scholarly journals A study on the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in carnivores and its potential implications on human health

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gospel Vandir ◽  
Lalrinkimi Pangamte ◽  
Angshuman Tariang ◽  
Sushanto Gouda
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Gastrointestinal Parasites ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Acute Lung Inflammation ◽  
Zoonotic Infections ◽  
Tiger Reserve ◽  
Surrounding Landscape ◽  
The Brain

Zoonoses contribute an estimated 75% of new or re-emerging infectious diseases in humans with Covid-19 being the latest addition. Carnivores act as definitive hosts and reservoirs for several endoparasites with varied effects on human health. These interactions are fluctuating and adaptive, changing in response to various biotic and abiotic conditions. With the development of ‘One health movement’ more focus has been laid on zoonotic infections and their management. The present study showed that carnivores of Dampa Tiger Reserve (DTR) are host to several infectious parasites with a prevalence rate of 90.47%. Families like Felidae, Canidae, and Viverridae were found to host the maximum number of parasites. The parasite Paragonimus spp. were recorded to be present in the highest number (33 nos.) of scat samples followed by <i>Strongyle spp</i>. (27 nos.), <i>Ascaris lumbricoides</i> (23 nos.), and <i>Isospora spp</i>. (19 nos.). These parasites are known to infect humans through different modes like faecal-oral route, uncooked meat, fishes, and contaminated water and induced health implications like inflammatory in the brain, bronchitis, covert toxocariasis, acute lung inflammation etc. As the surrounding landscape of DTR continuous to shrink and humans are more prone to these parasites through their daily activities and lifestyle, the study will be crucial for providing a platform for future epidemiological study and diseases management in the region.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Swine Gastrointestinal Parasites in Nyagatare District, Rwanda

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
M. Tumusiime ◽  
P. Ntampaka ◽  
F. Niragire ◽  
T. Sindikubwabo ◽  
F. Habineza
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Gastrointestinal Parasites ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Distribution Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Pig Production ◽  
Zoonotic Infections

While pig farming has been growing rapidly in Rwanda, its potential contribution to the prevalence of zoonotic infections is not well known. Pig production is usually affected by gastrointestinal parasites, some of which are zoonotic and can threaten human health. The knowledge about the status of such infections is essential for policy decisions and interventions. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of swine gastrointestinal parasites in Nyagatare district, Rwanda. A cross-sectional study involved collecting 104 faecal samples from apparently healthy pigs. The floatation technique was used to identify the parasites and frequency distribution analysis, and Pearson chi-square tests of association were conducted for this study data. Overall, the prevalence of swine gastrointestinal parasites was 84.6%, and the predominant species were Strongyle-type helminths representing 70.2%, followed by coccidia (55.8%), Strongyloides ransomi (39.4%), and Ascaris suum (10.6%). Of all parasitized pigs ( n = 88 ), 84.1% developed coinfections involving 2, 3, or 4 different parasite species. The results showed a statistically significant correlation between the location of pigs and parasitic infections and that some prevalent parasites are zoonotic. Interventions among pig farmers in Nyagatare should aim to improve awareness and to provide information on the negative impacts of swine gastrointestinal parasites on pig production and human health.

Canine gastrointestinal parasites as a potential source of zoonotic infections in Nigeria: a nationwide survey

2021 ◽  
pp. 105385
Author(s):  
Joshua Kamani ◽  
Luca Massetti ◽  
Toyin Olubade ◽  
Jimmy A. Balami ◽  
Kennedy M. Samdi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nationwide Survey ◽  
Gastrointestinal Parasites ◽  
Zoonotic Infections ◽  
Potential Source

scholarly journals Animal sales from Wuhan wet markets immediately prior to the COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Xiao ◽  
Chris Newman ◽  
Christina D. Buesching ◽  
David W. Macdonald ◽  
Zhao-Min Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Biodiversity Conservation ◽  
Wildlife Trade ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Protected Species ◽  
Zoonotic Infections ◽  
Global Biodiversity ◽  
Poor Welfare

AbstractHere we document 47,381 individuals from 38 species, including 31 protected species sold between May 2017 and November 2019 in Wuhan’s markets. We note that no pangolins (or bats) were traded, supporting reformed opinion that pangolins were not likely the spillover host at the source of the current coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. While we caution against the misattribution of COVID-19’s origins, the wild animals on sale in Wuhan suffered poor welfare and hygiene conditions and we detail a range of other zoonotic infections they can potentially vector. Nevertheless, in a precautionary response to COVID-19, China’s Ministries temporarily banned all wildlife trade on 26th Jan 2020 until the COVID-19 pandemic concludes, and permanently banned eating and trading terrestrial wild (non-livestock) animals for food on 24th Feb 2020. These interventions, intended to protect human health, redress previous trading and enforcement inconsistencies, and will have collateral benefits for global biodiversity conservation and animal welfare.

Vilazodone Hydrochloride Multi-Dose Nasal Spray Solution for the Treatment of Depression: Design, Optimization, and Evaluation

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Praful Giradkar ◽  
Deepa H. Patel
Keyword(s):  
Nasal Spray ◽  
Benzalkonium Chloride ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose ◽  
Intranasal Route ◽  
Spray Solution ◽  
Treatment Of Depression ◽  
The Brain

Introduction: The aim of present research work was to prepare, optimized, and evaluate the multi-dose nasal spray solution for delivery of vilazodone hydrochloride to the brain by the intranasal route in order to overcome the drawback associated with the oral route for the treatment of depression. Background: Depression is a mental disorder associated with abnormalities in neuronal transport in the brain primarily serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine that adversely affects a person's lifestyle, sleep pattern, work, eating habits, and general health. Vilazodone hydrochloride acts by enhancing the serotonergic activity in the brain by inhibiting serotonin (5-HT) reuptake. Materials/ Methods: The excipients used to formulate vilazodone hydrochloride multi-dose nasal spray solution were sulphobutylether-β-cyclodextrin sodium (solubilizer), sodium carboxymethylcellulose (viscosity builder), tween 80 (surface tension modifier), glycerol (humectant), benzalkonium chloride (preservative), and purified water (vehicle). The simple conventional mixing technique was used for the preparation of the multi-dose nasal spray solution. The solution was prepared in two parts, in the first part sulphobutylether-β-cyclodextrin sodium and drug substance dissolved in purified water under stirring followed by the addition of glycerol and benzalkonium chloride solution. In the second part, tween 80 dissolved in warm water followed by the addition of sodium carboxymethylcellulose under stirring, finally both parts mixed and the required volume was adjusted with purified water. The central composite design was used for the optimization of the formulation. The solution was evaluated for physicochemical properties, selective toxicity, and experimental kinetics. Results: The prepared vilazodone hydrochloride multi-dose nasal spray solution was shown viscosity (40.5 ± 1.65 mPa.s), droplet size distribution (span) (1.88 ± 0.55 µm), spray area (288 ± 1.25 mm2), ovality (1.10 ± 1.35), dripping speed (0.25 cm /30 sec), visual appearance (clear free from particulate matter), pH (6.35 ± 0.10), shot weight (100.6 ± 0.32 mg), density (1.03 ± 0.20 g/ml), % drug content (101.8 ± 0.15 %), displacement value for in-vitro mucoadhesion (3.47 ± 0.25 cm), average flux (Jss) for permeability (241.06 ± 1.45 μg/cm2/hrs), permeability coefficient (48.21 ±1.46 cm/hrs), enhancement ratio (1.73), local toxicity study shows no epithelium cell damage, isotonicity (386.58 mOsmol / kg). Plasma Cmax (24.56 ±3.98 ng/ml), Tmax (1.0 hrs), and AUC 0-12 (82.68 ±10.22 ng.h/ml). Brian tissue Cmax (22.95 ±4.22), Tmax (1.0 hrs) and AUC 0-12 (77.82 ±6.25 ng.h/ml). Nasal bioavailability (251.74 ±45.12% ) and, drug targeting index 1.54 Conclusion: The present research work results showed that the prepared multi-dose nasal spray solution of vilazodone hydrochloride was suitable for the delivery of the drug to the brain by the intranasal route and might be beneficial to overcome drawbacks associated with the oral route of administration for the treatment of depression.

Technological Interventions in Management of Hg Contaminated Water

2018 ◽  
pp. 126-140
Author(s):  
Vidushi Abrol ◽  
Sharada Mallubhotla ◽  
Sundeep Jaglan
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
Mercury Contamination ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Treatment Techniques ◽  
Innovative Methods ◽  
Technological Interventions ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
Ancient Times

Rising cases of environmental mercury hazards has led to a need for cost-effective mercury treatment techniques. Extensive use of mercury from ancient times has resulted in water contamination that may require remediation. Mercury contamination is tedious to treat and may pose a risk to human health and the environment. To deal with this threat of mercury contamination, industrial wastes and wastewaters containing mercury requires treatment for its removal and immobilization. This chapter provides a synopsis of the availability, performance, and technologies for management of mercury in water. It covers the innovative methods to treat the mercury contamination like biosorption. In this chapter, the technological aspects available for the mercury treatment technologies are reviewed. It describes the theory, design, and operation of the technologies; provides information on commercial availability and use; and includes data on performance, where available.

scholarly journals Δ 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Toxicity and Validation of Cannabidiol on Brain Dopamine Levels: An Assessment on Cannabis Duplicity

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 285-296
Author(s):  
Swapnali Chetia ◽  
Gaurab Borah
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Health Evaluation ◽  
Anti Psychotic ◽  
Brain Dopamine ◽  
Drastic Effect ◽  
Health Complications ◽  
Reported Data ◽  
Therapeutic Medium ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) of cannabis is the main psychoactive component which is a global significant concern to human health. Evaluation on THC reported its drastic effect on the brain dopaminergic (DAergic) system stimulating mesolimbic DA containing neurons thereby increasing the level of striatal DA. Cannabidiol (CBD), with its anxiolytic and anti-psychotic property, is potent to ameliorate the THC-induced DAergic variations. Legal authorization of cannabis use and its analogs in most countries led to a drastic dispute in the elicitation of cannabis products. With a recent increase in cannabis-induced disorder rates, the present review highlighted the detrimental effects of THC and the effects of CBD on THC induced alterations in DA synthesis and release. Alongside the reported data, uses of cannabis as a therapeutic medium in a number of health complications are also being briefly reviewed. These evaluated reports led to an anticipation of additional research contradictory to the findings of THC and CBD activity in the brain DAergic system and their medical implementations as therapeutics. Graphic Abstract

scholarly journals Toxicity of Thallium at Low Doses: A Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (23) ◽  
pp. 4732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatrice Campanella ◽  
Laura Colombaioni ◽  
Edoardo Benedetti ◽  
Agostino Di Ciaula ◽  
Lisa Ghezzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Chronic Exposure ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Severe Toxicity ◽  
Low Doses ◽  
Regulatory Issues ◽  
Scientific Opinion

A mini review of the toxicity of Thallium (Tl) at low doses is herein presented. Thallium has severe toxicity. Although its acute biological effects have been widely investigated and are well known, its biological effects on human health and in cell cultures at low doses (<100 μg/L) due, for example, to Tl chronic exposure via consumption of contaminated water or foods, have often been overlooked or underestimated. Relatively few papers have been published on this topic and are herein reviewed to provide a focused scientific opinion in the light of current worldwide regulatory issues.

scholarly journals Draft Genome Sequences of 40 Pathogenic Leptospira Strains Isolated from Cattle in Uruguay

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (47) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecilia Nieves ◽  
Ignacio Ferrés ◽  
Florencia Díaz-Viraqué ◽  
Alejandro Buschiazzo ◽  
Leticia Zarantonelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Draft Genome ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Infected Cattle ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Pathogenic Leptospira ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Zoonotic Infections

Pathogenic Leptospira species represent a major concern for livestock but also for human health, as they cause zoonotic infections. Forty strains representing L. interrogans, L. borgpetersenii, and L. noguchii were isolated from naturally infected cattle in Uruguay. Here, we report the whole-genome sequences for these strains.

scholarly journals Understanding the Vegetable Contamination Process with Parasites from Wastewater Irrigation and Its Impact on Human Health in Hidalgo, Mexico

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Saúl Montero-Aguirre ◽  
Iourii Nikolskii-Gavrilov ◽  
Cesáreo Landeros-Sánchez ◽  
Oscar Luis Palacios-Vélez ◽  
L. Traversoni-Domínguez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Hymenolepis Diminuta ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Potential Harm ◽  
Helminth Eggs ◽  
Bibliographic Data ◽  
The City ◽  
Irrigation Waters

<p>The use of untreated municipal wastewaters for irrigating agricultural crops negatively affects human health. Thus, the sewage effluent from the city of Pachuca, in the state of Hidalgo, Mexico, used for agricultural purposes was the most important reason to undertake this research work, whose main objective was to understand the process that involves its current use as irrigation water, and the potential harm to human health because the raw vegetables produced using this irrigation scheme are being consumed by the general public. The content of fecal coliforms and helminth eggs in wastewaters were determined and the level of parasitological contamination of vegetables and the potential number of people affected was estimated due to the consumption of raw produce without proper pretreatment, a common practice in Mexico. The potential level of parasitological contamination of vegetables was estimated by analyzing bibliographic data collected under similar climatic and technological conditions as in Pachuca. Results indicate that the level of wastewater contamination from fecal coliforms in Pachuca was 5000 times higher than the maximum permissible level based on Mexican standards for irrigation waters, and for <em>Ascaris lumbricoides</em> L. and <em>Hymenolepis diminuta</em> (Rudolphi) eggs up to 64 times. The number of persons potentially infected through consumption of raw vegetables irrigated with this contaminated water was estimated to be 169,000 annually.</p>

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