Nitroparaffins and Derivatives as Heat-Sensitizers for Rubber Latices

1943 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 215-218
Author(s):  
Arthur William Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Small Proportion ◽  
Periodic Table ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Heat Sensitization

Abstract Recent research has made various nitroparaffins and their derivatives available in commercial quantities, and large-scale applications for the materials are rapidly being found. A considerable number of these compounds cause heat sensitization in rubber latices, a phenomenon that has been produced in the past by a number of materials, and is used extensively at present in the manufacture of foamed-rubber products. The use of nitroparaffins in this application is quite new, however, and has recently been the subject of extensive experimentation in this laboratory. In compounded latices it is not unusual to find three or more different materials, each with a definite purpose. In a study such as this, the use of completely compounded latices would unduly complicate the problem; so an effort was made to avoid these complications by running preliminary tests on the individual ingredients alone in a latex-nitroparaffin mix. It was found that gelling could not be produced by a nitroparaffin alone, even though the test mixtures were heated for considerable periods at 80–90° C. However, addition of a small proportion of zinc oxide to these mixes quickly induced gelling. It was also found that the oxides and hydroxides of the elements of Periods 2–6 of the Second Group of the Periodic Table gave results similar to those obtained with zinc oxide:

scholarly journals The Relevance of Inequality Research in Sociology for Inequality Reduction

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 237802312110201
Author(s):  
Thomas A. DiPrete ◽  
Brittany N. Fox-Williams
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Social Policy ◽  
Social Inequality ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Sociological Research ◽  
Life Chances ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
Large Scale Change ◽  
The Subject

Social inequality is a central topic of research in the social sciences. Decades of research have deepened our understanding of the characteristics and causes of social inequality. At the same time, social inequality has markedly increased during the past 40 years, and progress on reducing poverty and improving the life chances of Americans in the bottom half of the distribution has been frustratingly slow. How useful has sociological research been to the task of reducing inequality? The authors analyze the stance taken by sociological research on the subject of reducing inequality. They identify an imbalance in the literature between the discipline’s continual efforts to motivate the plausibility of large-scale change and its lesser efforts to identify feasible strategies of change either through social policy or by enhancing individual and local agency with the potential to cumulate into meaningful progress on inequality reduction.

Suffrage Provisions in State Constitutions

1919 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 577-592
Author(s):  
Kirk H. Porter
Keyword(s):  
Expert Advice ◽  
General Outline ◽  
State Constitutions ◽  
The Past ◽  
The People ◽  
Legislative Policy ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Vain Attempt ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Similar Legislation

Within recent years there has been a tendency to give more careful attention to the technique of legislation. In the past proposed laws have often been prepared by legislators who knew what they wanted, but were not able to express their wishes in scientifically constructed form. It is desirable of course that representatives of the people should determine legislative policy; and yet it is not counter to any intelligent principle of democracy that the drafting of bills should be done by experts who can put in brief though adequate phrases the essence of what the technically unskilled representative may want. It should be their task to use political machinery intelligently, and to warn the overzealous advocate against using it in a vain attempt to achieve an end which mayhap cannot be secured through political machinery at all. It is right that the people, through democratic channels of popular assemblies, should determine what they want; but it is no less proper that use should be made of those with special training to formulate ways and means.Some states have already established legislative reference bureaus which do the work of bill drafting. The individual legislator goes to the bureau with a general outline of a law he has in mind. The bureau renders expert advice on the subject matter of the bill, if such advice is wanted, and proceeds to draft a measure embracing the subject in hand. The staff connected with the bureau should be prepared to offer advice as to the constitutionality of the proposed law, to cite precedents in other states if such can be found, and to express an opinion as to the probable attitude of the courts when interpreting it. Information should be at hand regarding the experience of other states, or indeed other countries, with similar legislation.

Eastern Mediterranean Drying: Projected Changes in Dynamics and Thermodynamics and Their Relation to Large-Scale Processes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eilat Elbaum ◽  
Chaim Garfinkel ◽  
Ori Adam ◽  
Efrat Morin
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Coupled Model ◽  
Past Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Intercomparison Project ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Projected Changes ◽  
Precipitation Changes

<p>Observations from the past century and projections for the end of this century exhibit a decrease in precipitation over the Eastern Mediterranean Sea and surrounding land areas, but the magnitude of the expected drying is unknown. Changes in precipitation are controlled by both thermodynamic (moist) and dynamic (dry) processes, but the relative contributions of these processes, in particular on regional scales, is not well understood. Previous studies have analyzed the ability of the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) multi-model mean to represent the spatial and seasonal patterns of the Mediterranean hydroclimate. A wide spread exists among the individual models, which can be exploited to better understand the factors controlling future climate. Garfinkel et al. (2020)<sup>[i]</sup> found that large-scale mechanisms contribute about 50% of the model spread in Eastern Mediterranean drying. This study further explores the variance across models in projected changes of the moisture budget by decomposing them into mean dynamic, mean thermodynamic and transient components. These components are then related to the variance across models in projected large-scale processes. Through these analyses, uncertainties regarding future changes in precipitation can be reduced.</p><p><sup>[i]</sup> Garfinkel, C. I. et al. (2020) ‘The role of zonally averaged climate change in contributing to inter-model spread in CMIP5 predicted local precipitation changes’, Journal of Climate, 33, pp. 1141–1154. doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0232.1.</p>

Engineering Problems Associated with the Improvement of Temperature and Humidity Conditions of the Atmosphere in Mines at Great Depths

1938 ◽  
Vol 139 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-235
Author(s):  
J. H. Dobson ◽  
W. J. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Compressed Air ◽  
The Past ◽  
Great Economic Importance ◽  
Engineering Problems ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Cooling Media

The subject is very complex and a great deal of research has been devoted to it on account of its great economic importance. The magnitude of the problems involved is shown by reviewing underground conditions on the Witwatersrand goldfields. Consideration of the limiting air conditions underground enables a specified mine-cooling problem to be enunciated. The final section of the paper reviews the various methods that have been tried for cooling the air in deep mines; some have been wholly or partially given up and some have survived. In particular, the possibilities of meeting requirements on a large scale have been analysed. Reference is made to cooling schemes which have been inaugurated on the Witwatersrand goldfields during the past two or three years. An analysis sets forth the relative merits of water, brine, and air as media for cooling deep mines, and a comparison of cooling plant performances and costs is made on the basis of: (1) vapour refrigerating plants on the surface and underground, using air and water respectively as cooling media, and (2) compressed air refrigeration.

scholarly journals Comportamento suicida: uma revisão narrativa da literatura / Revisiting suicidal behaviour: a narrative review of literature

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 136
Author(s):  
Alexandre Daher Gonçalves Monteiro dos Reis ◽  
Gustavo Yamin Fernandes ◽  
Fernando Augusto Nakazato Hokama ◽  
Felipe Zocatelli Yamamoto ◽  
Guilherme Cavazzani Vaccarezza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Lethal Outcome ◽  
Geriatric Population ◽  
Multiple Risk Factors ◽  
The Past ◽  
Screening Strategies ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Introdução: O comportamento suicida não abrange apenas o desfecho letal, mas um conjunto de eventos, com tendência teórica a escalonamento, denominado espectro suicida. Portanto, pode-se considerar a tentativa como parte da mesma afecção que o suicídio consumado. Encontra-se entre as principais etiologias de óbito entre adolescentes e adultos jovens, mas também acomete consideravelmente a população geriátrica. Além disso, nosso país figura no topo do ranking de números absolutos de ocorrências, com indícios de inclinação a aumento. Objetivo/Metodologia: O presente trabalho propôs revisão da literatura acerca do tema, utilizando a base de dados “PUBMED” e considerando artigos brasileiros e internacionais da última década. O cerne bibliográfico foi estruturado a partir de pesquisa via palavras-chave, com subsequente seleção da amostra obtida e ampliação, considerando referências utilizadas nos artigos- -base. O substrato final reuniu 47 artigos, abordando as características da enfermidade e dos impactados por ela, bem como estratégias populacionais de controle. Resultados: Múltiplos fatores de risco podem, e geralmente têm, envolvimento síncrono, mas o maior relevo pertence a tentativas de suicídio prévias e transtornos psiquiátricos. Determinadas características do indivíduo também contribuem na elaboração de perfil de risco. Já o método adotado pode tanto sofrer influência de determinado grupo epidemiológico quanto influenciar o curso de evolução mórbida. Classicamente, as tentativas contam com supremacia feminina, em oposição ao desfecho letal, fenômeno dominado por homens idosos. Ambos, empreendidos, amiúde, no próprio domicílio do paciente. Diferentes metodologias de predição do transtorno já foram empregadas, não se obtendo resultados plenamente satisfatórios, contudo. Até um quarto dos pacientes não exterioriza a intenção suicida ao seu médico, reforçando a relevância de estratégias preventivas e de rastreio. Conclusão: Infelizmente, no Brasil, os sub-registros compõem empecilho adicional às iniciativas de prevenção primária e secundária. Destarte, enquanto as dimensões adversas não forem apequenadas, faz-se pertinente a constante rememoração do tema e de sua magnitude.Descritores: Suicídio, Tentativa de suicídio, Ideação suicida, Prevenção do comportamento autodestrutivo, Fatores de riscoABSTRACTIntroduction: Suicidal behavior not only refers to the lethal outcome, but a set of events, with a theoretical tendency to progression, called the Suicidal Spectrum. Therefore, the attempt can be considered as part of the same condition as the consummate suicide. It is a major etiology for the death of adolescents and young adults, but also affects the geriatric population considerably. In addition, our country is at the top of the ranking of absolute numbers of occurrences, with indications of a tendency to increase. Aim/Methods: The present article proposes a literary review about the matter, using PUBMED’s platform and taking into consideration local and international publications from the past tem years. The bibliography core was built through a keyword guided research, followed by result’s filtration and expansion, using original article’s references and related manuscripts. The final compilation gathered 47 papers, addressing disease’s and patient’s characteristics, as well as potential populational policies. Results: Multiple risk factors can, and are often, involved concomitantly, with special attention given to previous suicide attempts and psychiatric disorders. Features of the individual also contribute to outline risk profiles. The means adopted can both be influenced by epidemiological characteristics and influence the course of morbid evolution. Classicaly, while attempts have a stronger association with women, self-induced deaths are more seen among men, seniors, above all. Regardless of the tenor of the action, the site of preference seems to be the own’s patient home. Different approaches to the issue have already been attempted, never achieving outright success, however. Up to a quarter of patients do not externalize suicidal intent to their physician, reinforcing the relevance of preventive and screening strategies. Conclusion: Unfortunately, in Brazil, sub-registries settle additional impediment to primary and secondary prevention strategies planning. Therefore, while the issue’s proportions remain unrestrained, the subject must be often revisited.Keywords: Suicide, Suicide attempt, Suicidal ideation, Prevention of self-injurious behavior, Risk factors

scholarly journals Human in the face of global pandemics: historical and psychological review

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1 (32)) ◽  
pp. 7-17
Author(s):  
A.L. Ustinov ◽  
◽  
E.S. Naboichenko ◽  
S.V. Chuprakova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Industrial Society ◽  
Psychological Review ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
The Individual

The article attempts to analyze the historical and psychological aspects of the world pandemics of the past and present. The authors provide a detailed overview of the world's pandemics and their impact on society and the individual. Historical and psychological reviews allow us to draw a parallel between the large-scale pandemics of the past and the present, which is especially relevant in the light of the COVID-19 pandemic that has engulfed humanity. A logical and reasonable periodization of global pandemics is suggested, and the authors give a detailed description of each stage. The first stage includes the pandemics of traditional and early industrial society that raged in the ancient world, the middle ages, and early modern times. The authors highlight such features as a high mortality rate, localization in certain regions and continents, the connection of the spread of diseases with the processes of population migration, crusades, and great geographical discoveries. The second stage includes the pandemics of the industrial era, which occur in the context of globalization, urbanization and increasing crowding of the population, but become less destructive. The authors associate the third stage with modern pandemics generated by the transition to a post-industrial (information) society. The authors note the reduction in mortality from pandemics, and at the same time mutations of viruses, which forces scientists around the world to constantly search for and develop new vaccines. Historical, cultural and psychological analysis of past pandemics allows us to understand better the psychological features of human life in the context of a new coronavirus infection. The authors reveal the role of technological progress in the fight against global pandemics, the role of virus mutations in the development of medical knowledge.

scholarly journals Gardens in “Trilistniks” (trefoils) by I. Annensky (on “real” and symbolic meaning of the image)

2021 ◽  
Vol 61 ◽  
pp. 166-176
Author(s):  
Yulia V. Shevchuk
Keyword(s):  
Fairy Tale ◽  
Personal Space ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Closed Space ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Lyrical Subject ◽  
Perception Of Time ◽  
The Individual

The development of garden space at Annensky contributes to an understanding of the individual symbolism of the poet and the principles of organizing semantic unity of the “Trilistniks” (trefoils). In the first trilistniks, the subject occupies an ambivalent position of attraction and repulsion in relation to the garden space (flowers, birds, earth). The intensity of color and smell, as well as the principle of contrast, oxymoron, are important in the description. The garden refers to biblical mythology (“Trefoil of temptation”). Nature is renewed, and man cannot get rid of the burden of the “evil” past and the idea of inevitability of death (“Sentimental trefoil”). Observing the phenomenon of light and shade in the garden, the lyrical “I” thinks about the existence of the world simultaneously outside and inside a man (“Lunar trefoil”). The garden in the “Trefoil of doomness” dedicated to the perception of time is a closed space, “the door is clogged there.” Gardens are gradually growing dim, become flatter, empty and move inside the consciousness of a lyrical subject (sleep, nonsense, fiction). The flowers on the window, the dead garden and the sky are perceived as solid, frozen surfaces (“Ghostlike trefoil”). The image of the garden takes on fantastic features: the old manor is placed in the space of a fairy tale (“Trefoil from the old notebook”), shadows in the garden turn into ghosts of the past and are condensed (“Spring trefoil”). “Trefoil of the loneliness,” the last in the series, is dedicated to the issue of alienation of a modern man from natural world and people, the bright image of the garden (lilacs, sun, bees) is located outside the personal space of the “I.”

scholarly journals Changes in flood frequencies in Switzerland since 1500

2010 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 1581-1594 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Schmocker-Fackel ◽  
F. Naef
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Solar Activity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Flood Frequency ◽  
Flood Events ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Northern Switzerland ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current Period ◽  
The Individual

Abstract. In northern Switzerland, an accumulation of large flood events has occurred since the 1970s, preceded by a prolonged period with few floods (Schmocker-Fackel and Naef, 2010). How have Swiss flood frequencies changed over the past 500 years? And how does the recent increase in flood frequencies compare with other periods in this half millennium? We collected historical flood data for 14 Swiss catchments dating back to 1500 AC. All catchments experienced marked fluctuations in flood frequencies, and we were able to identify four periods of frequent flooding in northern Switzerland, lasting between 30 and 100 years (1560–1590, 1740–1790, 1820–1940 and since 1970). The current period of increased flood frequencies has not yet exceeded those observed in the past. We tested whether the flood frequency fluctuation could be explained with generalised climatic indices like solar activity or the NAO. The first three periods of low flood frequency in Switzerland correspond to periods of low solar activity. However, after 1810 no relationship between solar activity and flood frequency was found, nor could a relationship be established between reconstructed NAO indices or reconstructed Swiss temperatures. We found re-occurring spatial patterns of flood frequencies on a European scale, with the Swiss periods of frequent flooding often in phase with those in the Czech Republic, Italy and Spain and less often with those in Germany. The pattern of flooding in northern Switzerland and the Czech Republic seem to be rather similar, although the individual flood events do not match. This comparison of flooding patterns in different European countries suggests that changes in large scale atmospheric circulation are responsible for the flood frequency fluctuations.

The ATTEND trial: An alternative explanation with implications for future recovery and rehabilitation clinical trials

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolee Winstein
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Optimal Recovery ◽  
Stroke Recovery ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Experimental Intervention ◽  
The Past ◽  
Group A ◽  
Intervention Trials ◽  
The Individual

Over the past decade, ATTEND is one of only a handful of moderate to large-scale nonpharmacologic stroke recovery trials with a focus on rehabilitation. While unique in some respects, its test of superiority for the experimental intervention returned negative/neutral results, with no differences in outcome between the experimental intervention and an appropriate control group – a result not uncommon to the majority of moderate to large stroke rehabilitation intervention trials (i.e. six out of eight conducted in the past decade). The authors offer a number of potential explanations for the negative outcome, all of which have merit. We choose not to dwell on these possibilities, but rather offer a radically different explanation, one which has implications for future rehabilitation clinical trials. Our premise is that the process of neurorehabilitation is complex and multifaceted, but most importantly, for success, it requires a genuine collaboration between the patient and the clinician or caregiver to effect optimal recovery. This collaborative relationship must be defined by the unique perspective of each patient. By doing so, we acknowledge the importance of the individual patient’s values, goals, perspectives, and capacity. Rehabilitation scientists can design what arguably is a scientifically sound intervention that is evidence-based and even with preliminary data supporting its efficacy, but if the patient does not value the target outcome, does not fully engage in the therapy, or does not expect the intervention to succeed, the likelihood of success is poor. We offer this opinion, not to be critical, but to suggest a paradigm shift in the way in which we conduct stroke recovery and rehabilitation trials.

A SURVEY OF GENETICS AS IT APPLIES TO PROBLEMS IN MEDICINE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1957 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-218
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Heritable Variation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Environmental Requirements ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Source Of Information

GENETICS is the study of heritable variation. The ultimate form the organism takes, its phenotype, is the result of environmental influences imposed upon the potentialities determined by the inherited genetic material, the genotype. Since the inherited capacities are fixed at the time of fertilization and in general do not change throughout the life of the organism, while the environment is ever variable, the study of genetics cannot help but offer an important source of information concerning biological mechanisms. The impact of genetics upon medicine has not been very great in the past, but an increasing interest in the metabolic aspects of disease has led to a recognition of the genetic control of such processes, and it is probable that in the future this subject will become increasingly important. The civilization of man has been exemplified by an increasing concern with the preservation of the life and well-being of individuals, and physicians have emerged as an agency for the counteraction of the action of natural selection. Natural selection may be visualized as limiting extravagant variation, while conserving the latent capacity to vary according to changing environmental requirements. In medicine we seek ways to alter the environment for particular individuals so as to increase and preserve their ability to survive and to reproduce, thereby maintaining variants which might be otherwise eliminated. The contribution to biological variability of the genetic material has been the subject of much study, and it has been pointed out that the favorable or unfavorable selective value of particular genes may best be expressed in terms of their influence upon the ability of the individual to reproduce.

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