylvia Toet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Carbon Accumulation ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Swamp Forest ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Ghg Fluxes

<p>In a world of climate change we need to minimize and stop greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and instead accumulate carbon in ecosystems - we call this ‘negative emissions’. Drained peatlands are in many cases large sources of GHGs to the atmosphere but rewetting of a peatland can mitigate these emissions and possibly reach a net uptake. However, carbon accumulation in peatlands is a dynamic and complex balance between uptake and release, which is mainly driven by the groundwater table (WT) depth.</p><p>                           Our new project funded by the Swedish Research Council FORMAS (2020-2022) aims to produce a handbook with guidance on how to change management of drained organic soil in order to convert them into low or negative emission peatlands. Researchers from Gothenburg, Stockholm, Lund and York Universities will collaborate with landowners, public authorities and NGO’s to assemble the most relevant knowledge.</p><p>We will compare GHG fluxes from organic soils under different traditional and newly suggested land uses in the Swedish landscape, by collected field data, which will be the input for upscaling in time and space by using state-of-the-art process models (CoupModel and ForSAFE). For modelling purposes, extensive abiotic and GHG datasets will be available from the research station ‘Skogaryd’ in Västra Götaland, Sweden (https://gvc.gu.se/english/research/skogaryd), from a drained peat with spruce forest, before and after the clear-cut in 2019. This clear-cut area will now be partly rewetted by building a dam, and GHG flux measurements will be collected in response to different soil WT and vegetation types. Other available data are from a variety of drained and rewetted peat soils in neighboring countries. In addition, GHG measurements in Sweden on restored bogs are starting during summer 2020. Models will allow us to assess and examine the influence of 1) WT fluctuations, 2) soil fertility, and 3) management on both carbon storage and GHG fluxes for rewetted cases with moss vegetation, meadow or swamp forest.</p>

scholarly journals 529 Relationship of Soil Temperature, pH, and Organic Carbon Content to Nitrogen Release in Cranberry Soils

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 537A-537
Author(s):  
Joan R. Davenport ◽  
Carolyn DeMoranville
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
N Release

Soluble nitrogen (ammonium and nitrate) is released when soil organic matter is mineralized. The amount of N released by this process depends on the amount of organic matter present and soil temperature. Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) grows in acidic soils with a wide range in organic matter content. To evaluate how soil N release is affected by soil temperature, intact soil cores were collected from sites that had received no fertilizer and placed in PVC columns. Four different soil types, representing the range of cranberry soils (sand, sanded organic soil, peat, and muck), were used. Each column was incubated sequentially at six different temperatures from 10 to 24 °C (2.8 °C temperature intervals) for 3 weeks at each temperature, with the soils leached twice weekly to determine the amount of N release. The total amount of N in leachate was highest in organic soils, intermediate in the sanded organic soil, and lowest in the sands. The degree of decomposition in the organic soils was important in determining which form of N predominated. In the more highly decomposed organic soil (muck), most of the N was converted to nitrate. The data from this study resulted in the development of two models—one predicting the N mineralization and the other predicting the proportion of N in each of the two forms. Key factors for N release rate were soil temperature, percentage of clay, and organic carbon content. For predicting the proportion of N as ammonium vs. nitrate, key factors were soil temperature, soil pH, and the distribution of mineral matter in the silt and sand fractions.

Unified approach to spatial description of objects terrain departmental registries / cadastres as a perspective basis of the state system territory mapping

2019 ◽  
Vol 942 (12) ◽  
pp. 41-49
Author(s):  
A.M. Portnov
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Data ◽  
Spatial Description ◽  
Unified Approach ◽  
Technological Basis ◽  
The Public ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Map Data ◽  
Consistency Verification ◽  
Thematic Data

Using unified principles of formation and maintenance of register/cadaster with information about spatial data of landscape objects as the informational and technological basis for updating the public topographic maps and modernization of state cartographic system is proposed. The problems of informational relevancy of unified electronical cartographic basis and capacity of its renovation in case of public cadaster map data. The need to modernize the system of classification and coding of cartographic information, the use of unified standards for the coordinate description of register objects for their topological consistency, verification and updating is emphasized. Implementing such solutions is determined by economical expediency as well as necessity of providing a variety of real thematic data for wide range of consumers in the field of urban planning, territories development and completing the tasks of Governmental program “Digital economy of the Russian Federation”.

scholarly journals Economic and Environmental Consequences of the ECJ Genome Editing Judgment in Agriculture

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1212
Author(s):  
Alexander Gocht ◽  
Nicola Consmüller ◽  
Ferike Thom ◽  
Harald Grethe
Keyword(s):  
Genome Editing ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Food Prices ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Environmental Consequences ◽  
European Court ◽  
The Eu

Genome-edited crops are on the verge of being placed on the market and their agricultural and food products will thus be internationally traded soon. National regulations, however, diverge regarding the classification of genome-edited crops. Major countries such as the US and Brazil do not specifically regulate genome-edited crops, while in the European Union, they fall under GMO legislation, according to the European Court of Justice (ECJ). As it is in some cases impossible to analytically distinguish between products from genome-edited plants and those from non-genome-edited plants, EU importers may fear the risk of violating EU legislation. They may choose not to import any agricultural and food products based on crops for which genome-edited varieties are available. Therefore, crop products of which the EU is currently a net importer would become more expensive in the EU, and production would intensify. Furthermore, an intense substitution of products covered and not covered by genome editing would occur in consumption, production, and trade. We analyzed the effects of such a cease of EU imports for cereals and soy in the EU agricultural sector with the comparative static agricultural sector equilibrium model CAPRI. Our results indicate dramatic effects on agricultural and food prices as well as on farm income. The intensification of EU agriculture may result in negative net environmental effects in the EU as well as in an increase in global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This suggests that trade effects should be considered when developing domestic regulation for genome-edited crops.

Turbulent three-dimensional dielectric electrohydrodynamic convection between two plates

2012 ◽  
Vol 696 ◽  
pp. 228-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kourmatzis ◽  
J. S. Shrimpton
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Data ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Reynolds Numbers ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Energy Budgets ◽  
Turbulent Regime ◽  
Scalar Flux ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Scalar Variance

AbstractThe fundamental mechanisms responsible for the creation of electrohydrodynamically driven roll structures in free electroconvection between two plates are analysed with reference to traditional Rayleigh–Bénard convection (RBC). Previously available knowledge limited to two dimensions is extended to three-dimensions, and a wide range of electric Reynolds numbers is analysed, extending into a fully inherently three-dimensional turbulent regime. Results reveal that structures appearing in three-dimensional electrohydrodynamics (EHD) are similar to those observed for RBC, and while two-dimensional EHD results bear some similarities with the three-dimensional results there are distinct differences. Analysis of two-point correlations and integral length scales show that full three-dimensional electroconvection is more chaotic than in two dimensions and this is also noted by qualitatively observing the roll structures that arise for both low (${\mathit{Re}}_{E} = 1$) and high electric Reynolds numbers (up to ${\mathit{Re}}_{E} = 120$). Furthermore, calculations of mean profiles and second-order moments along with energy budgets and spectra have examined the validity of neglecting the fluctuating electric field ${ E}_{i}^{\ensuremath{\prime} } $ in the Reynolds-averaged EHD equations and provide insight into the generation and transport mechanisms of turbulent EHD. Spectral and spatial data clearly indicate how fluctuating energy is transferred from electrical to hydrodynamic forms, on moving through the domain away from the charging electrode. It is shown that ${ E}_{i}^{\ensuremath{\prime} } $ is not negligible close to the walls and terms acting as sources and sinks in the turbulent kinetic energy, turbulent scalar flux and turbulent scalar variance equations are examined. Profiles of hydrodynamic terms in the budgets resemble those in the literature for RBC; however there are terms specific to EHD that are significant, indicating that the transfer of energy in EHD is also attributed to further electrodynamic terms and a strong coupling exists between the charge flux and variance, due to the ionic drift term.

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SOME PROPERTIES OF ORGANIC SOILS FROM THE SOUTHERN CANADIAN SHIELD

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. ANN BROWN ◽  
S. P. MATHUR ◽  
ANTON BROWN ◽  
D. J. KUSHNER
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Acid Leaching ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Mining Districts ◽  
Two Populations ◽  
Inorganic Components

Different numerical methods used to distinguish between organic soil types are evaluated. The research was initiated by the suggestion that acid leaching from mining wastes could be prevented by capping the tailings with a self-renewing methane-producing muskeg bog, in order to prevent the penetration of oxygen to the wastes. Thirty organic soils from bogs in the mining districts of Elliot Lake, Sudbury, and Timmins, Ontario, and Noranda, Quebec, were sampled and 28 soil characteristics were measured. These characteristics, whose values are normally or lognormally distributed, were analyzed by several different statistical methods. Some characteristics indicate the existence of two populations, and others are bivariantly correlated. Canonical discriminant analysis was more successful than cluster analysis in separating the bogs into well-defined geographical groups. However, principal component analysis proved best at grouping the organic soils according to their organic and inorganic components, and we suggest that this is a suitable method for the general discrimination of organic soil types. Methane was present in all the 17 bogs tested for it, and in two very wet bogs more than 2 mmol of methane per liter were extracted. Key words: Muskeg bog, organic soils, soil characterization, principal component analysis

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