Use of a New Deep Vertical Gypsum Placement Practice on Corn and Soybean Production in Conservation Tillage Systems

Corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) production in claypan soils in the north central U.S. may be constrained by the presence of acidic subsoils. Subsoil acidity can inhibit root growth leading to decreased drought tolerance and grain yields. In conservation tillage systems, management options to incorporate gypsum applications may be limited; thereby reducing available practices to lower subsoil acidity. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of surface placement of gypsum compared to a new practice for deep vertical placement of gypsum on corn and soybean plant growth and yields in a conservation tillage system. Field trials were conducted from 2012 to 2016 in northeast Missouri (USA) with treatments of gypsum (0, 2.9, and 5.2 Mg ha-1) broadcast on the soil surface or applied in a deep vertical band to a depth of 51 cm. Surface and deep banding of gypsum had inconsistent effects on corn and soybean plant heights, plant population and yields. However, deep banding of gypsum resulted in a 6.4 to 9.8% decrease in corn yields and a 9.9 to 13.0% decrease in soybean yields depending on the time after application. These results indicate that further research is warranted in conservation tillage systems in claypan soils to examine modification to the deep vertical placement practice or combining applications of surface-applied gypsum and deep placement of lime in order to develop a practice that will be more effective in overcoming subsoil acidity.

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Tillage system effects on weed ecology, herbicide activity and persistence: a review

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea05291 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 46 (12) ◽

pp. 1557 ◽

Cited By ~ 107

Author(s):

B. S. Chauhan ◽

G. S. Gill ◽

C. Preston

Keyword(s):

Seed Bank ◽

Seedling Recruitment ◽

Conservation Tillage ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Weed Species ◽

Weed Ecology ◽

Tillage Systems ◽

Weed Seeds ◽

Tillage System ◽

The Impact

In the past few years, there has been a growing trend towards reducing tillage in cropping systems to allow stubble retention, earlier planting and improved soil structure. However, the adoption of conservation tillage systems will change weed control practices. Different tillage systems interact with the micro-environment of weed seeds and can influence the pattern of recruitment from the weed seed bank. Here, we present a review of the effect of different tillage systems on weed ecology, herbicide activity and herbicide persistence. Tillage systems can have a major influence on the vertical distribution of weed seeds in the soil seed bank. However, the impact of the changes in the vertical seed distribution on weed seedling recruitment is not well understood. Usually weed seedling recruitment increases if tillage equipment brings buried seed to, or close to, the soil surface, and seedling recruitment decreases if surface seed is buried deeper in the soil. However, tillage responses have a tendency to be species specific and can also be influenced by the intensity of tillage. Any weed species in which germination is stimulated by exposure to light is likely to become more prevalent under reduced tillage systems. Similarly, species that require burial for germination may become less prevalent. Crop residue present on the soil surface can also influence weed seedling recruitment by modifying the physical environment (mainly temperature) of weed seeds. Weed responses to plant residue could also be influenced by the allelopathic activity of the residue and the sensitivity of the weed species present. Few studies have investigated the fate of weed seeds that fail to germinate under any tillage system. Further research is needed to determine whether the weed seeds that fail to germinate decay before the start of the next growing season or become part of a persistent seed bank. Crop residues present on the soil surface can intercept a considerable amount of the applied herbicide and, depending on the herbicide, this intercepted component is susceptible to losses. Therefore, conservation tillage systems are expected to have lower efficacy of soil active herbicides. However, there has been little investigation of rate of loss of soil active herbicides under reduced tillage systems and the results reported have been inconsistent. Much of the research on these effects is from overseas and may not be true in Australian conditions. Therefore, further work is needed to clearly understand the impact of changing tillage systems on weed ecology, herbicide performance and persistence.

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THE INFLUENCE OF TILLAGE SYSTEMS ON THE GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND YIELD OF LONG-FLAX

Technical and technological aspects of development and testing of new machinery and technologies for agriculture of Ukraine ◽

10.31473/2305-5987-2020-2-27(41)-20 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

V. Dumych ◽

Keyword(s):

Growth And Development ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Conservation Tillage ◽

Mineral Fertilizers ◽

Tillage Systems ◽

Yield And Quality ◽

Tillage System ◽

The Difference ◽

Flax Seeds

The purpose of research: to improve the technology of growing flax in the Western region of Ukraine on the basis of the introduction of systems for minimizing tillage, which will increase the yield of trusts and seeds. Research methods: field, laboratory, visual and comparative calculation method. Research results: Field experiments included the study of three tillage systems (traditional, canning and mulching) and determining their impact on growth and development and yields of trusts and flax seeds. The traditional tillage system included the following operations: plowing with a reversible plow to a depth of 27 cm, cultivation with simultaneous harrowing and pre-sowing tillage. The conservation system is based on deep shelfless loosening of the soil and provided for chiseling to a depth of 40 cm, disking to a depth of 15 cm, cultivation with simultaneous harrowing, pre-sowing tillage. During the implementation of the mulching system, disking to a depth of 15 cm, cultivation with simultaneous harrowing and pre-sowing tillage with a combined unit was carried out. Tillage implements and machines were used to perform tillage operations: disc harrow BDVP-3,6, reversible plow PON-5/4, chisel PCh-3, cultivator KPSP-4, pre-sowing tillage unit LK-4. The SZ-3,6 ASTPA grain seeder was used for sowing long flax of the Kamenyar variety. Simultaneously with the sowing of flax seeds, local application of mineral fertilizers (nitroammophoska 2 c/ha) was carried out. The application of conservation tillage allows to obtain the yield of flax trust at the level of 3,5 t/ha, which is 0,4 t/ha (12.9 %) more than from the area of traditional tillage and 0,7 t/ha (25 %) in comparison with mulching. In the area with canning treatment, the seed yield was the highest and amounted to 0,64 t/ha. The difference between this option and traditional and mulching tillage reaches 0,06 t/ha (10,3 %) and 0.10 t/ha (18.5 %), respectively. Conclusions. Preservation tillage, which is based on shelf-free tillage to a depth of 40 cm and disking to a depth of 15 cm has a positive effect on plant growth and development, yield and quality of flax.

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168 Agronomic Performance and Ear Nutrients of Two Sweet Corn Culitivars Grown by Conservation Tillage

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.34.3.471b ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

pp. 471B-471

Author(s):

D.J. Makus

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Sweet Corn ◽

Conservation Tillage ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Light Penetration ◽

Weed Species ◽

Tillage Systems ◽

Weed Biomass ◽

Soil Temperatures ◽

Tillage System

In Spring 1998, two sweet corn (Zea mays var. rugosa) cultivars were grown under three tillage systems, conventional cultivation, ridge tillage (RT), and no tillage (NT), which had been in continuous management since Fall 1994. Nitrogen (as NH4NO3), the only fertilizer used, was applied twice at 60 kg/ha. Sweet corn yields were not influenced by tillage system, but average ear weights tended to be smaller under NT (P < 0.17). Ear quality attributes, which included ear weight, length, diameter, dry matter, and incidence of earworm damage, were greater in the later-maturing `G-90' cultivar than in `Sensor'; but tillage system had no influence on these attributes. Cultivars supported different weed species underneath their canopies. `Sensor' allowed more light penetration and sustained higher weed biomass than did the taller `G-90' plants. Weed biomass was higher under RT and NT. Seasonal soil moisture was lowest in the RT plots, but only in the 0- to 15-cm profile. Soil temperatures (unreplicated) at the 15-cm depth were similar between cultivars and tillage treatments over the growing season. The earlier-maturing `Sensor' generally accumulated more ear mineral nutrients (P, S, NO3, Ca, Na, Zn, Mn, Al, and B; dry weight basis), but had lower dry matter (percentage) than did `G-90'. Cumulative nutrient levels tended to be lowest in NT-grown ears (P < 0.08). Soil sampled at 0- to 5-, 10- to 15-, and 25- to 30-cm depths generally had higher concentrations of nutrients toward the surface, and NT soils had the steepest nutrient gradients, with the exception of Na and NO3. Total soil salts were reduced by RT and NT, but C: N ratio remained unchanged between tillage systems.

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Effect of tillage system and crop sequence on irrigated sugarbeet production

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/p03-170 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 84 (3) ◽

pp. 739-747 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J. R. Moyer ◽

J. Nitschelm ◽

P. Regitnig ◽

R. E. Blackshaw ◽

H. C. Huang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Wind Erosion ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Conventional Tillage ◽

Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽

Plant Residue ◽

No Tillage ◽

Dry Beans ◽

Tillage Systems ◽

Minimum Tillage ◽

Tillage System

Sugarbeets (Beta vulgaris L.) are grown on intensively tilled-irrigated land in southern Alberta, which is subject to soil erosion by wind. Experiments were conducted on commercial fields near Burdett, AB, to determine the effect of the tillage system and previous crops on sugarbeet production. The previous crops were dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) or wheat (Triticum aestivium L.) and the tillage systems were conventional (moldboard plow, vibrashank cultivator, harrow, packer), minimum (double disc, self-cleaning harrow, glyphosate) or no tillage (glyphosate). After dry beans, sugarbeet fresh weight and extractable sugar yields were similar with all tillage systems. All of the tillage systems left less than 100 g m-2 of plant residue on the soil surface in the spring following dry beans, which is insufficient to protect the soil from wind erosion. After wheat, sugarbeet yields were similar with minimum and conventional tillage but lower with no tillage. Both minimum and no-tillage systems left sufficient plant residue on the soil surface to protect the soil from erosion (> 200 g m-2). Sugarbeet stand density following wheat was lower with no tillage than conventional or minimum tillage, reflecting poor seed placement and daily maximum soil temperature (5 cm depth) of up to 10°C lower under no tillage than conventional tillage. After wheat, there was a trend toward lower densities of hard-seeded annuals, such as redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), after no tillage than conventional tillage. Of the cropping systems tested in this study, only the minimum tillage system after wheat provided optimum sugarbeet yield and left enough plant residue to protect the soil from wind erosion. Key words: Crop rotation, bean, wheat, sugarbeet, no-tillage

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Impact of Agronomic Practices on Weed Communities: Fallow Within Tillage Systems

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500080255 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 42 (2) ◽

pp. 184-194 ◽

Cited By ~ 69

Author(s):

Douglas A. Derksen ◽

A. Gordon Thomas ◽

Guy P. Lafond ◽

Heather A. Loeppky ◽

Clarence J. Swanton

Keyword(s):

Community Composition ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Conservation Tillage ◽

Conventional Tillage ◽

Continuous Cropping ◽

Tillage Systems ◽

Agronomic Practices ◽

Perennial Weeds ◽

Weed Communities ◽

Tillage System

Continuous-cropping conservation tillage systems may provide a viable alternative to the practice of summer fallow; however, concerns have been raised regarding potentially negative changes in weed communities in continuous cropping. Field experiments were established in Saskatchewan at three locations to determine the nature of weed community differences between a crop sequence with and without fallow in zero-, minimum-, and conventional-tillage systems from 1986 to 1990. Weed communities in continuous-cropping treatments tended to have greater total densities and were more similar in composition than crop-fallow treatments. Inclusion or exclusion of fallow within the rotation had a greater impact on weed community composition than did tillage system at Ituna and Waldron, but the reverse was true at Tadmore due to poor crop growth in all tillage systems. Differences in weed community composition were generally characterized by fluctuational changes in species associations. Volunteers of summer-annual crops, such as canola, flax, and barley, were associated with continuous cropping, but other species including perennial weeds, such as Canada thistle, perennial sowthistle, and quackgrass, were not strongly associated with the presence or absence of fallow. The practice of fallowing land to manage weeds may not be necessary.

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PENGARUH SISTEM OLAH TANAH DAN PEMUPUKAN NITROGEN JANGKA PANJANG TERHADAP RESPIRASI TANAH DI LAHAN POLITEKNIK NEGERI LAMPUNG TAHUN TANAM KE-27

Jurnal Agrotek Tropika ◽

10.23960/jat.v8i2.3898 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 247

Author(s):

Erdiana Damayanti ◽

Muhajir Utomo ◽

Ainin Niswati ◽

Henrie Buchari

Keyword(s):

Soil Respiration ◽

Co2 Emissions ◽

Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽

Nitrogen Fertilization ◽

Conservation Tillage ◽

N Fertilization ◽

No Tillage ◽

Tillage Systems ◽

Tillage System

Unsustainable cultivation techniques can cause carbon loss on farm. The cultivation technique that is often used by farmers today is intensive tillage. Intensive tillage can increase CO2. Steps to reduce CO2 gas emissions, while increasing carbon stored in the soil by implementing agricultural cultivation with conservation tillage system (Olah Tanah Konservasi). The conservation tillage system is able to reduce global warming through absorption of C in the soil, and reduce CO2 emissions. In addition, fertilization can also affect CO2 emissions. CO2 emissions in the soil come from soil respiration. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of long-term tillage systems on soil respiration, determine the effect of long-term N fertilization on soil respiration, and determine the effect of interactions between tillage systems and long-term N fertilization on soil respiration. The study was arranged in a randomized block design (RBD) consisting of two factors, namely the tillage system and nitrogen fertilization factors. The first factor is the treatment of tillage system (T) namely T0 = no tillage, and T1 = intensive tillage, while the second factor is without nitrogen fertilizer (N0) and high nitrogen fertilizer (N1). The data obtained will be tested for homogeneity by Bartlett Test and additives tested by Tukey Test. Furthermore, the data were analyzed by analysis of variance and continued with a BNJ test of 5% level. Observation of soil respiration was done 4 times, namely -1, 1, 2, 3 days after tillage. The results showed that soil respiration one day before to three days after the soil was treated in intensive tillage (OTI) was the same as the no tillage system (TOT), soil respiration -1 days after tillage to 3 days after tillage on nitrogen fertilization (100 N kg ha-1 ) given in the previous planting season the same as without fertilization (0 kg N ha-1), and there is no interaction between the tillage system and nitrogen fertilization on soil respiration.

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Influence of the Soil Solarization Management and Fertilizer on Soil Temperature under Different Soil Tillage Systems

Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.5539/jas.v8n2p98 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 98 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ahmed Abed Gatea Al-Shammary ◽

Jamal Naser Abedalrahman Al-Sadoon ◽

Nabil Raheem Lahmod

Keyword(s):

Solar Radiation ◽

Soil Temperature ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Chemical Fertilizer ◽

Soil Solarization ◽

Soil Tillage ◽

Maximum Temperature ◽

Fertilizer Treatment ◽

Tillage Systems ◽

Tillage System

The soil tillage system can notably influence soil solarization system under dry land farming in semiarid areas. Field experiments were conducted from 6/6/2013 to 1/9/2013, to evaluate the effects of soil tillage system, soil solarization system and fertilizer type on soil temperature at three depths as well as influence at gap between the mulch and soil surface. The experiment included three experimental factors. The first factor, soil tillage systems (moldboard plowing followed by spring disking {MP}, Rotary plough {RP}), the second factor represent the soil mulching systems in three levels (transparent mulch, black mulch and without mulch {control}), the third factor includes three fertilizers types (compose fertilizer; in compose fertilizer and chemical fertilizer). The results showed that the experimental factors effects on soil temperature, when used soil tillage system (MP), the higher soil temperature recorded at 10 cm depth ,its value 70 oC ( time 11 am) when mean solar radiation 1146 w/m2 in soil transparent mulching system and chemical fertilizer, as well as for treatment soil black mulch and compose fertilizer, but the lower soil temperature recorded at 30 cm depth, its value 35.8 oC (time 1 pm) when mean solar radiation 1147 w/m2 in soil transparent mulch and chemical fertilizer treatment. The highest soil temperature recorded at 10 cm depth, when used soil tillage system (RP), its value 78.3 oC (time 11 am) when mean solar radiation 1125 w/m2 in soil black mulch and chemical fertilizer, but the low soil temperature recorded at 30 cm depth, its value 41 oC (time 3 pm) when mean solar radiation 900 w/m2 in soil transparent mulch and compose fertilizer treatment. Moreover, the results showed the maximum temperature at gap between the mulch and the soil surface occurs at noon. Addition the obtained results demonstrated that all soil mulching system raised soil temperature substantially compared with without mulched.

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Durum Wheat Yield and Grain Quality in Early Transition from Conventional to Conservation Tillage in Semi-Arid Mediterranean Conditions

Agriculture ◽

10.3390/agriculture11080711 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 711

Author(s):

Karima Djouadi ◽

Arezki Mekliche ◽

Sonia Dahmani ◽

Nadia Insaf Ladjiar ◽

Yasmine Abid ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Durum Wheat ◽

Yield Components ◽

Conservation Tillage ◽

Quality Parameters ◽

Tillage Systems ◽

Tillage System ◽

Second Year ◽

Semi Arid ◽

Early Transition

In semi-arid Mediterranean areas, there is a growing interest in adopting conservation tillage practices for their advantages in improving soils fertility, reducing production costs, and stabilizing crop yields. The aim of this study conducted in the 2019 and 2020 seasons was to investigate the effect of three tillage systems—conventional tillage (CT), minimum tillage (MT), and no-tillage (NT)—on grain yield, yield components, and quality indices of a durum wheat crop (Triticum durum Desf. cv. Simeto) grown in monoculture in semi-arid conditions of Northern Algeria. Tillage systems had a significant effect on the average yield of the 2 years, with NT being 28% and 35% higher than CT and MT, respectively—a trend even more evident in the second year under observation. The superiority of NT (p < 0.001) in the second year (2020) is mainly due to the increased spikes density (318.93 spikes m2 under NT vs. 225.07 and 215.20 spikes m2 under MT and CT, respectively). Yield components and quality parameters were more affected by climatic conditions than by tillage treatments. The number of kernels per spike being the most affected by water and heat stresses occurred in 2020 season. A decrease of 51% is noted regardless of the tillage treatment, which negatively affected the grain yield in that year (1.9 vs. 1.3 t ha−1 in 2019 and 2020, respectively). This stress also induced an increase in grain protein content, but a reduction of its weight. The results of this study conducted in the early transition from conventional to conservation tillage show that durum wheat grown under NT results in higher grain yield than the other systems in the specific operative conditions of the study region, providing better seed emergence and better spikes density, especially in the dry years. Moreover, the quality parameters are more affected by weather conditions than by the tillage system—with an interaction year × tillage system significant only for the grain.

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Changes in antideflation resistance of chernozem typical under different tillage and fertilizers

PLANT AND SOIL SCIENCE ◽

10.31548/agr2021.01.086 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 86-93

Author(s):

O.V. Pikovska ◽

Keyword(s):

Green Manure ◽

Structural State ◽

Agricultural Land ◽

Conservation Tillage ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Soil Science ◽

Mineral Fertilizers ◽

Reduced Tillage ◽

Tillage Systems ◽

Significant Damage

The scale wind erosion is increasing in Ukraine in connection with the arid climate and intensive agricultural land use. Deflation causes significant damage not only to the soil cover, but also to the environment. Research has shown that the resistance of soils to deflation depends on their structural state. The aim of our work was to establish the influence of different tillage systems and fertilizers on agrophysical parameters of the soil. According to the method of dry sieving according to Savvinov, the content of particles larger than 1 mm and the number of agronomically valuable particles per 1% of humus according by V. V. Medvedev were determined in the soil. The research was conducted on a stationary experiment of the Department of Soil Science and Soil Conservation named prof. M. K. Shikula in Separated subdivision of NULeS of Ukraine “Oleksandr Muzychenko Velykosnytinske Educational and Research Farm” of Fastiv district of Kyiv region. The soil of the experimental site is chernozem typical. It was found that in the variant with the application of straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers for reduced tillage, the content of particles larger than 1 mm was the highest and amounted to 75.1-77.5 %. Conservation tillage systems provided a deflation-resistant soil surface, as the content of particles over 1 mm was greater than 60%. Reduced tillage together with the fertilizer variant "Straw 1.2 t / ha + N12 + N78P68K68" creates the best conditions for aggregation in a layer of 0-30 cm of chernozem typical. On non-plowing tillage, more favorable aggregation conditions were on the variant "Straw 1.2 t / ha + green manure N12 + N78P68K68". On variant with plowing, the indicators of the structural state of chernozem typical deteriorated.

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Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) Control in a Conservation Tillage System for Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/s0890037x00033406 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 137-141 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

J. Wayne Keeling ◽

Kerry T. Siders ◽

John R. Abernathy

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Conservation Tillage ◽

Palmer Amaranth ◽

High Plains ◽

Limiting Factor ◽

Amaranthus Palmeri ◽

Tillage Systems ◽

Tillage System ◽

Strip Tillage ◽

Preemergence Herbicides

Weed control is a limiting factor for adoption of conservation tillage systems on the Texas Southern High Plains. A field study was established to evaluate Palmer amaranth control with strip-tillage dinitroaniline herbicide incorporation in wheat residue. Preemergence herbicides were applied alone and in combination with strip-tilled incorporated herbicides. Significant cotton injury or stand reductions were not observed with any treatment. Effective (>80%) early season Palmer amaranth control was achieved with trifluralin or pendimethalin in conjunction with preemergence herbicides. Preemergence herbicides alone did not provide adequate control.

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