scholarly journals Rules and information: An integral criticism of legislation

2021 ◽  
pp. 197-252
Author(s):  
Esteban Pérez Medina
Keyword(s):  
Relevant Information ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Spontaneous Order ◽  
Free Society ◽  
Jel Codes ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Spontaneous Process ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Economic Goods ◽  
Do So

The goal of this paper is to produce a fundamental criticism of the legislation. However, to do so, we first need to understand the nature of custom-ary rules. For this task, we find it relevant to develop a rule theory founded on praxeology. This work studies how man produces claims over certain economic goods, how those claims can lead to conflict and the complex interactions that take place as a consequence of this. We will conclude that the rules produced in a free society as a result of said interactions condense relevant information that aids human coordination, propitiating a better resolution of future conflicts as well as their avoidance. Rules tell man what expectations he can rely on. Parting from this theory, we will explain how intervention on this spontaneous process by way of legislation produces critical consequences which we can only understand after acknowledging the process of rule formation. Keywords: praxeology, law, customary law, rules, expectations, spontaneous order, entrepreneurship, legislation. JEL codes: K0. Resumen: El objetivo de este trabajo es producir una crítica fundamental de la legislación. Sin embargo, para hacerlo, primero tenemos que comprender la naturaleza de las normas consuetudinarias. Para esta tarea, consideramos que es relevante el desarrollo de una teoría de reglas basada en la praxeología. Este trabajo estudia cómo el hombre genera reclamaciones sobre ciertos bie-nes económicos, cómo ellas pueden conducir a un conflicto y las complejas interacciones que se producen como consecuencia de ello. Llegaremos a la conclusión de que las reglas que se producen en una sociedad libre y como resultado de dichas interacciones, condensan información relevante que ayu-da a la coordinación humana, propiciando una mejor resolución y evitación de conflictos futuros. Las reglas indican al hombre en qué expectativas puede confiar. A partir de esta teoría, vamos a explicar cómo la intervención en este proceso espontáneo a través de la legislación produce consecuencias críticas que sólo podemos entender después de reconocer el proceso de formación de reglas. Palabras clave: praxeología, derecho, ley consuetudinaria, reglas, expectati-vas, orden espontáneo, función empresarial, legislación. Clasificación JEL: K0.

Freedom, creativity and the future of cities

2021 ◽  
pp. 51-72
Author(s):  
Gonzalo Melián ◽  
Gabriel Calzada Álvarez
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Spontaneous Order ◽  
Planning Models ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Human Creativity ◽  
The Future

What will the cities of the future be like? This is a question that does not have an unequivocal response. The cities of the future will be developed by people who have not been born yet or who are not devoted to shaping urban planning policy and markets. Furthermore, these cities have not yet been created and will be created thanks to a knowledge that does not yet exist today. All we can do is try to draw along the general (alternative) guidelines according to which those future cities might be constructed and the consequences of every alternative. This work tries to analyze the main problems caused by today’s urban planning models and its results. Later we will try to explain the different general policy frameworks used to develop urban areas. Finally, we will offer a figure of the type of urban development and the economic consequences of every alternative. In this final step the author will analyze the scope that is granted to human creativity and social cooperation in each case. Key words: City, knowledge, creativity, entrepreneurship, prices, economic calculation, speculation, corruption, cartesian order, spontaneous order, developed or contractual law, customary law and urban planning. JEL Classification: R00, R40, R48, R50, R52, R58, K11, K12, K32. Resumen: ¿Cómo serán las ciudades del futuro? Esta es una pregunta que no tiene una respuesta inequívoca. Las ciudades del futuro serán desarrollados por personas que no han nacido aún o que no se dedican a la elaboración de las políticas de planificación urbana. Además, estas ciudades todavía no se han creado y se crearán gracias a un conocimiento que no existe aún hoy en día. Todo lo que podemos hacer es tratar de esbozar diferentes alternativas para la creación de las ciudades del futuro y las consecuencias de cada alternativa. Este trabajo pretende analizar los principales problemas causados por los modelos actuales de planificación urbana y sus resultados. Además vamos a tratar de explicar los diferentes marcos de política general utilizados para las espacios urbanos. Por último, se ofrecerán dos posibilidades de planeamiento urbano y las consecuencias económicas de cada alternativa. En esta parte final el autor analiza el alcance que se otorga a la creatividad humana y la cooperación social en cada caso. Palabras clave: Ciudad, Conocimiento,  creatividad, Función Empresarial, Precios, Cálculo Económico, Especulación, Corrupción, Orden Cartesiano, Orden Espontáneo, Leyes Contractuales o desarrolladas, Ley Consuetudinaria y Planeamiento Urbano. Clasificación JEL: R00, R40, R48, R50, R52, R58, K11, K12, K32.

El lenguaje como institución. Una aproximación de su función evolutiva, económica y política desde una perspectiva austriaca

2021 ◽  
pp. 305-340
Author(s):  
Nicolás Daniel Fernández Álvarez
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Oral Communication ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Spontaneous Order ◽  
De Re ◽  
Linguistic Rights ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
The World ◽  
The One ◽  
Linguistic Problem

In this paper, we try to give a different perspective to the one that has been studied and offered in linguistics until now. Language starts as the main form of oral communication that is transmitted from generation to generation. Language is in constant evolution. One of the greatest evolutions in the linguistic field has been precisely writing. It represented perfectly the union of graphic ideas and concepts with the beginning of the religious beliefs. We also try to analyze which are the causes and consequences of interventionism in something as personal and private as language. We will try to demonstrate how socialism, even in linguistics, distorts the correct evolution of lan guage, remembering the Universal Declaration of Linguistic Rights (1996) whose consequence is the strengthening of various nationalisms around the world. Finally, conclusions and solutions will be given to a very specific linguistic problem: Spain. Key words: Socialism, planification, spontaneous order, evolution, linguistics, language, pidgin, nationalism, economy, institution. JEL Classification: A1 (General Economics) → A12 (Relation of Economics to other Disciplines). Resumen: Este artículo pretende abordar una perspectiva diferente a la que se viene estudiando y ofreciendo en lingüística, pues el lenguaje comienza a forjarse como forma de comunicación oral que se transmite de generación en generación y que no deja de evolucionar. Está en constante evolución. Una de las mayores evoluciones en el campo de la lingüística fue precisamente la escritura que representaba a la perfección la unión de ideas o conceptos de forma gráfica y el comienzo de las creencias religiosas. En este mismo artículo analizamos cuáles son las causas de una interven - ción desde los poderes públicos en algo tan personal e intransferible como el len guaje, así como sus posibles consecuencias. Intentaremos, pues, demos - trar cómo el socialismo en materia lingüística (o su imposibilidad) distorsiona la correcta evolución del lenguaje, comenzando por la Declaración de De - re chos Lingüísticos del año 1996 que no ha hecho sino fortalecer un gran nú mero de nacionalismos a lo largo y ancho del globo terráqueo. Finalmente, intentaremos humildemente extraer conclusiones y poner posibles soluciones en un ejemplo muy concreto: España. Palabras clave: Socialismo, planificación, órden espontáneo, evolución, lingüística, lenguaje, pidgin, nacionalismo, economía, institución. Clasificación JEL: Dentro de A1 (General Economics), el apartado A12 (Rela tion of Economics to other Disciplines).

Self-Controlled Practice Within a Fixed Time Period Facilitates the Learning of a Basketball Set Shot

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip G. Post ◽  
Jeffrey T. Fairbrother ◽  
Joao A. C. Barros ◽  
J. D. Kulpa
Keyword(s):  
Motor Learning ◽  
Instructional Support ◽  
Fixed Time ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Trial Basis ◽  
Practice Trials ◽  
Additional Support ◽  
Do So

Allowing self-control over various modes of instructional support has been shown to facilitate motor learning. Most research has examined factors that directly altered task-relevant information on a trial-to-trial basis (e.g., feedback). Recent research suggests that self-control (SC) effects extend to the manipulation of other types of factors (e.g., total number of practice trials completed). This research also illustrated that learners sometimes select a very small amount of practice when given latitude to do so. The purpose of the current study was to examine the effects of SC practice within a fixed time period on the learning of a basketball set shot. SC participants chose when to attempt each shot within two 15-min practice sessions, thereby controlling both the total number of shots taken and the spacing of shots. Yoked participants completed the same number of shots as their SC counterparts. Spacing of shots was also matched across groups. The SC group was more accurate and had higher form scores and longer preshot times during retention. These findings provided additional support for the generalizability of SC effects and extended prior research, showing that autonomy over total practice duration was not a prerequisite for the observed effects.

scholarly journals Administración Y Cambio Climático

Xihmai ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillermo Campos Y Covarrubias ◽  
Nallely Emma Lule Martí­nez
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Social Science ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Global Nature ◽  
Role Ethics

Resumen   La  administración  es  una  ciencia  social  encargada  de estudiar,  dirigir  y diseñar  las acciones organizacionales dentro  de empresas,  instituciones  y organismos  públicos,  privados  y  Estales;  y  el  cambio  climático  es  un problema con caracterí­sticas únicas, ya que su naturaleza global e impactos involucran interacciones complejas; por lo tanto, lo primero que debemos hacer como administradores es tener conciencia de que tan grave es el problema, y asumir a plenitud la fragilidad que nos asecha, como individuos parte de la humanidad; de esta  manera el compromiso como se advierte resulta insoslayable para la Administración.       Palabras clave: Administración, rol, ética, responsabilidad social, cambio climático.   Summary The  administration  is  a  social  science  entrusted  to  study,  directing  and designing  the  organizational  actions  inside  companies,  institutions  and public, private organisms and State; and the climate change is a problem with the only characteristics, since his global nature and impacts involve complex interactions; therefore, the first thing that we must do as administrators is to have conscience of which so serious it is the problem, and to assume to fullness the fragility that us, as individuals it departs from the humanity; hereby the commitment as he becomes aware turns out to be unavoidable for the Administration.   Key words: Administration,  role,  ethics,  social  responsibility,  climate change.  

scholarly journals Atheists

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah R. Schiavone ◽  
Will M Gervais
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Cultural Learning ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Cultural Origins ◽  
Made In ◽  
Do So

Atheists represent an inconspicuous minority, identifiable only by their disbelief in God(s). Despite being highly stigmatized and disliked, until recent scientific endeavors, little has been known about this group including why they don’t believe, how many people are atheists, and why they trigger intense reactions. Thus, this paper aims to synthesize what is known about atheists (so far), and to help explain the widespread negative attitudes and prejudice towards atheists; the possible cognitive, motivational, and cultural origins of disbelief; and the unique challenges facing the study of religious disbelievers. To do so, we will explore current findings in psychological research on atheism by considering the complex interactions of cultural learning, motivations, and core cognitive processes. Although significant scientific progress has been made in understanding the factors underlying atheism, there remains much to be explored in the domain of religious disbelief.

scholarly journals Hacia un estudio multidisciplinar del proceso de globalización

2021 ◽  
pp. 43-102
Author(s):  
Adrián Osvaldo Ravier
Keyword(s):  
Spontaneous Order ◽  
Institutional Research ◽  
Multidisciplinary Study ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Legal Sanctions ◽  
El Sistema ◽  
Lex Mercatoria ◽  
The Government ◽  
Multidisciplinary Perspective ◽  
And Control

The objective of this article is to study the process of globalization from a multidisciplinary perspective. First, through a historical and evolutionary focus, where we will observe that the globalization is an institution originated in the spontaneous order, just as they are also the division of labor, the price system, the money, the law or the language. Second, through the economic analysis, where we confront the «free trade» —that, through the elimination of barriers, results in the dynamic entrepreneur creativity— versus what Gabriel Zanotti named as the «globalization of the interventionism» —where the government tries to plan and control everything, always generating results that are just the opposite to those it looked for—. Third, we develop a legal and institutional research, analyzing the advantages of the arbitration and the non legal sanctions, as a complement of the public enforcement. Finally, we go into the implications that the globalization exercises on the culture, criticizing the nationalism and the «fenced culture», to give place to an open and «cosmopolitan» society. Key words: Globalization process. Multidisciplinary study. Spontaneous order. Interventionism. Myths of the international trade. Arbitration. Lex Mercatoria. Enforcement. Nationalism. Fenced culture. Austrian School of Economics. JEL codes: B25, B53, E32, E44, F02. Resumen: El objetivo de este artículo es estudiar el proceso de globalización desde una perspectiva multidisciplinar. Primero, a través de un enfoque histórico y evolutivo, donde observaremos que la globalización es una institución originada en el orden espontáneo, tal como lo son también la división del trabajo, el sistema de precios, la moneda, el derecho o el lenguaje. Se-gundo, a través del análisis económico, donde confrontamos la «libertad de comercio» —que, a través de la eliminación de barreras, da lugar a la dinámica creatividad empresarial— versus lo que Gabriel Zanotti denominó como la «globalización del intervencionismo» —donde el Estado todo lo intenta planificar y controlar, generando siempre resultados contrarios a los buscados—. Tercero, desarrollamos una investigación jurídico-institucional, analizando las ventajas del arbitraje y las sanciones no legales, como complemento del enforcement público. Finalmente, nos adentramos en las implicaciones que la globalización ejerce sobre la cultura, criticando el na-cionalismo y la «cultura alambrada», para dar lugar a una sociedad abierta y «cosmopolita». Palabras clave: Proceso de globalización. Estudio multidisciplinar. Orden espontáneo. Intervencionismo. Mitos del comercio internacional. Arbitraje. Lex Mercatoria. Enforcement. Nacionalismo. Cultura alambrada. Escuela Austriaca de Economía. Códigos JEL: B25, B53, E32, E44, F02.

Following Gesture Following: Grounding the Documentation of a Multi-Agent Music Creation Process

2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 59-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillaume Boutard ◽  
Catherine Guastavino
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Creative Process ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Musical Work ◽  
Levels Of Abstraction ◽  
Musical Works ◽  
Multi Agent ◽  
Ethnographic Data ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Do So

The documentation of electroacoustic and mixed musical works typically relies on a posteriori data collection. In this article, we argue that the preservation of musical works having technological components should be grounded in a thorough documentation of the creative process that accounts for both human and nonhuman agents of creation. The present research aims at providing a ground for documentation policies that account for the creative process and provide relevant information for performance, migration, and analysis. To do so, we analyzed secondary ethnographic data from a two-year creation and production process of a musical work having a focus on gesture following. Using grounded theory, we developed a conceptual framework with different levels of abstraction and consequent levels of transferability to other creative contexts. Finally, we propose several paths for grounding a subsequent documentation framework in this conceptual framework.

scholarly journals Translating Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) Interdependencies into Policy Advice

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 2092 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Breuer ◽  
Hannah Janetschek ◽  
Daniele Malerba
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Sustainable Development Goals ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Policy Coherence ◽  
Policy Action ◽  
Sustainable Development Goal ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Do So

The 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda, and their 169 targets, are interdependent and interlinked. The successful implementation of all SDGs will rely upon disentangling complex interactions between the goals and their targets. This implies that implementing the SDGs requires cross-sectoral processes to foster policy coherence. Over recent years, academic research has produced a number of different proposals for categorizing the SDGs, systematically mapping the linkages between them, and identifying the nature of their interdependencies. The aim of this review article is to provide ideas of how to move from generic appraisals of SDG interdependencies towards translating these interdependencies into policy action. To do so, the article first provides an overview of existing frameworks for the systematic conceptualization of the SDGs and the interlinkages and interdependencies between them. Secondly, the article critically discusses advantages and limitations of these frameworks, with a particular focus on methodological weaknesses, practical applicability to specific contexts, and utility for the development of policy strategies for coherent SDG planning and implementation. Based on this discussion, the article proposes a roadmap for how research on interdependencies can meaningfully provide orientation for policy action.

Can readers fully adopt the perspective of the protagonist?

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 664-675
Author(s):  
Sarah D Creer ◽  
Anne E Cook ◽  
Edward J O’Brien
Keyword(s):  
Relevant Information ◽  
Irrelevant Information ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Narrative Comprehension ◽  
First Person ◽  
Task Instructions ◽  
Do So

Despite the centrality of the protagonist during narrative comprehension, evidence indicates that readers do not typically approach the text from the protagonist’s point of view. Experiments 1a–1c demonstrated that both explicit task instructions and the first-person point of view resulted in comprehension being influenced by perspective-relevant information; this indicated that readers were adopting the perspective of the protagonist. However, Experiments 2a–3b showed that even when readers adopt the protagonist’s perspective, they cannot do so to the exclusion of related perspective-irrelevant information. Results are discussed in the context of the RI-Val model of comprehension in which perspective-relevant information and perspective-irrelevant information are both available and compete for influence during comprehension.

scholarly journals El desvelamiento de las estructuras de significación del alumnado de Arte

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elke Castro
Keyword(s):  
Research Work ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Social Imaginary ◽  
Communication Processes ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
El Sistema ◽  
Research Concept ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Amount Of Knowledge ◽  
The University

Resumen: Vivimos en una sociedad que cada día con mayor frecuencia utiliza el lenguaje visual y la imagen como sistema de representación e interacción. De este modo el sistema imaginario cobra una importancia vital en los procesos de comunicación. La escuela ha dejado de ser la fuente original principal de información y formación de los adolescentes. En la actualidad, los estudiantes que acuden a clase lo hacen en posesión de un importante volumen de conocimientos surgidos de sus prácticas sociales, de sus interaccionesy del contexto en el que se desarrollan. De un modo progresivo y casi imperceptible, los fragmentos de información adquirida en dichos intercambios, junto con las imágenes que el sujetocapta, van componiendo sus estructuras de significaciones y configurando su imaginario social.Todo ello, crea en el individuo constructos y preconcepciones arraigadas, que utiliza para interpretar su realidad y determinar el modo enque intervienen con la misma. El desconocimiento o desentendimiento de la experiencia propia, previa y paralela a la escuela que posee el alumnadoderiva en una situación donde el docente es incapaz de facilitar contenidos potencialmente significativos para los estudiantes, que pudieran motivarles para iniciar y mantener el proceso de aprendizaje.En este artículo se presentanalgunas de las informacionesmás relevantes contenidas en un trabajo de investigación realizado en la Universidad de Sevilla sobre el mundo conceptual del alumnado de educación artística de ESO y/o Bachillerato. Palabras clave: construccionismo, aprendizaje significativo, imaginarios sociales, interacción social, investigación educativa, mapas conceptuales. Abstract: We live in a society that increasingly often uses visual language and image as a system of representation and interaction. Thus the imaginary system becomes of vital importance in the communication processes. The school has ceased to be the main source of information and training for adolescents. Nowadays, students who come to class do so in possession of a significant amount of knowledge arising from their social practices, their interactions and the context in which they develop. In a progressive and almost imperceptible way, the fragments of information acquired in these exchanges, together with the images that the subject captures, are composing their structures of meanings and shaping their social imaginary. All this creates in the individual constructs and entrenched preconceptions, which he uses to interpret his reality and determine the way in which they intervene with it. The lack of knowledge or disengagement of the experience itself, prior and parallel to the school, that students own, results in a situation where teachers are unable to provide potentially meaningful contents for students which could motivate them to initiate and maintain the learning process.This article presents some of the most relevant information contained in a research work carried out at the University of Seville on the conceptual world of students of artistic education of ESO and/or Bachillerato. Keywords: constructionism, meaningful learning, social imaginaries, social interaction, education research, concept maps.http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/eari.8.9965

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