scholarly journals Application of Pisang Awak Bunch-Derived Heterogenous Base Catalyst in Transesterification of Palm Oil into Biodiesel

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-63
Author(s):  
Meriatna Meriatna ◽  
Zulmiardi Zulmiardi ◽  
Suryati Suryati ◽  
Sulhatun Sulhatun ◽  
Zukhrufi Dina Nasution ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Solid Catalyst ◽  
Processing Temperature ◽  
Liquid Form ◽  
Food Ingredients ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
Oil Processing ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Heterogenous Catalyst

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel for diesel machine comprosied of alkyl monoesters deriving from vegetable oils or animal fats. Cooking oil is an oil originated from vegetable or animal fat which has been priorly purified, where it appears in liquid form at room temperature and is usually used to fry food ingredients. Heterogenous catalyst is a catalyst present in different phase with the reagent in a reaction it catalyzes. Kalium content in banana in a banana bunch is sufficiently high reaching 94.4%. The aim of this study was to utilize banana bunch which has been priorly ashed using furnace at 700°C for 4 hours, thereafter, applied as a heterogenous catalyst in a the preparation process of biodiesel from cooking oil. Processing variables investigated in this research included the influences of the number of catalyst (3, 4, 5, 6, and 7%) and molar rasio of oil and methanol (1:5, 1:6, 1:7, 1:8, and 1:9) against the properties of produced biodiesel, namely density, viscosity, and water content which later compred with Indonesian standard (SNI). From the study, it was obtained maximum yield of 90.97% with methanol:oil rasio of 1:7 at processing temperature of 60°C with reaction time of 90 minutes and catalyst as much as 3 % w/w. The characteristics of the cooking oil-based biodiesel obtained from the a reaction with oil: methanol rasio of 1:6 and catalyst as much as 3% w/w were density 850 kg/m3 and viscosity 621 mm2/s. This research showed that the obtained biodiesel characteristics had been sufficient according to the SNI, and the use of calcinated banana bunch was very potential in the production of biodiesel acting as solid catalyst person.

Interactions Between Al and Cr Thin Films

1976 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 638-639
Author(s):  
R. M. Anderson ◽  
T. M. Reith ◽  
M. J. Sullivan ◽  
E. K. Brandis
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Vacuum System ◽  
Processing Temperature ◽  
Diffusion Couples ◽  
Electronic Circuits ◽  
Intermetallic Formation ◽  
Si Substrates ◽  
Aluminum Silicon

Thin films of aluminum or aluminum-silicon can be used in conjunction with thin films of chromium in integrated electronic circuits. For some applications, these films exhibit undesirable reactions; in particular, intermetallic formation below 500 C must be inhibited or prevented. The Al films, being the principal current carriers in interconnective metal applications, are usually much thicker than the Cr; so one might expect Al-rich intermetallics to form when the processing temperature goes out of control. Unfortunately, the JCPDS and the literature do not contain enough data on the Al-rich phases CrAl7 and Cr2Al11, and the determination of these data was a secondary aim of this work.To define a matrix of Cr-Al diffusion couples, Cr-Al films were deposited with two sets of variables: Al or Al-Si, and broken vacuum or single pumpdown. All films were deposited on 2-1/4-inch thermally oxidized Si substrates. A 500-Å layer of Cr was deposited at 120 Å/min on substrates at room temperature, in a vacuum system that had been pumped to 2 x 10-6 Torr. Then, with or without vacuum break, a 1000-Å layer of Al or Al-Si was deposited at 35 Å/s, with the substrates still at room temperature.

scholarly journals Copper molybdate synthesized by sonochemistry route at room temperature as an efficient solid catalyst for esterification of oleic acid

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 ◽  
pp. 105541
Author(s):  
J.L. Silva Junior ◽  
F.X. Nobre ◽  
F.A. de Freitas ◽  
T.A.F. de Carvalho ◽  
S.S. de Barros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Solid Catalyst

The Effect of Thermal Prestress on the Deformation of Micromirror Chip Embedded with Through-Silicon Vias

2011 ◽  
Vol 462-463 ◽  
pp. 563-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng Kao Yeh ◽  
Chun Lin Lu
Keyword(s):  
Stress Distribution ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Thermal Loading ◽  
Heat Transfer Analysis ◽  
Processing Temperature ◽  
Temperature Decrease ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
The Finite Element Method ◽  
Through Silicon Vias ◽  
Silicon Vias

The thermal expansion mismatch problem for a chip due to temperature decrease from processing temperature to room temperature may cause residual stress inside the chip structure. The thermal prestress accumulated and may affect the chip reliability when the chip was subjected to the thermal loading again. In this paper, the effect of thermal prestress on the micromirror chip embedded with copper through-silicon vias (TSVs) was investigated by the finite element method. In analysis, the micromirror chip embedded with TSVs was analyzed first under thermal loading which resulted from temperature decrease between the stress free processing temperature and room temperature. This process produced a thermal prestress in the micromirror chip. The chip was then subjected to a heat source at the bottom while in operation and the heat transfer analysis was used to simulate this situation. Finally, the thermal stress analysis was carried out to obtain the deformation and the stress distribution in the chip. The results show that the thermal prestress had strong effect on the chip reliability and should be reduced as much as possible. This paper proposed a three steps analysis method to obtain the deformation and the stress distribution in the chip, in which the effect of thermal prestress on the chip reliability was evaluated effectively.

Optimized Preparation of Moringa Oleifera Methyl Esters Using Sulfated Tin Oxide as Heterogenous Catalyst

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald Kafuku ◽  
Makme Mbarawa ◽  
Man Kee Lam ◽  
Keat Teong Lee
Keyword(s):  
Tin Oxide ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Solid Catalyst ◽  
Separation And Purification ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
Super Acid ◽  
Moringa Oleifera Oil

Fatty acid methyl esters (biodiesel), prepared from transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fats, have gained great importance in substituting petroleum based diesel for combating environmental problems and higher diesel prices. Moringa oleifera fatty acids are among the newly investigated potentials for biodiesel production in recent years. In getting rid of soap formation and thus large waste washing water from biodiesel produced from homogenous catalysts, the use of heterogeneous catalysts is currently preferred due to easily separation and purification of the final products. In this study, biodiesel was produced from moringa oleifera oil using sulfated tin oxide enhanced with SiO2 (SO42−/SnO2−SiO2) as super acid solid catalyst. The experimental design was done using design of experiment (DoE), specifically, response surface methodology based on three-variable central composite design (CCD) with alpha (α) = 2. The reaction parameters in the optimization process were reaction temperature (60°C to 180°C), reaction period (1 to 3 hrs) and methanol to oil ratio (1:6 to 1:24 mol/mol). It was observed that the yield up to 84wt% of moringa oleifera methyl esters can be obtained with reaction conditions of 150°C temperature, 150 minutes reaction time and 1:19.5 methanol to oil ratio, while catalyst concentration and agitation speed are kept at 3wt% and 350 rpm respectively.

scholarly journals BENTONITE APPLICATIONS IN SIMPLE PURIFICATION OF BULK COOKING OIL AS ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS FOR HOUSEHOLD COST EFFICIENCY

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-72
Author(s):  
Mira Meirawaty ◽  
Christin Palit ◽  
Dyah Ayu Setyorini ◽  
Moehammad Ali Jambak
Keyword(s):  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Earth Science ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Oil Quality ◽  
Bentonite Clay ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
Strong Activity ◽  
Food Ingredients ◽  
Cooking Oil

Utilization of Crude Palm Oil (Crude Palm Oil) in food cooking activities is a strong activity in Indonesian society, more than 80% of household activities use this type of oil to process food ingredients. The affordable price with a variety of packaging makes this type of cooking oil has many fans. A survey that has been conducted on residents of the Kalideres area with a total of 20 respondents stated that in addition to using new palm cooking oil in cooking activities, the majority of residents are also accustomed to using this oil used in cooking activities that require the deep-fried method. The quality of cooking oil is largely determined by the level of purity of the solution, the clearer the color of the solution, the better the quality, the darker the color of the solution indicates the presence of more impurities, the higher the saturated fatty acid emulsion, indicating poor cooking oil quality. This is what was raised in this community service (CS) activity, namely socializing alternatives to the use of purified bulk cooking oil. The purification material uses bentonite clay minerals which are heated and dissolved in a certain amount and duration of time which is able to maximize the adsorption power of impurities according to the natural structure of bentonite. CS activities carried out online include counseling and training activities for housewives in the economically densely populated Kalideres area. Through the socialization program for the purification of bulk cooking oil using bentonite clay minerals, it is hoped that residents will have an alternative to reduce the cost of processing food raw materials in a more effective and healthy way. This program is also expected to function as a medium to socialize the application of earth science in helping activities of daily living.

scholarly journals New Method for Nucleophilic Substitution on Hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene by Allylamine Using an Algerian Proton Exchanged Montmorillonite Clay (Maghnite-H+) as a Green Solid Catalyst

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lahouaria Medjdoub ◽  
Belbachir Mohammed
Keyword(s):  
Nucleophilic Substitution ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Montmorillonite Clay ◽  
New Method ◽  
Solid Catalyst ◽  
H Nmr ◽  
Flight Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Crystalline Product ◽  
First Time ◽  
C Nmr

<p>Nucleophilic substitution on hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCTP) with allylamine in order to give hexa(allylamino)cyclotriphosphazene (HACTP)  is performed for the first time under mild conditions by using diethylether as solvent to replace benzene which is very toxic. The reaction time is reduced to half and also performed at room temperature but especially in the presence of an eco-catalyst called Maghnite-H<sup>+</sup>. This catalyst has a significant role in the industrial scale. In fact, the use of Maghnite is preferred for its many advantages: a very low purchase price compared to other catalysts, the easy removal of the reaction mixture. Then, Maghnite-H<sup>+</sup> is became an excellent catalyst for many chemical reactions. The structure of HACTP synthesized in the presence of Maghnite-H<sup>+</sup> to 5% by weight is confirmed by <sup>1</sup>H-NMR, <sup>13</sup>C-NMR, <sup>31</sup>P-NMR (Nuclear magnetic resonance) and FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy). MALDI-TOF (Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionisation-time-of-flight mass spectrometry) is used to establish the molecular weight of HACTP which is 471 g/mol. DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetery) and TGA (Thermogravimetric Analysis) show that HACTP is a crystalline product with a melting point of 88 °C. It is reactive after melting but is degraded from 230 °C. Copyright © 2016 BCREC GROUP. All rights reserved</p><p><em>Received: 28<sup>th</sup> September 2015; Revised: 5<sup>th</sup> December 2015; Accepted: 4<sup>th</sup> January 2016</em></p><p><strong>How to Cite</strong>: Medjdoub, L., Mohammed, B. (2016). New Method for Nucleophilic Substitution on Hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene by Allylamine Using an Algerian Proton Exchanged Montmorillonite Clay (Maghnite-H+) as a Green Solid Catalyst. <em>Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering &amp; Catalysis</em>, 11 (2): 151-160 (doi:10.9767/bcrec.11.2.541.151-160)</p><p><strong>Permalink/DOI:</strong> http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.11.2.541.151-160</p>

Amberlyst A21: A reusable solid catalyst for green synthesis of pyran annulated heterocycles at room temperature

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 419-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manisha Bihani ◽  
Pranjal P. Bora ◽  
Ghanashyam Bez ◽  
Hassan Askari
Keyword(s):  
Green Synthesis ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Solid Catalyst

scholarly journals Effects of Microcredit on the Financial Performance of Small Scale Cooking Oil Processors in Central Malawi

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 159
Author(s):  
Lovemore Mtsitsi ◽  
Joseph K. Dzanja ◽  
Sera Gondwe ◽  
Bonet C. Kamwana
Keyword(s):  
Financial Performance ◽  
Financial Distress ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Oil Processing ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Equity Ratio ◽  
Improve Production Efficiency

<p>The study was conducted to determine the effect of microcredit on financial performance of small scale cooking oil processors in central Malawi. Adopting a mixed research approach, the DuPont identity was used to compare the financial strengths and weaknesses between businesses that acquired a microcredit and those that did not. First, the study found that small scale cooking oil processing is a profitable business, regardless of their status in microcredit acquisition. However, microcredit had mixed effects on the financial performance of businesses. Microcredit improved the level of business capital for the businesses translating into better production efficiency, competitiveness and acquisition of a market share thus positively contributing to financial performance. On the other hand, microcredit increased the debt equity ratio hence increasing the businesses’ risk of default. The study recommends the businesses to further improve production efficiency and net asset turnovers. In addition, small and medium scale businesses ought to prudently contract microcredit in order to enhance their financial performance whilst checking for their risk of financial distress.</p>

On the Size Effects in Micro/Meso Upsetting of Brass H62 at Elevated Temperatures

2014 ◽  
Vol 621 ◽  
pp. 158-164
Author(s):  
Hao Yan Wang ◽  
Zhe He Yao ◽  
De Qing Mei
Keyword(s):  
Flow Stress ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Size Effects ◽  
Metal Forming ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Processing Temperature ◽  
High Production ◽  
Scaling Down

Micro/meso forming, as an emerging manufacturing process for miniature metallic workpieces, has attracted great attention since the 1990s due to its high production efficiency, low material waste and high precision. Due to the so-called size effects in the scaling down, many traditional theories in metal forming cannot be simply applied to the micro/meso forming. In this study, the micro/meso upsetting experiments of Brass H62 were conducted at various temperatures. The stress−strain curves in the experiments were measured and compared. The effects of the temperature and the sample size on the flow stress were discussed. It is found that the flow stress of the material decreased with the decrease of the sample size at room temperature. However, the flow stress of the material may increase with the decrease of the sample size at elevated temperatures. The results indicate that the size effects in the micro/meso forming are significantly affected by the processing temperature.

Preliminary Study on Combustion of Biodiesel for Power Generation

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ee Sann Tan ◽  
Kumaran Palanisamy ◽  
Ibrahim Hussein ◽  
Farid Nasir Ani
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Alternative Fuel ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Combustion Efficiency ◽  
Test Facility ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Crude Oil Prices

In the recent wake of escalating crude oil prices due to depletion of fossil fuel, biodiesel has generated a significant interest as an alternative fuel for the future. The use of biodiesel to fuel microturbines or gas turbine application is envisaged to solve problems of diminishing supplies of fossil fuel reserves and environmental concerns. This paper examines the combustion of biodiesel derived from Malaysian Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) in a combustion test facility to study the feasibility of using the designated fuel at five various volumetric ratios for gas turbine application. Biodiesel was produced from waste cooking oil in Malaysia, mainly from palm oil sources and animal fats. The oil burner was able to fire the five blends of fuel without any modification or pretreatment. The combustion performance of Malaysian WCO biodiesel and distillate blends was examined with respect to the combustion efficiency. The results indicated biodiesel combustion required less air for stoichiometric combustion due to presence of oxygen in the fuel. Indeed biodiesel stand as a potential alternative fuel for power generation application with the best efficiency at blended ratio of 20% biodiesel and 80% distillate.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document